1
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Wang L, Wang X, Sun N, Liu W. High mobility group box 1 mediates inflammatory responses in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112039. [PMID: 38613884 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) serves as a diagnostic biomarker for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) patients, yet its diagnostic significance within MPM tumor tissues remains uncertain. This study aims to elucidate the roles of HMGB1 in MPM. METHODS HMGB1 expression analysis was conducted in both tumor and adjacent non-cancerous tissues collected from MPM patients. The two-year follow-up of MPM patients commenced from the diagnosis date. Inflammatory cytokine analysis was performed on these tissues, and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was applied to examine variable relationships. In vitro assays included constructing an HMGB1 knockdown cell line, assessing cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokine levels to delineate HMGB1's roles in MPM. RESULTS HMGB1 overexpression was observed in MPM tumor tissues, particularly in stages III-IV. Diagnostic implications of HMGB1 for MPM were evident, augmenting its diagnostic value. HMGB1 overexpression correlated with diminished survival rates. Positive correlations existed between inflammatory cytokines and HMGB1 in MPM tumor tissues and cell lines. Suppression of HMGB1 regulated cell growth and apoptosis in MPM cell lines. CONCLUSION HMGB1 exhibits diagnostic potential for MPM and modulates inflammatory responses within the disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Yunhe District, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Yunhe District, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Yunhe District, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Medical Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Yunhe District, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
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2
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Doxorubicin-An Agent with Multiple Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040659. [PMID: 36831326 PMCID: PMC9954613 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) constitutes the major constituent of anti-cancer treatment regimens currently in clinical use. However, the precise mechanisms of DOX's action are not fully understood. Emerging evidence points to the pleiotropic anticancer activity of DOX, including its contribution to DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, senescence, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis induction, as well as its immunomodulatory role. This review aims to collect information on the anticancer mechanisms of DOX as well as its influence on anti-tumor immune response, providing a rationale behind the importance of DOX in modern cancer therapy.
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3
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Shen J, Zhang M, Peng M. Progress of exosome research in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytokine X 2022; 4:100066. [PMID: 35656386 PMCID: PMC9151726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2022.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a global chronic autoimmune disease that invades most organs of the body, with kidney injury being the most prominent feature. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that carry a variety of proteins, lipids and genetic material, participate in the exchange of local and intersystem information, and play an important immunoregulatory role in a variety of autoimmune diseases. At the same time, the use of exosomes as disease biomarkers and drug delivery carriers also shows great application prospects. This article reviews current progress in the application of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of SLE.
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Key Words
- CfDNA, Circulating free DNA
- Diagnostic role
- Exosomes
- HMGB1, High mobility group box 1
- Immunomodulation
- LN, Lupus nephritis
- MSC, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
- MiRNAs, Microribonucleic acids
- Microribonucleic acid
- PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDCs, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- TLR, Recombinant Toll Like Receptor
- Therapeutic potential
- Treg, Regulatory T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Meiyu Peng
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
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4
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Wu Y, Zwaini ZD, Brunskill NJ, Zhang X, Wang H, Chana R, Stover CM, Yang B. Properdin Deficiency Impairs Phagocytosis and Enhances Injury at Kidney Repair Phase Post Ischemia-Reperfusion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697760. [PMID: 34552582 PMCID: PMC8450566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Properdin, a positive regulator of complement alternative pathway, participates in renal ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury and also acts as a pattern-recognition molecule affecting apoptotic T-cell clearance. However, the role of properdin in tubular epithelial cells (TECs) at the repair phase post IR injury is not well defined. This study revealed that properdin knockout (PKO) mice exhibited greater injury in renal function and histology than wild-type (WT) mice post 72-h IR, with more apoptotic cells and macrophages in tubular lumina, increased active caspase-3 and HMGB1, but better histological structure at 24 h. Raised erythropoietin receptor by IR was furthered by PKO and positively correlated with injury and repair markers. Properdin in WT kidneys was also upregulated by IR, while H2O2-increased properdin in TECs was reduced by its small-interfering RNA (siRNA), with raised HMGB1 and apoptosis. Moreover, the phagocytic ability of WT TECs, analyzed by pHrodo Escherichia coli bioparticles, was promoted by H2O2 but inhibited by PKO. These results were confirmed by counting phagocytosed H2O2-induced apoptotic TECs by in situ end labeling fragmented DNAs but not affected by additional serum with/without properdin. Taken together, PKO results in impaired phagocytosis at the repair phase post renal IR injury. Properdin locally produced by TECs plays crucial roles in optimizing damaged cells and regulating phagocytic ability of TECs to effectively clear apoptotic cells and reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zinah D Zwaini
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Brunskill
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Nantong-Leicester Joint Institute of Kidney Science, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Wang
- Nantong-Leicester Joint Institute of Kidney Science, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ravinder Chana
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Nantong-Leicester Joint Institute of Kidney Science, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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5
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The Effect and Regulatory Mechanism of High Mobility Group Box-1 Protein on Immune Cells in Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051044. [PMID: 33925132 PMCID: PMC8145631 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), a member of the high mobility group protein superfamily, is an abundant and ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein. Intracellular HMGB1 is released by immune and necrotic cells and secreted HMGB1 activates a range of immune cells, contributing to the excessive release of inflammatory cytokines and promoting processes such as cell migration and adhesion. Moreover, HMGB1 is a typical damage-associated molecular pattern molecule that participates in various inflammatory and immune responses. In these ways, it plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases. Herein, we review the effects of HMGB1 on various immune cell types and describe the molecular mechanisms by which it contributes to the development of inflammatory disorders. Finally, we address the therapeutic potential of targeting HMGB1.
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6
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N-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Propylpentanamide (HO-AAVPA) Inhibits HDAC1 and Increases the Translocation of HMGB1 Levels in Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165873. [PMID: 32824279 PMCID: PMC7461584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (HO-AAVPA) is a VPA derivative designed to be a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. HO-AAVPA has better antiproliferative effect than VPA in cancer cell lines. Therefore, in this work, the inhibitory effect of HO-AAVPA on HDAC1, HDAC6, and HDAC8 was determined by in silico and in vitro enzymatic assay. Furthermore, its antiproliferative effect on the cervical cancer cell line (SiHa) and the translocation of HMGB1 and ROS production were evaluated. The results showed that HO-AAVPA inhibits HDAC1, which could be related with HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm due to HDAC1 being involved in the deacetylation of HMGB1. Furthermore, an increase in ROS production was observed after the treatment with HO-AAVPA, which also could contribute to HMGB1 translocation. Therefore, the results suggest that one of the possible antiproliferative mechanisms of HO-AAVPA is by HDAC1 inhibition which entails HMGB1 translocation and ROS increased levels that could trigger the cell apoptosis.
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7
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Longjohn MN, Hudson JABJ, Smith NC, Rise ML, Moorehead PC, Christian SL. Deciphering the messages carried by extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Blood Rev 2020; 46:100734. [PMID: 32736879 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-bound particles released from all living cells examined thus far. EVs can transfer information in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from donor cells to recipient cells. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the role(s) EVs play in hematological malignancies (HM) and outline potential prognostic and diagnostic strategies using EVs. EVs have been shown to promote proliferation and angiogenesis, and alter the bone marrow microenvironment to favour the growth and survival of diverse HM. They also promote evasion of anti-cancer immune responses and increase multi-drug resistance. Using knowledge of EV biology, including HM-specific packaging of cargo, EV based diagnostics and therapeutic approaches show substantial clinical promise. However, while EVs may represent a new paradigm to solve many of the challenges in treating and/or diagnosing HM, much work is needed before they can be used clinically to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo-Anna B J Hudson
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada; University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Paul C Moorehead
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
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8
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Cai S, Chandraker A. Cell Therapy in Solid Organ Transplantation. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:71-80. [PMID: 31161989 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190603103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation is the only cure for end-stage organ failure. Current immunosuppressive drugs have two major limitations: 1) non antigen specificity, which increases the risk of cancer and infection diseases, and 2) chronic toxicity. Cell therapy appears to be an innovative and promising strategy to minimize the use of immunosuppression in transplantation and to improve long-term graft survival. Preclinical studies have shown efficacy and safety of using various suppressor cells, such as regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells. Recent clinical trials using cellbased therapies in solid organ transplantation also hold out the promise of improving efficacy. In this review, we will briefly go over the rejection process, current immunosuppressive drugs, and the potential therapeutic use of regulatory cells in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Cai
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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9
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Aoki K, Satoi S, Harada S, Uchida S, Iwasa Y, Ikenouchi J. Coordinated changes in cell membrane and cytoplasm during maturation of apoptotic bleb. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:833-844. [PMID: 32049595 PMCID: PMC7185959 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells form membrane blebs, but little is known about how the formation and dynamics of membrane blebs are regulated. The size of blebs gradually increases during the progression of apoptosis, eventually forming large extracellular vesicles called apoptotic bodies that have immune-modulating activities. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the differentiation of blebs into apoptotic blebs by comparing the dynamics of the bleb formed during cell migration and the bleb formed during apoptosis. We revealed that the enhanced activity of ROCK1 is required for the formation of small blebs in the early phase of apoptosis, which leads to the physical disruption of nuclear membrane and the degradation of Lamin A. In the late phase of apoptosis, the loss of asymmetry in phospholipids distribution caused the enlargement of blebs, which enabled translocation of damage-associated molecular patterns to the bleb cytoplasm and maturation of functional apoptotic blebs. Thus, changes in cell membrane dynamics are closely linked to cytoplasmic changes during apoptotic bleb formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Aoki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Satoi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shota Harada
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoh Iwasa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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10
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The contribution of macrophages to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2019; 207:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles: structure–function relationships. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:509-516. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential process for normal physiology and plays a key role in the resolution of inflammation. Clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) involves complex signalling between phagocytic cells, ACs, and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) they produce. Here, we discuss apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ACdEVs) and how their structure relates to their function in AC clearance and the control of inflammation, focussing on the ACdEV proteome. We review the current knowledge, ongoing work and future directions for research in this field.
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12
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Chen X, Zhang J, Kim B, Jaitpal S, Meng SS, Adjepong K, Imamura S, Wake H, Nishibori M, Stopa EG, Stonestreet BS. High-mobility group box-1 translocation and release after hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 311:1-14. [PMID: 30217406 PMCID: PMC6261802 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to neonatal brain injury. Pro-inflammatory cytokines represent key inflammatory meditators in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. The high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a nuclear protein with pro-inflammatory cytokine properties when it is translocated from the nucleus and released extracellularly after stroke in adult rodents. We have previously shown that HMGB1 is translocated from the nucleus to cytosolic compartment after ischemic brain injury in fetal sheep. In the current study, we utilized the Rice-Vannucci model to investigate the time course of HMGB1 translocation and release after HI injury in neonatal rats. HMGB1 was located in cellular nuclei of brains from sham control rats. Nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 was detected in the ipsilateral-HI hemisphere as early as zero h after HI, and released extracellularly as early as 6 h after HI. Immunohistochemical double staining detected HMGB1 translocation mainly in neurons along with release from apoptotic cells after HI. Serum HMGB1 increased at 3 h and decreased by 24 h after HI. In addition, rat brains exposed to hypoxic injury alone also exhibited time dependent HMGB1 translocation at 3, 12 and 48 h after hypoxia. Consequently, HMGB1 responds similarly after HI injury in the brains of neonatal and adult subjects. We conclude that HMGB1 is sensitive early indicator of neonatal HI and hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Siddhant Jaitpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven S Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kwame Adjepong
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sayumi Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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13
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Caruso S, Poon IKH. Apoptotic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: More Than Just Debris. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1486. [PMID: 30002658 PMCID: PMC6031707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The many functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes and microvesicles released from healthy cells have been well characterized, particularly in relation to their roles in immune modulation. Apoptotic bodies, a major class of EV released as a product of apoptotic cell disassembly, and other types of EVs released from dying cells are also becoming recognized as key players in this emerging field. There is now increasing evidence to suggest that EVs produced during apoptosis have important immune regulatory roles, a concept relevant across different disease settings including autoimmunity, cancer, and infection. Therefore, this review focuses on how the formation of EVs during apoptosis could be a key mechanism of immune modulation by dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan K. H. Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Tucher C, Bode K, Schiller P, Claßen L, Birr C, Souto-Carneiro MM, Blank N, Lorenz HM, Schiller M. Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes Released From Activated or Apoptotic T-Lymphocytes Carry a Specific and Stimulus-Dependent Protein Cargo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:534. [PMID: 29599781 PMCID: PMC5862858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from nearly all mammalian cells and different EV populations have been described. Microvesicles represent large EVs (LEVs) released from the cellular surface, while exosomes are small EVs (SEVs) released from an intracellular compartment. As it is likely that different stimuli promote the release of distinct EV populations, we analyzed EVs from human lymphocytes considering the respective release stimuli (activation Vs. apoptosis induction). We could clearly separate two EV populations, namely SEVs (average diameter <200 nm) and LEVs (diameter range between 200 and 1000 nm). Morphology and size were analyzed by electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Apoptosis induction caused a massive release of LEVs, while activated T-cells released SEVs and LEVs in considerably lower amounts. The release of SEVs from apoptotic T-cells was comparable with LEV release from activated ones. LEVs contained signaling proteins and proteins of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton. SEVs carried cytoplasmic/endosomal proteins like the 70-kDa heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) or tumor susceptibility 101 (TSG101), microtubule-associated proteins, and ubiquitinated proteins. The protein expression profile of SEVs and LEVs changed substantially after the induction of apoptosis. After apoptosis induction, HSP70 and TSG101 (often used as exosome markers) were highly expressed within LEVs. Interestingly, in contrast to HSP70 and TSG101, gelsolin and eps15 homology domain-containing protein 3 (EHD3) turned out to be specific for SEVs irrespective of the stimulus causing the EV release. Finally, we detected several subunits of the proteasome (PSMB9, PSMB10) as well as the danger signal HMGB1 exclusively within apoptotic cell-released LEVs. Thus, we were able to identify new marker proteins that can be useful to discriminate between distinct LEV subpopulations. The mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tucher
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Bode
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratory Dr. Limbach and Colleagues, Medical Care Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schiller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Claßen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Birr
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Blank
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,ACURA Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Muhsin-Sharafaldine MR, Saunderson SC, Dunn AC, Faed JM, Kleffmann T, McLellan AD. Procoagulant and immunogenic properties of melanoma exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic vesicles. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56279-56294. [PMID: 27462921 PMCID: PMC5302914 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are lipid particles released from eukaryotic cells into the extracellular fluid. Depending on the cell type or mechanism of release, vesicles vary in form and function and exert distinct functions in coagulation and immunity. Tumor cells may constitutively shed vesicles known as exosomes or microvesicles (MV). Alternatively, apoptosis induces the release of apoptotic blebs or vesicles (ApoV) from the plasma membrane. EV have been implicated in thrombotic events (the second highest cause of death in cancer patients) and tumor vesicles contribute to the anti-cancer immune response. In this study, we utilized the well characterized B16 melanoma model to determine the molecular composition and procoagulant and immunogenic potential of exosomes, MV and ApoV. Distinct patterns of surface and cytoplasmic molecules (tetraspanins, integrins, heat shock proteins and histones) were expressed between the vesicle types. Moreover, in vitro coagulation assays revealed that membrane-derived vesicles, namely MV and ApoV, were more procoagulant than exosomes–with tissue factor and phosphatidylserine critical for procoagulant activity. Mice immunized with antigen-pulsed ApoV and challenged with B16 tumors were protected out to 60 days, while lower protection rates were afforded by MV and exosomes. Together the results demonstrate distinct phenotypic and functional differences between vesicle types, with important procoagulant and immunogenic functions emerging for membrane-derived MV and ApoV versus endosome-derived exosomes. This study highlights the potential of EV to contribute to the prothrombotic state, as well as to anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah C Saunderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Amy C Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - James M Faed
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Centre for Protein Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Alexander D McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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16
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulates the release of extracellular vesicles carrying danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6707-6717. [PMID: 29467921 PMCID: PMC5805507 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function lead to ER stress which, when severe or prolonged, may result in apoptosis. Severe ER stress has been implicated in several pathological conditions including pre-eclampsia, a multisystem disorder of pregnancy associated with the release of pro-inflammatory factors from the placenta into the maternal circulation. Here, we show that severe ER stress induced by two distinct mechanisms in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells leads to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. Co-treatment with the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate results in a reduction in ER stress-induced EV-associated DAMP release. We further demonstrate that severe ER stress is associated with changes in the expression of several stress-related proteins, notably Cited-2 and phosphorylated JNK. Together, these data indicate that severe ER stress-mediated release of EV-associated DAMPs may contribute to the heightened systemic maternal inflammatory response characteristic of pre-eclampsia and may also be relevant to other chronic inflammatory diseases which display elevated ER stress.
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17
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Therapeutic targeting of HMGB1 during experimental sepsis modulates the inflammatory cytokine profile to one associated with improved clinical outcomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5850. [PMID: 28724977 PMCID: PMC5517568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a significant health burden and a major clinical need exists for therapeutics to dampen the excessive and uncontrolled immune activation. Nuclear protein high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is released following cell death and is a late mediator in sepsis pathogenesis. While approaches targeting HMGB1 have demonstrated reduced mortality in pre-clinical models of sepsis, the impact of HMGB1 blockade on the complex septic inflammatory milieu and the development of subsequent immunosuppression remain enigmatic. Analysis of plasma samples obtained from septic shock patients established an association between increased HMGB1 and non-survival, higher APACHE II scores, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Pre-clinically, administration of neutralising ovine anti-HMGB1 polyclonal antibodies improved survival in murine endotoxaemia and caecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis models, and altered early cytokine profiles to one which corresponded to patterns observed in the surviving patient cohort. Additionally, anti-HMGB1 treated murine sepsis survivors were significantly more resistant to secondary bacterial infection and exhibited altered innate immune cell phenotypes and cytokine responses. These findings demonstrate that anti-HMGB1 antibodies alter inflammation in murine sepsis models and reduce sepsis mortality without potentiating immunosuppression.
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18
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Perez-Hernandez J, Redon J, Cortes R. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Agents in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040717. [PMID: 28350323 PMCID: PMC5412303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs. Currently, therapeutic molecules present adverse side effects and are only effective in some SLE patient subgroups. Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are released by most cell types, carry nucleic acids, proteins and lipids and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs can stimulate or suppress the immune responses depending on the context. In SLE, EVs can work as autoadjuvants, enhance immune complex formation and maintaining inflammation state. Over the last years, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells and antigen presenting cells have emerged as cell-free therapeutic agents to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles to regulate immune responses and to ameliorate disease activity in SLE and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Josep Redon
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Coumans FAW, Gool EL, Nieuwland R. Bulk immunoassays for analysis of extracellular vesicles. Platelets 2017; 28:242-248. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1265926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. W. Coumans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elmar L. Gool
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Simpson J, Miles K, Trüb M, MacMahon R, Gray M. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Respond Directly to Apoptotic Cells by Secreting Immune Regulatory IL-10 or IFN-α. Front Immunol 2016; 7:590. [PMID: 28018356 PMCID: PMC5155015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a pivotal role in driving the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus, via the secretion of IFN-α in response to nuclear self-antigens complexed with autoantibodies. Apoptotic cells, generated at sites of inflammation or secondary lymphoid organs, are exposed to activated pDCs and also express the same nuclear antigens on their cell surface. Here, we show that in the absence of autoantibodies, activated pDCs directly respond to apoptotic cell-expressed chromatin complexes by secreting IL-10 and IL-6, which also induces T cells to secrete IL-10. Conversely, when activated by the viral mimetic CpG-A, apoptotic cells enhance their secretion of IFN-α. This study demonstrates that activated pDCs respond directly to apoptotic cells and may maintain tolerance via IL-10, or promote inflammation through secretion of IFN-α, depending on the inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Simpson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine Miles
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta Trüb
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roisin MacMahon
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mohini Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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CHEN YAN, LI GUANGPING, LIU YANXIA, WERTH VICTORIAP, WILLIAMS KEVINJON, LIU MINGLIN. Translocation of Endogenous Danger Signal HMGB1 From Nucleus to Membrane Microvesicles in Macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2319-26. [PMID: 26909509 PMCID: PMC5021294 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that can be released from activated or dead cells. Extracellular HMGB1 can serve as a "danger signal" and novel cytokine that mediates sterile inflammation. In addition to its soluble form, extracellular HMGB1 can also be carried by membrane microvesicles. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible for nuclear HMGB1 translocation to the plasma membrane and release onto membrane microvesicles have not been investigated. Tobacco smoking is a major cause of sterile inflammation in many diseases. Smoking also increases blood levels of HMGB1. In this study, we found that exposure of macrophages to tobacco smoke extract (TSE) stimulated HMGB1 expression, redistribution, and release into the extracellular milieu both as a soluble molecule and, surprisingly, as a microvesicle-associated form (TSE-MV). Inhibition of chromosome region maintenance-1 (CRM1), a nuclear exporter, attenuated TSE-induced HMGB1 redistribution from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and then its release on TSE-MVs. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism for the translocation of nuclear HMGB1 to the plasma membrane, and then its release in a microvesicle-associated form. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2319-2326, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- YAN CHEN
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - GUANGPING LI
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - YANXIA LIU
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - VICTORIA P. WERTH
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - KEVIN JON WILLIAMS
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - MING-LIN LIU
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Abstract
During apoptosis or activation, cells can release a subcellular structure, called a membrane microvesicle (also known as microparticle) into the extracellular environment. Microvesicles bud-off as a portion of cell membrane with its associated proteins and lipids surrounding a cytosolic core that contains intracellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, siRNA, microRNA, lncRNA). Biologically active molecules on the microvesicle surface and encapsulated within can act on recipient cells as a novel mode of intercellular communication. Apoptosis has long been known to be involved in the development of diseases of autoimmunity. Abnormally persistent microvesicles, particularly apoptotic microvesicles, can accelerate autoimmune responses locally in specific organs and tissues as well as systemically. In this review, we focus on studies implicating microvesicles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and their complications.
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23
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Jia H, Sodhi CP, Yamaguchi Y, Lu P, Martin LY, Good M, Zhou Q, Sung J, Fulton WB, Nino DF, Prindle T, Ozolek JA, Hackam DJ. Pulmonary Epithelial TLR4 Activation Leads to Lung Injury in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:859-71. [PMID: 27307558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We seek to define the mechanisms leading to the development of lung disease in the setting of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease of premature infants characterized by the sudden onset of intestinal necrosis. NEC development in mice requires activation of the LPS receptor TLR4 on the intestinal epithelium, through its effects on modulating epithelial injury and repair. Although NEC-associated lung injury is more severe than the lung injury that occurs in premature infants without NEC, the mechanisms leading to its development remain unknown. In this study, we now show that TLR4 expression in the lung gradually increases during postnatal development, and that mice and humans with NEC-associated lung inflammation express higher levels of pulmonary TLR4 than do age-matched controls. NEC in wild-type newborn mice resulted in significant pulmonary injury that was prevented by deletion of TLR4 from the pulmonary epithelium, indicating a role for pulmonary TLR4 in lung injury development. Mechanistically, intestinal epithelial TLR4 activation induced high-mobility group box 1 release from the intestine, which activated pulmonary epithelial TLR4, leading to the induction of the neutrophil recruiting CXCL5 and the influx of proinflammatory neutrophils to the lung. Strikingly, the aerosolized administration of a novel carbohydrate TLR4 inhibitor prevented CXCL5 upregulation and blocked NEC-induced lung injury in mice. These findings illustrate the critical role of pulmonary TLR4 in the development of NEC-associated lung injury, and they suggest that inhibition of this innate immune receptor in the neonatal lung may prevent this devastating complication of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Jia
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Laura Y Martin
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; and
| | - Qinjie Zhou
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jungeun Sung
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - William B Fulton
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Diego F Nino
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - John A Ozolek
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287;
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24
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Dieker J, Tel J, Pieterse E, Thielen A, Rother N, Bakker M, Fransen J, Dijkman HBPM, Berden JH, de Vries JM, Hilbrands LB, van der Vlag J. Circulating Apoptotic Microparticles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Drive the Activation of Dendritic Cell Subsets and Prime Neutrophils for NETosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:462-72. [PMID: 26360137 DOI: 10.1002/art.39417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating chromatin-containing apoptotic material and/or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been proposed to be an important driving force for the antichromatin autoimmune response in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to determine the exact nature of microparticles in the circulation of SLE patients and to assess the effects of the microparticles on the immune system. METHODS We analyzed microparticles isolated from the plasma of patients with SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic sclerosis (SSc), as well as from healthy subjects. The effects of the microparticles on blood-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In SLE patients, we identified microparticles that were highly positive for annexin V and apoptosis-modified chromatin that were not present in healthy subjects or in RA or SSc patients. These microparticles were mostly CD31+/CD45- (endothelial), partly CD45+/CD66b+ (granulocyte), and negative for B and T cell markers. Microparticles isolated from the plasma of SLE patients increased the expression of the costimulatory surface molecules CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86 and the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon-α by blood-derived plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) and myeloid DCs (MDCs). SLE microparticles also primed blood-derived neutrophils for NETosis. Microparticles from healthy subjects and from RA or SSc patients exhibited no significant effects on MDCs, PDCs, and NETosis. CONCLUSION Circulating microparticles in SLE patients include a population of apoptotic cell-derived microparticles that has proinflammatory effects on PDCs and MDCs and enhances NETosis. These results underline the important role of apoptotic microparticles in driving the autoimmune response in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dieker
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elmar Pieterse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Thielen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Rother
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinka Bakker
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Fransen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jo H Berden
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Prothymosin Alpha and Immune Responses: Are We Close to Potential Clinical Applications? VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 102:179-207. [PMID: 27450735 PMCID: PMC7126549 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The thymus gland produces soluble molecules, which mediate significant immune functions. The first biologically active thymic extract was thymosin fraction V, the fractionation of which led to the isolation of a series of immunoactive polypeptides, including prothymosin alpha (proTα). ProTα displays a dual role, intracellularly as a survival and proliferation mediator and extracellularly as a biological response modifier. Accordingly, inside the cell, proTα is implicated in crucial intracellular circuits and may serve as a surrogate tumor biomarker, but when found outside the cell, it could be used as a therapeutic agent for treating immune system deficiencies. In fact, proTα possesses pleiotropic adjuvant activity and a series of immunomodulatory effects (eg, anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, cardioprotective). Moreover, several reports suggest that the variable activity of proTα might be exerted through different parts of the molecule. We first reported that the main immunoactive region of proTα is the carboxy-terminal decapeptide proTα(100-109). In conjunction with data from others, we also revealed that proTα and proTα(100-109) signal through Toll-like receptor 4. Although their precise molecular mechanism of action is yet not fully elucidated, proTα and proTα(100-109) are viewed as candidate adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we present a historical overview on the discovery and isolation of thymosins with emphasis on proTα and data on some immune-related new activities of the polypeptide and smaller immunostimulatory peptides thereof. Finally, we propose a compiled scenario on proTα's mode of action, which could eventually contribute to its clinical application.
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26
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Cai J, Wen J, Bauer E, Zhong H, Yuan H, Chen AF. The Role of HMGB1 in Cardiovascular Biology: Danger Signals. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1351-69. [PMID: 26066838 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence shows that dysregulated immune response contributes to several types of CVDs such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Vascular intimal impairment and low-density lipoprotein oxidation trigger a complex network of innate immune responses and sterile inflammation. RECENT ADVANCES High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear DNA-binding protein, was recently discovered to function as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP) that initiates the innate immune responses. These findings lead to the understanding that HMGB1 plays a critical role in the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of CVD. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we highlight the role of extracellular HMGB1 as a proinflammatory mediator as well as a DAMP in coronary artery disease, cerebral artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and PH. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A key focus for future researches on HMGB1 location, structure, modification, and signaling will reveal HMGB1's multiple functions and discover a targeted therapy that can eliminate HMGB1-mediated inflammation without interfering with adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- 3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Juan Wen
- 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
- 3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Eileen Bauer
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hua Zhong
- 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- 3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
- 3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Aliotta JM, Pereira M, Sears EH, Dooner MS, Wen S, Goldberg LR, Quesenberry PJ. Lung-derived exosome uptake into and epigenetic modulation of marrow progenitor/stem and differentiated cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:26166. [PMID: 26385657 PMCID: PMC4575417 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.26166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our group has previously demonstrated that murine whole bone marrow cells (WBM) that internalize lung-derived extracellular vesicles (LDEVs) in culture express pulmonary epithelial cell–specific genes for up to 12 weeks. In addition, the lungs of lethally irradiated mice transplanted with lung vesicle–modulated marrow have 5 times more WBM-derived type II pneumocytes compared to mice transplanted with unmanipulated WBM. These findings indicate that extracellular vesicle modification may be an important consideration in the development of marrow cell–based cellular therapies. Current studies were performed to determine the specific marrow cell types that LDEV stably modify. Methods Murine WBM-derived stem/progenitor cells (Lin-/Sca-1+) and differentiated erythroid cells (Ter119+), granulocytes (Gr-1+) and B cells (CD19+) were cultured with carboxyfluorescein N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labelled LDEV. LDEV+ cells (CFSE+) and LDEV− cells (CFSE−) were separated by flow cytometry and visualized by fluorescence microscopy, analyzed by RT-PCR or placed into long-term secondary culture. In addition, murine Lin-/Sca-1+ cells were cultured with CFSE-labelled LDEV isolated from rats, and RT-PCR analysis was performed on LDEV+ and – cells using species-specific primers for surfactant (rat/mouse hybrid co-cultures). Results Stem/progenitor cells and all of the differentiated cell types studied internalized LDEV in culture, but heterogeneously. Expression of a panel of pulmonary epithelial cell genes was higher in LDEV+cells compared to LDEV − cells and elevated expression of these genes persisted in long-term culture. Rat/mouse hybrid co-cultures revealed only mouse-specific surfactant B and C expression in LDEV+ Lin-/Sca-1+cells after 4 weeks of culture, indicating stable de novo gene expression. Conclusions LDEV can be internalized by differentiated and more primitive cells residing in the bone marrow in culture and can induce stable de novo pulmonary epithelial cell gene expression in these cells for several weeks after internalization. The gene expression represents a transcriptional activation of the target marrow cells. These studies serve as the basis for determining marrow cell types that can be used for cell-based therapies for processes that injure the pulmonary epithelial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Aliotta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;
| | - Mandy Pereira
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Edmund H Sears
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mark S Dooner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sicheng Wen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laura R Goldberg
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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28
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Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:613536. [PMID: 26435565 PMCID: PMC4576008 DOI: 10.1155/2015/613536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that predominantly affects women and typically manifests in multiple organs. The damage caused by this disorder is characterized by a chronic inflammatory state. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (also known as microparticles), apoptotic bodies, and exosomes, are recognized vehicles of intercellular communication, carrying autoantigens, cytokines, and surface receptors. Therefore, the evidence of EVs and their cargo as biomarkers of autoimmune disease is rapidly expanding. This review will focus on biogenesis of extracellular vesicles, their pathophysiological roles, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutics in inflammatory disease, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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29
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Niessen A, Heyder P, Krienke S, Blank N, Tykocinski LO, Lorenz HM, Schiller M. Apoptotic-cell-derived membrane microparticles and IFN-α induce an inflammatory immune response. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2443-53. [PMID: 26034070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.162735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation in the clearance of apoptotic material is considered a major pathogenetic factor for the emergence of autoimmune diseases. Apoptotic-cell-derived membrane microparticles (AdMPs), which are released from the cell surface during apoptosis, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Also of importance are cytokines, such as interferon-α (IFN-α), which is known to be a major player in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study investigates the combined effect of AdMPs and IFN-α on professional phagocytes. In the presence of IFN-α, phagocytosis of AdMPs by human monocytes was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of AdMPs and raised IFN-α concentrations resulted in an increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an upregulation of surface molecule expression involved in antigen uptake. In addition, macrophage polarisation was shifted towards a more inflammatory type of cell. The synergism between IFN-α and AdMPs seemed to be mediated by an upregulation of phosphorylated STAT1. Our results indicate that IFN-α, together with AdMPs, amplify the initiation and maintenance of inflammation. This mechanism might especially play a crucial role in disorders with a defective clearance of apoptotic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niessen
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Petra Heyder
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Krienke
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Norbert Blank
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Tykocinski
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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30
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Tomin A, Dumych T, Tolstyak Y, Kril I, Mahorivska I, Bila E, Stoika R, Herrmann M, Kit Y, Bilyy R. Desialylation of dying cells with catalytically active antibodies possessing sialidase activity facilitate their clearance by human macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:17-23. [PMID: 24580640 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we reported the first known incidence of antibodies possessing catalytic sialidase activity (sialidase abzymes) in the serum of patients with multiple myeloma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These antibodies desialylate biomolecules, such as glycoproteins, gangliosides and red blood cells. Desialylation of dying cells was demonstrated to facilitate apoptotic cell clearance. In this study we assessed the possibility to facilitate dying cell clearance with the use of F(ab)2 fragments of sialidase abzymes. Two sources of sialidase abzymes were used: (i) those isolated from sera of patients with SLE after preliminary screening of a cohort of patients for sialidase activity; and (ii) by creating an induced sialidase abzyme through immunization of a rabbit with synthetic hapten consisting of a non-hydrolysable analogue of sialidase reaction conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Antibodies were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, protein-G affinity chromatography and size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-SEC). Effect of desialylation on efferocytosis was studied using human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), both viable and aged, as prey, and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMa). Treatment of apoptotic and viable prey with both disease-associated (purified from blood serum of SLE patients) and immunization-induced (obtained by immunization of rabbits) sialidase abzymes, its F(ab)2 fragment and bacterial neuraminidase (as positive control) have significantly enhanced the clearance of prey by macrophages. We conclude that sialidase abzyme can serve as a protective agent in autoimmune patients and that artificial abzymes may be of potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomin
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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31
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Spencer DM, Mobarrez F, Wallén H, Pisetsky DS. The expression of HMGB1 on microparticles from Jurkat and HL-60 cells undergoing apoptosis in vitro. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:101-10. [PMID: 24846056 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HMGB1 is a highly conserved nuclear protein that displays important biological activities inside as well as outside the cell and serves as a prototypic alarmin to activate innate immunity. The translocation of HMGB1 from inside to outside the cell occurs with cell activation as well as cell death, including apoptosis. Apoptosis is also a setting for the release of cellular microparticles (MPs), which are small membrane-bound vesicles that represent an important source of extracellular nuclear molecules. To investigate whether HMGB1 released from cells during apoptosis is also present on MPs, we determined the presence of HMGB1 on particles released from Jurkat and HL-60 cells induced to undergo apoptosis in vitro by treatment with either etoposide or staurosporine; MPs released from cells undergoing necrosis by freeze-thaw were also characterized. As shown by both Western blot analysis and flow cytometry, MPs from apoptotic cells contain HMGB1, with binding by antibodies indicating an accessible location in the particle structure. These results indicate that HMGB1, like other nuclear molecules, can translocate into MPs during apoptosis and demonstrate another biochemical form of this molecule that may be immunologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Spencer
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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32
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Abstract
The discovery that submicron-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells might have a profound effect on experimental and clinical sciences, and could pave the way for new strategies to combat various diseases. EVs are carriers of pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns, cytokines, autoantigens and tissue-degrading enzymes. In addition to a possible role in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory conditions, such as infections and autoimmune diseases, EVs, including microvesicles (also known as microparticles), exosomes and apoptotic vesicles, have therapeutic potential and might be used as biomarkers for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, molecular diagnostics and targeted therapy could benefit from expanding knowledge in the field. In this Review, we summarize important developments and propose that extracellular vesicles could be used as therapeutic vehicles and as targets for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases.
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33
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Sweet taste of cell death: role of carbohydrate recognition systems. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.06.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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34
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Dye JR, Ullal AJ, Pisetsky DS. The Role of Microparticles in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:140-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Dye
- Department of Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; NC; USA
| | - A. J. Ullal
- Department of Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; NC; USA
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35
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The multifunctional alarmin HMGB1 with roles in the pathophysiology of sepsis and cancer. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:443-50. [PMID: 23797067 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although originally described as a highly conserved nuclear protein involved in DNA replication, transcription and repair, high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) has emerged as a key mediator in the regulation of immune responses to infection and sterile injury by exhibiting all the properties of a prototypic 'alarmin'. These include rapid passive release in response to pathogenic infection and/or traumatic injury, active secretion providing for chemotactic and cytokine-like function and an ability to resolve inflammation, including tissue repair and remodelling. In this review, we will give an overview of the post-translational modifications necessary for such diversity in biological activity, concentrating particularly on how differences in oxidation of highly conserved redox-sensitive cysteine residues can potentiate inflammatory responses and dictate cellular fate. We will also review the most recent literature on HMGB1 and its involvement in the pathophysiology of sepsis and cancer, as well as cancer therapy-induced mucositis.
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