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Ritu, Xiong Y, Sharma HP, Goyal RK, Narwal S, Berwal A, Jain S, Priya M, Singh M, Agarwal G, Wang X, Shen B, Singla RK. Bioflavonoid combination attenuates diabetes-induced nephropathy in rats via modulation of MMP-9/TIMP-1, TGF-β, and GLUT-4-associated pathways. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33217. [PMID: 39027501 PMCID: PMC11255568 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy represents a significant microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by extracellular matrix accumulation, loss of cell-cell junctions, microalbuminuria, and diminished creatinine clearance. Despite its prevalence, therapeutic options dedicated to this condition are currently lacking. Natural products like bioflavonoids have garnered attention for their potential therapeutic benefits. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a bioflavonoid combination, including ginger extract, soy extract, and hesperetin, in a diabetic rat model. Methods Diabetes was initiated in the rat pups via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin on the fifth postnatal day. After six weeks, rats exhibiting blood sugar levels exceeding 160 mg/dL were allocated into diabetic control and treatment groups, with eight animals each. A subset of rats received citrate buffer as a control. The treatment group received the bioflavonoid combination orally for twenty-four weeks. Various parameters, including glycemic levels, urinary parameters, antioxidant status, mRNA expression via Western blot, gel zymography, and immunohistochemistry, were assessed at the study's conclusion. Results The bioflavonoid combination demonstrated significant reductions in hyperglycemia and various urinary parameters compared to controls. Notably, it modulated MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression, upregulated GLUT-4, and downregulated TGF-β. Additionally, the combination enhanced total antioxidant capacity, indicating potential antioxidative benefits. Conclusions This study highlights the therapeutic potential of a bioflavonoid combination (ginger extract, soy extract, and hesperetin) in improving renal function in diabetic nephropathy. By modulating key factors such as MMP-9/TIMP-1, TGF-β, and GLUT-4, this combination presents a promising avenue for further exploration in managing diabetic nephropathy. These findings underscore the importance of natural products as potential therapeutic agents in addressing diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Yifan Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanuman Prasad Sharma
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Bioanalytics Facility, Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ramesh K. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sonia Narwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Panipat, 132102, Haryana, India
| | - Ajay Berwal
- Geeta Institute of Pharmacy, Geeta University, Naultha, Panipat, 132145, Haryana, India
| | - Sourabh Jain
- Kewalshri Institute of Pharmacy, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Meher Priya
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, KR Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, KR Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Gaurav Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Panipat, 132102, Haryana, India
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rajeev K. Singla
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
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Abd Elhameed AG. Krill oil and low-dose aspirin combination mitigates experimentally induced silicosis in rats: role of NF-κB/TGF-β1/MMP-9 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19272-19284. [PMID: 33398741 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is an attempt to assess pulmonary protective and antifibrotic potentials of a combination of aspirin, a widely used anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective agent, and krill oil, a naturally occurring omega-3 fatty acid source, against silica-induced pulmonary injury. For silicosis induction, silica particles (50 mg/rat, 0.1 mL 0.9% NaCl) were instilled intranasally into rats. Aspirin (10 mg/kg/day), krill oil (40 mg/kg/day), or their combination was administered orally for 56 days following silica exposure. Results showed that oral aspirin and krill oil combination significantly mitigated silica-induced pulmonary injury. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination showed a decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity, total protein content, and accumulation of total and differential inflammatory cells. Oral aspirin and krill oil combination significantly attenuated silica-induced oxidative stress through the restoration of reduced glutathione concentration and catalase activity in addition to alleviation of elevated malondialdehyde and total nitric oxide contents. Moreover, aspirin and krill oil combination revealed considerable mitigation of silica-induced upregulated expression of the inflammatory and fibrotic mediators: nuclear factor kappa-B, transforming growth factor-β1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. The antifibrotic effect was also evidenced through the decreased hydroxyproline content and the obvious restoration of lung architecture, as demonstrated upon histopathological examination. In conclusion, oral aspirin and krill oil combination can confer pulmonary protective, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic potentials against silica-induced pulmonary injury. This impact could be credited to the ability of this combination to activate resolution mechanisms, which, in turn, suppress the expression of inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers and replenish antioxidant stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G Abd Elhameed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt.
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Abstract
Apocynin is a naturally occurring acetophenone, found in the roots of Apocynum cannabinum and Picrorhiza kurroa. Various chemical and pharmaceutical modifications have been carried out to enhance the absorption and duration of action of apocynin, like, formulation of chitosan-based apocynin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles, chitosan-oligosaccharide based nanoparticles, and biodegradable polyanhydride nanoparticles. Apocynin has been subjected to a wide range of experimental screening and has proved to be useful for amelioration of a variety of disorders, like diabetic complications, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, lung cancer, hepatocellular cancer, pancreatic cancer, and pheochromocytoma. Apocynin has been primarily reported as an NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor and prevents translocation of its p47phox subunit to the plasma membrane, observed in neurodegeneration and hypertension. However, recent studies highlight its off-target effects that it is able to function as a scavenger of non-radical oxidant species, which is relevant for its activity against NOX 4 mediated production of hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, apocynin has shown inhibition of eNOS-dependent superoxide production in diabetic cardiomyopathy, reduction of NLRP3 activation and TGFβ/Smad signaling in diabetic nephropathy, diminished VEGF expression and decreased retinal NF-κB activation in diabetic retinopathy, inhibition of P38/MAPK/Caspase3 pathway in pheochromocytoma, inhibition of AKT-GSK3β and ERK1/2 pathways in pancreatic cancer, and decreased FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling in hepatocellular cancer. This review aims to discuss the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of the pharmacological actions of apocynin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya R Savla
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankit P Laddha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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Eid SA, O'Brien PD, Hinder LM, Hayes JM, Mendelson FE, Zhang H, Narayanan S, Abcouwer SF, Brosius FC, Pennathur S, Savelieff MG, Feldman EL. Differential effects of minocycline on microvascular complications in murine models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7. [PMID: 33868719 PMCID: PMC8048053 DOI: 10.15761/jts.1000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global healthcare problem associated with enormous healthcare and personal costs. Despite glucose lowering agents that control glycaemia, both type 1 (T1D) and type (T2D) diabetes patients often develop microvascular complications that increase morbidity and mortality. Current interventions rely on careful glycemic control and healthy lifestyle choices, but these are ineffective at reversing or completely preventing the major microvascular complications, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, has been proposed as a protective agent in diabetes. However, there are no reported studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of minocycline in T1D and T2D models for all microvascular complications (DPN, DR, and DKD). Therefore, we performed metabolic profiling in streptozotocin-induced T1D and db/db T2D models and compared the efficacy of minocycline in preventing complications to that of insulin and pioglitazone in both models. Minocycline partially ameliorated DR and DKD in T1D and T2D animals, but was less effective than insulin or pioglitazone, and failed to improve DPN in either model. These results suggest that minocycline is unlikely to improve outcomes beyond that achieved with current available therapies in patients with T1D or T2D associated microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Eid
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Phillipe D O'Brien
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lucy M Hinder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John M Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Faye E Mendelson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A
| | - Samanthi Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Steven F Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, U.S.A
| | - Frank C Brosius
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A.,Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A.,Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Salem AM, Ragheb AS, Hegazy MGA, Matboli M, Eissa S. Caffeic Acid Modulates miR-636 Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:296-303. [PMID: 31391719 PMCID: PMC6660537 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the action of caffeic acid in regulating miR-636 expression level in kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were orally treated with caffeic acid at 40 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatment, body and kidney weight and blood glucose levels were determined, blood, urine, and kidneys were collected for biochemical and histological examination. Expression levels of miR-636 were determined in liver by qRT-PCR. Induction of diabetic nephropathy by streptozotocin was evidenced by displayed elevated levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, microalbuminuria and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio in addition to renal hypotrophy. Caffeic acid (CA) can ameliorate renal damage and significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride in diabetic rats. CA treatment improved histological architecture in the diabetic kidney. CA significantly down regulate miR-636 expression level in the kidney of diabetic rats in comparison to healthy group. Overall, caffeic acid down regulates miR-636 expression level which is involved in development of diabetic nephropathy and might therefore be potential attractive therapeutic agent to pursue in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Salem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya S. Ragheb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa G. A. Hegazy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, P.O. box 1138, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Eissa
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, P.O. box 1138, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Haghi-Aminjan H, Asghari MH, Goharbari MH, Abdollahi M. A systematic review on potential mechanisms of minocycline in kidney diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:602-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vaughn AC, Cooper EM, DiLorenzo PM, O'Loughlin LJ, Konkel ME, Peters JH, Hajnal A, Sen T, Lee SH, de La Serre CB, Czaja K. Energy-dense diet triggers changes in gut microbiota, reorganization of gut‑brain vagal communication and increases body fat accumulation. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2017; 77:18-30. [PMID: 28379213 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with consumption of energy-dense diets and development of systemic inflammation. Gut microbiota play a role in energy harvest and inflammation and can influence the change from lean to obese phenotypes. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a brain target for gastrointestinal signals modulating satiety and alterations in gut-brain vagal pathway may promote overeating and obesity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high-fat diet‑induced changes in gut microbiota alter vagal gut-brain communication associated with increased body fat accumulation. Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a low energy‑dense rodent diet (LFD; 3.1 kcal/g) or high energy‑dense diet (HFD, 5.24 kcal/g). Minocycline was used to manipulate gut microbiota composition. 16S Sequencing was used to determine microbiota composition. Immunofluorescence against IB4 and Iba1 was used to determine NTS reorganization and microglia activation. Nodose ganglia from LFD rats were isolated and co-cultured with different bacteria strains to determine neurotoxicity. HFD altered gut microbiota with increases in Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio and in pro-inflammatory Proteobacteria proliferation. HFD triggered reorganization of vagal afferents and microglia activation in the NTS, associated with weight gain. Minocycline-treated HFD rats exhibited microbiota profile comparable to LFD animals. Minocycline suppressed HFD‑induced reorganization of vagal afferents and microglia activation in the NTS, and reduced body fat accumulation. Proteobacteria isolated from cecum of HFD rats were toxic to vagal afferent neurons in culture. Our findings show that diet‑induced shift in gut microbiome may disrupt vagal gut‑brain communication resulting in microglia activation and increased body fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Vaughn
- Washington State University, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erin M Cooper
- Washington State University, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Levi J O'Loughlin
- Washington State University, School of Molecular Biosciences, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael E Konkel
- Washington State University, School of Molecular Biosciences, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - James H Peters
- Washington State University, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Andras Hajnal
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Tanusree Sen
- University of Georgia, Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sun Hye Lee
- University of Georgia, Foods and Nutrition, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Krzysztof Czaja
- University of Georgia, Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Athens, GA, USA,
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Stabilization of endogenous Nrf2 by minocycline protects against Nlrp3-inflammasome induced diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34228. [PMID: 27721446 PMCID: PMC5056367 DOI: 10.1038/srep34228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While a plethora of studies support a therapeutic benefit of Nrf2 activation and ROS inhibition in diabetic nephropathy (dNP), the Nrf2 activator bardoxolone failed in clinical studies in type 2 diabetic patients due to cardiovascular side effects. Hence, alternative approaches to target Nrf2 are required. Intriguingly, the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, which has been in clinical use for decades, has been shown to convey anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic patients and nephroprotection in rodent models of dNP. However, the mechanism underlying the nephroprotection remains unknown. Here we show that minocycline protects against dNP in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, while caspase -3,-6,-7,-8 and -10 inhibition is insufficient, indicating a function of minocycline independent of apoptosis inhibition. Minocycline stabilizes endogenous Nrf2 in kidneys of db/db mice, thus dampening ROS-induced inflammasome activation in the kidney. Indeed, minocycline exerts antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, reducing glomerular markers of oxidative stress. Minocycline reduces ubiquitination of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 and increases its protein levels. Accordingly, minocycline mediated Nlrp3 inflammasome inhibition and amelioration of dNP are abolished in diabetic Nrf2−/− mice. Taken together, we uncover a new function of minocycline, which stabilizes the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, thus protecting from dNP.
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Quadri SS, Culver SA, Li C, Siragy HM. Interaction of the renin angiotensin and cox systems in the kidney. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2016; 8:215-26. [PMID: 27100703 DOI: 10.2741/s459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in mediating actions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This review sheds light on the recent developments regarding the complex interactions between components of RAS and COX-2; and their implications on renal function and disease. COX-2 is believed to counter regulate the effects of RAS activation and therefore counter balance the vasoconstriction effect of Ang II. In kidney, under normal conditions, these systems are essential for maintaining a balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. However, recent studies suggested a pivotal role for this interplay in pathology. COX-2 increases the renin release and Ang II formation leading to increase in blood pressure. COX-2 is also associated with diabetic nephropathy, where its upregulation in the kidney contributes to glomerular injury and albuminuria. Selective inhibition of COX-2 retards the progression of renal injury. COX-2 also mediates the pathologic effects of the (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) in the kidney. In summary, this review discusses the interaction between the RAS and COX-2 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Quadri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Silas A Culver
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Caixia Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Helmy M Siragy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA,
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency attenuates diabetic nephropathy by modulation of podocyte functions and dedifferentiation. Kidney Int 2014; 86:358-69. [PMID: 24670409 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix protein and disruption of the glomerular filtration barrier. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) affect the breakdown and turnover of extracellular matrix protein, suggesting that altered expression of MMPs may contribute to diabetic nephropathy. Here we used an MMP-9 gene knockout mouse model, with in vitro experiments and clinical samples, to determine the possible role of MMP-9 in diabetic nephropathy. After 6 months of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, mice developed markedly increased albuminuria, glomerular and kidney hypertrophy, and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Gelatin zymographic analysis and western blotting showed that there was enhanced MMP-9 protein production and activity in the glomeruli. However, MMP-9 knockout in diabetic mice significantly attenuated these nephropathy changes. In cultured podocytes, various cytokines related to diabetic nephropathy including TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF stimulated MMP-9 secretion. Overexpression of endogenous MMP-9 induced podocyte dedifferentiation. MMP-9 also interrupted podocyte cell integrity, promoted podocyte monolayer permeability to albumin, and extracellular matrix protein synthesis. In diabetic patients, the upregulation of urinary MMP-9 concentrations occurred earlier than the onset of microalbuminuria. Thus, MMP-9 seems to play a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Thomson M, Al-Qattan K, Divya J, Ali M. Ameliorative Actions of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Ginger (Zingiber
officinale) on Biomarkers of Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats:
Comparison to Aspirin. INT J PHARMACOL 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2013.501.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The complex interplay between cyclooxygenase-2 and angiotensin II in regulating kidney function. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:7-14. [PMID: 22080858 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834d9d75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a critical role in modulating deleterious actions of angiotensin II (Ang II) where there is an inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This review discusses the recent developments regarding the complex interactions by which COX-2 modulates the impact of an activated RAS on kidney function and blood pressure. RECENT FINDINGS Normal rats with increased COX-2 activity but with different intrarenal Ang II activity because of sodium restriction or chronic treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors showed similar renal hemodynamic responses to COX-2-selective inhibition (nimesulide) indicating independence from the intrarenal Ang II activity. COX-2-dependent maintenance of medullary blood flow was consistent and not dependent on dietary salt or ACE inhibition. In contrast, COX-2 influences on sodium excretion were contingent on the prevailing RAS activity. In chronic hypertensive models, COX-2 inhibition elicited similar reductions in kidney function, but COX-2 metabolites contribute to rather than ameliorate the hypertension. SUMMARY The maintenance of renal hemodynamics reflects direct and opposing effects of Ang II and COX-2 metabolites. The antagonism in water and electrolyte reabsorption is dependent on the prevailing intrarenal Ang II activity. The recent functional experiments demonstrate a beneficial modulation of Ang II by COX-2 except in the presence of inflammation promoted by hypertension, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress.
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Marson BP, Poli de Figueiredo CE, Tanus-Santos JE. Imbalanced matrix metalloproteinases in cardiovascular complications of end-stage kidney disease: a potential pharmacological target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 110:409-15. [PMID: 22313633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a major health problem associated with very high morbidity and mortality secondary to cardiovascular complications, especially in ESKD patients on dialysis. Therefore, exploring key mechanisms underlying cardiovascular alterations associated with ESKD may offer reasonable pharmacological targets that may benefit these patients. Imbalanced matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activities have been implicated in many cardiovascular diseases, and growing evidence now indicates that excessive MMP activities contribute to cardiovascular complications in ESKD patients. However, there is no study on the effects of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) in such patients. MMPIs may prevent against the vascular and cardiac changes associated with ESKD. In this MiniReview, we aimed at reviewing current evidence supporting the idea that pharmacological inhibition of imbalanced MMP activities in ESKD may decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular complications in ESKD patients. However, MMPs have variable effects during different phases of kidney disease, and therefore optimal timing for MMP inhibition during a disease process may vary significantly and is largely undetermined. While current research shows that MMPs play a role in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular alterations found in ESKD patients, clinical studies are required to validate the idea of using MMPIs in ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo P Marson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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