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Iwasaki H. Association between protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 polymorphism and overt diabetic nephropathy: Role of asymmetric dimethylarginine in vascular tone. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2024; 36:100351. [PMID: 38799240 PMCID: PMC11126532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2024.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background ω-NG,NG-asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) regulates vascular tone and may participate in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Objective To investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around the protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 gene (PRMT1) influence ADMA dynamics and DN incidence and severity. Methods This study utilized a hospital-based database containing 310 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The association of PRMT1-related tagged SNPs with DN stage distribution was examined using a dominant model of minor alleles. PRMT1 mRNA, serum ADMA, reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry index (RHI), and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were compared between the genotype-based subgroups of causal SNP, and correlations between these variables were evaluated. Results The composition of DN stages significantly differed between the GG and GA + AA subgroups of rs892151 (p = 0.026). In a propensity-matching cohort of rs892151, the GA + AA subgroup had an increased incidence of overt DN (odds ratio 2.92, 95 % confidence interval 1.12-7.62, p = 0.028), along with higher PRMT1 mRNA, serum ADMA levels, and baPWV than the GG subgroup (p < 0.001, p = 0.023 and 0.047, respectively). There were correlations between PRMT1 mRNA and serum ADMA levels, between serum ADMA levels and RHI, and between baPWV and urinary albumin excretion (r = 0.335, p < 0.001, r = -0.221, p = 0.029, and r = 0.254, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusions T2DM patients carrying the PRMT1-related variant rs892151 were susceptible to overt DN. ADMA-mediated endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness may be involved in the variant-related pathogenesis of overt DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iwasaki
- Toshiba Rinkan Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, 7-9-1 Kami-tsuruma, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0302, Japan
- Minamiyamato Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, 1331-2 Shimowada, Yamato, Kanagawa 242-0015, Japan
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Liu P, He XT, Zhang W, Fang ZJ. Analysis of patency rates and factors associated with arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients followed for 10 years. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2241923. [PMID: 37724519 PMCID: PMC10512892 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2241923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed the long-term arteriovenous fistula (AVF) patency rate and its determinants in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. METHODS General data and laboratory examinations of hemodialysis patients were collected retrospectively. The primary patency time, primary functional patency time, cumulative patency time, cumulative functional patency time, and temporary central venous catheterization (CVC) time were counted. Cox regression was used to analyze the relationships between different factors and AVF survival time. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the primary patency, primary functional patency, cumulative patency, and cumulative functional patency rates between different groups. RESULTS A total of 174 patients were included (mean age 58.38 ± 15.35 years), 57 women (32.76%) and 68 diabetics (39.08%). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression showed a correlation between UCR and AVF primary patency time, primary functional patency time, cumulative patency time, and cumulative functional patency time (HR 1.127, 1.116, 1.127, 1.115, 1.088, 1.075, 1.087, 1.013; 95%CI 1.055-1.204, 1.043-1.194, 1.055-1.204, 1.042-1.194, 1.022-1.158, 1.006-1.149, 1.021-1.157, 1.004-1.147; p < 0.001, 0.001, <0.001, 0.002, 0.008, 0.033, 0.009, 0.039, respectively). Duration of temporary CVC was also correlated (HR 1.013, 1.013, 1.013, 1.014, 1.008, 1.008, 1.008, 1.008; 95%CI 1.007-1.018, 1.008-1.019, 1.008-1.019, 1.009-1.020, 1.004-1.012, 1.004-1.012, 1.004-1.012, 1.004-1.012; p < 0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, respectively). Female sex was correlated with the primary patency time and the primary functional patency time (HR 1.755, 1.765, 1.767; 95%CI 1.028-2.997, 1.034-3.014, 1.021-3.057; p = 0.039, 0.037, 0.042, respectively), but not with the cumulative patency time and the cumulative functional patency time, the primary patency rate and primary functional patency rate of AVF were higher in male than in female patients (χ2 = 4.439, 4.531; p = 0.035, 0.033, respectively). The primary patency rate, primary functional patency rate, cumulative patency rate, and cumulative functional patency rate of AVF with UCR > 10.11 group are lower than those with UCR ≤ 10.11 (χ2 = 10.745, 10.712, 4.605, 4.472; p = 0.001, 0.001, 0.032, 0.034, respectively). The group of DTCP ≤ 42 days is better than DTCP > 42 days (χ2 = 6.014, 6.055, 8.572, 8.461; p = 0.014, 0.014, 0.003, 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION Women with high UCR values at the beginning of dialysis and a long duration of temporary CVC have a poor long-term survival rate of AVF. Therefore, UCR can be used as an indicator to predict the long-term survival rate of AVF. Simultaneously, clinicians should remove the temporary catheter as early as possible if conditions permit it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Ting He
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Jun Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Hannemann J, Zummack J, Hillig J, Rendant-Gantzberg L, Böger R. Association of Variability in the DDAH1, DDAH2, AGXT2 and PRMT1 Genes with Circulating ADMA Concentration in Human Whole Blood. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11040941. [PMID: 35207213 PMCID: PMC8877358 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis and a cardiovascular risk factor. Its regulation has been studied extensively in experimental models, but less in humans. We studied common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding for enzymes involved in ADMA biosynthesis and metabolism, i.e., PRMT1, DDAH1, DDAH2, and AGXT2, and assessed their associations with blood ADMA concentration in 377 unselected humans. The minor allele of DDAH1 SNP rs233112 was significantly more frequent in individuals with ADMA in the highest tertile or in the highest quartile, as was the major allele of DDAH2 rs805304. A combined genotype comprising both SNPs showed a significant genotype–phenotype association, with increasing ADMA concentration by an increasing number of inactive alleles. SNPs in the AGXT2 and PRMT1 genes showed no significant associations with blood ADMA concentration. Our study provides comprehensive evidence that DDAH1 and DDAH2 are the major enzymes regulating blood ADMA concentration, whilst PRMT1 indirectly affects ADMA, and AGXT2 may act as a back-up enzyme in ADMA metabolism under pathophysiological conditions only.
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Sequence Variation in the DDAH1 Gene Predisposes for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Subarachnoidal Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123900. [PMID: 33271854 PMCID: PMC7761257 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) often causes poor long-term neurological outcome after subarachnoidal hemorrhage (SAH). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and is associated with DCI after SAH. We studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NOS3, DDAH1, DDAH2, PRMT1, and AGXT2 genes that are part of the L-arginine–ADMA–NO pathway, and their association with DCI. We measured L-arginine, ADMA and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 51 SAH patients at admission; follow-up was until 30 days post-discharge. The primary outcome was the incidence of DCI, defined as new infarctions on cranial computed tomography, which occurred in 18 of 51 patients. Clinical scores did not significantly differ in patients with or without DCI. However, DCI patients had higher plasma ADMA and SDMA levels and higher CSF SDMA levels at admission. DDAH1 SNPs were associated with plasma ADMA, whilst AGXT2 SNPs were associated with plasma SDMA. Carriers of the minor allele of DDAH1 rs233112 had a significantly increased relative risk of DCI (Relative Risk = 2.61 (1.25–5.43), p = 0.002). We conclude that the DDAH1 gene is associated with ADMA concentration and the incidence of DCI in SAH patients, suggesting a pathophysiological link between gene, biomarker, and clinical outcome in patients with SAH.
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Schonfeld M, Zhao J, Komatz A, Weinman SA, Tikhanovich I. The polymorphism rs975484 in the protein arginine methyltransferase 1 gene modulates expression of immune checkpoint genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7126-7137. [PMID: 32245889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is a key regulator of hepatic immune responses. Recently, we reported that PRMT1 regulates the tumor immune response in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we found that PRMT1 expression in human HCC correlates with that of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L2, and other checkpoint genes. PRMT1 deletion in mice reduced PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in tumors and reduced the efficiency of PD-1 antibody treatment in a diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC mouse model, suggesting that PRMT1 regulates the hepatic immune checkpoint. Mice had reduced PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression when PRMT1 was specifically deleted in tumor cells or macrophages, but PRMT1 deletion in dendritic cells did not alter PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression. rs975484 is a common polymorphism in the human PRMT1 gene promoter, and we found that it alters PRMT1 expression in blood monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages in human HCC. PRMT1 expression was higher in individuals with a GG genotype than in individuals with a CC genotype, and heterozygous carriers had intermediate expression. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that this differential expression is due to an extra C/EBPβ-binding site in the PRMT1 promoter of individuals carrying the minor G allele. The rs975484 genotype also correlated with PRMT1 target expression in HCC. Individuals with the GG genotype had significantly higher levels of the PRMT1 targets PD-L1, PD-L2, and VISTA than those with the CC genotype. We conclude that PRMT1 critically controls immune checkpoints in mice and humans and that the PRMT1 polymorphism rs975484 affects checkpoint gene expression in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schonfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-1018
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-1018
| | - Amberly Komatz
- Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-1018
| | - Steven A Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-1018.,Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-1018
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-1018
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Chu W, Li R, Liu J, Reimherr M. FEATURE SELECTION FOR GENERALIZED VARYING COEFFICIENT MIXED-EFFECT MODELS WITH APPLICATION TO OBESITY GWAS. Ann Appl Stat 2020; 14:276-298. [PMID: 32802245 PMCID: PMC7426018 DOI: 10.1214/19-aoas1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by an empirical analysis of data from a genome-wide association study on obesity, measured by the body mass index (BMI), we propose a two-step gene-detection procedure for generalized varying coefficient mixed-effects models with ultrahigh dimensional covariates. The proposed procedure selects significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) impacting the mean BMI trend, some of which have already been biologically proven to be "fat genes." The method also discovers SNPs that significantly influence the age-dependent variability of BMI. The proposed procedure takes into account individual variations of genetic effects and can also be directly applied to longitudinal data with continuous, binary or count responses. We employ Monte Carlo simulation studies to assess the performance of the proposed method and further carry out causal inference for the selected SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Runze Li
- Department of Statistics and the Methodology Center, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Econometrics, Department of Statistics, School of Economics, Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics, and Fujian Key Lab of Statistics, Xiamen University
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Chen CF, Lin CC. The association of genotype polymorphisms with vascular access patency in hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Access 2018; 20:24-30. [PMID: 29512407 DOI: 10.1177/1129729818758556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some hemodialysis patients suffer from repeat dysfunction of dialysis vascular access and need procedures of angioplasty, thrombectomy, and even temporary catheter use. Why these patients are vulnerable to vascular access dysfunction and how to improve its patency are imperative to be discovered. Traditional risk factors for vascular access function had been widely investigated but could not fully explain this question. Several genotype polymorphisms were demonstrated to increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease and might also be linked to higher risk of vascular access dysfunction. As the major causes of arteriovenous access thrombosis are hypercoagulable status and arteriovenous access stenosis, the investigated genes mainly focus on the mediators of the coagulation cascade, inflammatory process, and endothelial dysfunction. The reported polymorphisms of genes significantly associated with arteriovenous access dysfunction included genes encoding methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, coagulation factors, heme oxygenase-1, matrix metalloproteinase, transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and protein methyl transferase. However, further prospective study is indispensable to elucidate the association between the genotype polymorphisms and the outcome of vascular access. More and more therapeutic options that focus on genotype polymorphisms may generate a great benefit to the patency of vascular access of uremic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fan Chen
- 1 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Lin
- 1 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,3 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Uțu D, Pantea S, Duicu OM, Muntean DM, Sturza A. Contribution of monoamine oxidases to vascular oxidative stress in patients with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1383-1388. [PMID: 28753408 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the "lifeline" for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. AVF maturation failure is a poorly understood process, one of the contributors being endothelial dysfunction due to oxidative stress. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) A and B were recently identified as novel sources of vascular oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of MAOs to the endothelial dysfunction in patients with ESDR with indication of hemodialysis. Fragments of brachial artery collaterals were harvested from ESRD patients during the surgical procedure aimed at creating the vascular access in the cubital fossa. The effect of increasing concentrations (10, 30, 100 μmol/L) of the irreversible MAO-A inhibitor, clorgyline, and MAO-B inhibitor, selegiline, on endothelial-dependent relaxation (EDR) in response to cumulative doses of acetylcholine was studied in isolated phenylephrine-preconstricted vascular rings. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was assessed using ferrous oxidation xylenol orange assay. We showed that incubation of brachial rings with MAO inhibitors significantly improved EDR and attenuated H2O2 generation in patients with ESRD. MAO-related oxidative stress might contribute to the primary dysfunction/non-maturation of the AVF and MAO inhibitors could improve maturation and long-term patency of the vascular access in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Uțu
- a Department of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara 300041, Romania
| | - Stelian Pantea
- b Department of Surgery II, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Oana M Duicu
- a Department of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara 300041, Romania.,c Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Danina M Muntean
- a Department of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara 300041, Romania.,c Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Sturza
- a Department of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara 300041, Romania.,c Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
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Chen YW, Wu YT, Lin JS, Yang WC, Hsu YH, Lee KH, Ou SM, Chen YT, Shih CJ, Lee PC, Chan CH, Chung MY, Lin CC. Association of Genetic Polymorphisms of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System-Related Genes with Arterio-Venous Fistula Malfunction in Hemodialysis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060833. [PMID: 27240348 PMCID: PMC4926367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) is the most commonly-used renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease worldwide. Arterio-venous fistula (AVF) is the vascular access of choice for HD patients with lowest risk of infection and thrombosis. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors may also contribute to malfunction of AVF. Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of genotype polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme on vascular access malfunction. We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and AVF malfunction. Totally, 577 patients were enrolled. Their mean age was 60 years old and 53% were male. HD patients with AVF malfunction had longer duration of HD (92.5 ± 68.1 vs. 61.2 ± 51.9 months, p < 0.001), lower prevalence of hypertension (44.8% vs. 55.3%, p = 0.025), right-sided (31.8% vs. 18.4%, p = 0.002) and upper arm AVF (26.6% vs. 9.7%, p < 0.001), and higher mean dynamic venous pressure (DVP) (147.8 ± 28.3 vs. 139.8 ± 30.0, p = 0.021). In subgroup analysis of different genders, location of AVF and DVP remained significant clinical risk factors of AVF malfunction in univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression in female HD patients. Among male HD patients, univariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that right-side AVF and upper arm location are two important clinical risk factors. In addition, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs275653 (Odds ratio 1.90, p = 0.038) and rs1492099 (Odds ratio 2.29, p = 0.017) of angiotensin II receptor 1 (AGTR1), were associated with increased risk of AVF malfunction. After adjustment for age and other clinical factors, minor allele-containing genotype polymorphisms (AA and CA) of rs1492099 still remained to be a significant risk factor of AVF malfunction (Odds ratio 3.63, p = 0.005). In conclusion, we demonstrated that rs1492099, a SNP of AGTR1 gene, could be a potential genetic risk factor of AVF malfunction in male HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 235, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Jhin-Shyaun Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Chang Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 235, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Shou-Ming Ou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Tai Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, He-Ping Branch, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jen Shih
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yuan-Shan Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, I-Lan 264, Taiwan.
| | - Pui-Ching Lee
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Yi Chung
- Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ching Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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