Amikacin induced renal damage and the role of the antioxidants on neonatal rats

A review on oxidant and antioxidant effects of antibacterial agents: impacts on bacterial cell death and division and therapeutic effects or adverse reactions in humans

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the mitochondrial respiratory pathway and cellular metabolism. They are responsible for creating oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In living organisms, there is a balance between oxidative stress and the antioxidant system, but some factors such as medicines disturb the balance and cause many problems. These effects can impact bacterial death and division and also in humans can induce therapeutic or adverse reactions. Web of Science and Pubmed databases were used for searching. This review focuses on the oxidant and antioxidant effects of different classes of antibacterial agents and the mechanisms of oxidative stress. Some of these agents have beneficial effects on killing bacteria due to their antioxidant or oxidant effects. However, some of their side effects may be due to their oxidative effects. Based on the results of this review, minocycline is an antioxidant, but aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, glycopeptides, antituberculosis drugs, fluoroquinolones, and sulfamethoxazole agents have oxidant effects. Furthermore, cephalosporins, penicillins, metronidazole, and macrolides have both oxidant and antioxidant effects in different studies. It is concluded that some antibacterial agents have oxidant and other antioxidant effects. These activities may affect their therapeutic effects or side effects. Some antioxidants can prevent the adverse effects of antibacterial agents. Clarifying the exact oxidant and antioxidant effects of some antimicrobial agents needs more research projects.

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Protective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Amikacin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat by Regulating the Nrf2/AMPK/AKT and NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1 Molecular Pathways

Herein, the molecular pathogenic pathways implicated in renal injury triggered by amikacin (AK), together with the alleviating actions of β-caryophyllene (BCP), were investigated. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 32) were disseminated to the four following groups (n = 8/group): normal group, positive control animals (PC) that received AK intraperitoneal injections for 14 days (500 mg/kg/day), and rats that received AK simultaneously with small (200 mg/kg/day) and high doses (400 mg/kg/day) of BCP. The PC renal tissues revealed abnormal histology alongside increased apoptosis and significantly elevated serum creatinine and urea with marked proteinuria and oliguria relative to the normal rats. Moreover, renal tissues from the PC animals also showed substantial upregulations in NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1, whilst Nrf2/AMPK/AKT/PCNA declined, at the gene and protein levels in comparison to the normal rats. Additionally, the levels of markers of oxidative stress (MDA/H₂O₂/protein adducts) and inflammation (TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-18/TLR/HSP25) were substantially higher in the PC renal specimens, whereas the antioxidants (GSH/GPx/SOD1/CAT) and interleukin-10 decreased, relative to the NC group. Both BCP protocols improved the biochemical markers of renal functions, alleviated renal histopathology and apoptosis, and decreased NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1 alongside the concentrations of oxidative stress and proinflammatory markers, whilst promoting Nrf2/AMPK/AKT/IL-10/PCNA and the targeted antioxidants. However, the improving effects in the high-dose regimen were markedly stronger than those observed in animals treated with low dose of BCP. In conclusion, the present report is the first to connect NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1 proinflammatory and Nrf2/AMPK/AKT antioxidative stress pathways with the pathogenesis of AK-induced nephrotoxicity. Additionally, the current report is the first to disclose alleviating activities for BCP against AK-triggered nephrotoxicity by modulating multiple antioxidative stress with anti-inflammatory molecular pathways.

Influence of Spirulina platensis and ascorbic acid on amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits

The current study was performed to investigate the nephroprotective efficacy of Spirulina platensis (SP) and the possible benefits of combining SP and ascorbic acid (AA) in protecting against amikacin (AMK)-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Forty-two male New Zealand rabbits were allocated to seven equal groups, receiving (I) normal saline as negative controls, (II) oral SP (500 mg/kg body weight), (III) oral AA (20 mg/kg bw), (IV) intramuscular AMK injection (100 mg/kg bw), (V) AMK plus SP, (VI) AMK plus AA, or (VII) AMK plus SP and AA at the aforementioned doses. The treatments were given once/day for 7 days. Data analysis showed that in comparison to the control group, AMK-intoxicated rabbits showed significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in serum concentrations of creatinine, uric acid, and urea, as well as renal tissue concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], malondialdehyde [MDA], and nitric oxide [NO]. Moreover, significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in renal glutathione concentration, antioxidant enzymatic activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), and total antioxidant capacity were noted following AMK intoxication. Treatment by SP ameliorated most of the aforementioned AMK-induced alterations. Although treatment with AA significantly reduced the renal tissue MDA, NO, and TNF-α concentrations, it was not associated with significant ameliorations of AMK-induced changes in the serum concentrations of renal function markers or renal tissue antioxidant parameters. The nephroprotective effects of SP-AA combination were more potent than SP alone in several parameters. In conclusion, SP alone or in combination with AA minimized the nephrotoxic effects of AMK through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.