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Acharya L, Garg A, Rai M, Kshetri R, Grewal US, Dhakal P. Novel chimeric antigen receptor targets and constructs for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Moving beyond CD19. J Investig Med 2024; 72:32-46. [PMID: 37497999 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231191811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the second most common acute leukemia in adults with a poor prognosis with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell lineage ALL (B-ALL). Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown excellent response rates in RR B-ALL, but most patients relapse due to poor persistence of CAR T-cell therapy or other tumor-associated escape mechanisms. In addition, anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy causes several serious side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. In this review, we will discuss novel CAR targets, CAR constructs, and various strategies to boost CARs for the treatment of RR B-ALL. In addition, we discuss a few novel strategies developed to reduce the side effects of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Acharya
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alpana Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Manoj Rai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rupesh Kshetri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Udhayvir S Grewal
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Prajwal Dhakal
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Cell surface-bound La protein regulates the cell fusion stage of osteoclastogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:616. [PMID: 36739273 PMCID: PMC9899215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated osteoclasts, essential for skeletal remodeling in health and disease, are formed by the fusion of osteoclast precursors, where each fusion event raises their bone-resorbing activity. Here we show that the nuclear RNA chaperone, La protein has an additional function as an osteoclast fusion regulator. Monocyte-to-osteoclast differentiation starts with a drastic decrease in La levels. As fusion begins, La reappears as a low molecular weight species at the osteoclast surface, where it promotes fusion. La's role in promoting osteoclast fusion is independent of canonical La-RNA interactions and involves direct interactions between La and Annexin A5, which anchors La to transiently exposed phosphatidylserine at the surface of fusing osteoclasts. Disappearance of cell-surface La, and the return of full length La to the nuclei of mature, multinucleated osteoclasts, acts as an off switch of their fusion activity. Targeting surface La in a novel explant model of fibrous dysplasia inhibits excessive osteoclast formation characteristic of this disease, highlighting La's potential as a therapeutic target.
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Berndt N, Bippes CC, Michalk I, Bartsch T, Arndt C, Puentes-Cala E, Soto JA, Loureiro LR, Kegler A, Bachmann D, Gross JK, Gross T, Kurien BT, Scofield RH, Farris AD, James JA, Bergmann R, Schmitz M, Feldmann A, Bachmann MP. And Yet It Moves: Oxidation of the Nuclear Autoantigen La/SS-B Is the Driving Force for Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9699. [PMID: 34575862 PMCID: PMC8470643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, we and many other groups showed a nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of La protein in cultured cells. This shuttling of La protein was seen after UV irradiation, virus infections, hydrogen peroxide exposure and the Fenton reaction based on iron or copper ions. All of these conditions are somehow related to oxidative stress. Unfortunately, these harsh conditions could also cause an artificial release of La protein. Even until today, the shuttling and the cytoplasmic function of La/SS-B is controversially discussed. Moreover, the driving mechanism for the shuttling of La protein remains unclear. Recently, we showed that La protein undergoes redox-dependent conformational changes. Moreover, we developed anti-La monoclonal antibodies (anti-La mAbs), which are specific for either the reduced form of La protein or the oxidized form. Using these tools, here we show that redox-dependent conformational changes are the driving force for the shuttling of La protein. Moreover, we show that translocation of La protein to the cytoplasm can be triggered in a ligand/receptor-dependent manner under physiological conditions. We show that ligands of toll-like receptors lead to a redox-dependent shuttling of La protein. The shuttling of La protein depends on the redox status of the respective cell type. Endothelial cells are usually resistant to the shuttling of La protein, while dendritic cells are highly sensitive. However, the deprivation of intracellular reducing agents in endothelial cells makes endothelial cells sensitive to a redox-dependent shuttling of La protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia C. Bippes
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Irene Michalk
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Tabea Bartsch
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Edinson Puentes-Cala
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Corporación para la Investigación de la Corrosión (CIC), Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Javier Andrés Soto
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Masira, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Santander, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia
| | - Liliana R. Loureiro
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Alexandra Kegler
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Dominik Bachmann
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Joanne K. Gross
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Tim Gross
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Biji T. Kurien
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - A. Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 03128 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Michael P. Bachmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 03128 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Berndt N, Bippes CC, Michalk I, Bachmann D, Bachmann J, Puentes-Cala E, Bartsch T, Loureiro LR, Kegler A, Bergmann R, Gross JK, Gross T, Kurien BT, Scofield RH, Farris AD, James JA, Schmitz M, Fahmy K, Feldmann A, Arndt C, Bachmann MP. Two Be or Not Two Be: The Nuclear Autoantigen La/SS-B Is Able to Form Dimers and Oligomers in a Redox Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3377. [PMID: 33806091 PMCID: PMC8036718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the literature, the autoantigen La is involved in Cap-independent translation. It was proposed that one prerequisite for this function is the formation of a protein dimer. However, structural analyses argue against La protein dimers. Noteworthy to mention, these structural analyses were performed under reducing conditions. Here we describe that La protein can undergo redox-dependent structural changes. The oxidized form of La protein can form dimers, oligomers and even polymers stabilized by disulfide bridges. The primary sequence of La protein contains three cysteine residues. Only after mutation of all three cysteine residues to alanine La protein becomes insensitive to oxidation, indicating that all three cysteines are involved in redox-dependent structural changes. Biophysical analyses of the secondary structure of La protein support the redox-dependent conformational changes. Moreover, we identified monoclonal anti-La antibodies (anti-La mAbs) that react with either the reduced or oxidized form of La protein. Differential reactivities to the reduced and oxidized form of La protein were also found in anti-La sera of autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Claudia C. Bippes
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Irene Michalk
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Dominik Bachmann
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jennifer Bachmann
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Edinson Puentes-Cala
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
- Corporación para la Investigación de la Corrosión (CIC), Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Tabea Bartsch
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Liliana R. Loureiro
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Alexandra Kegler
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joanne K. Gross
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Tim Gross
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Biji T. Kurien
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - A. Darise Farris
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Judith A. James
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karim Fahmy
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Michael P. Bachmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.B.); (J.B.)
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5
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Koristka S, Ziller-Walter P, Bergmann R, Arndt C, Feldmann A, Kegler A, Cartellieri M, Ehninger A, Ehninger G, Bornhäuser M, Bachmann MP. Anti-CAR-engineered T cells for epitope-based elimination of autologous CAR T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1401-1415. [PMID: 31414180 PMCID: PMC6768917 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although CAR T-cell therapy has demonstrated tremendous clinical efficacy especially in hematological malignancies, severe treatment-associated toxicities still compromise the widespread application of this innovative technology. Therefore, developing novel approaches to abrogate CAR T-cell-mediated side effects is of great relevance. Several promising strategies pursue the selective antibody-based depletion of adoptively transferred T cells via elimination markers. However, given the limited half-life and tissue penetration, dependence on the patients’ immune system and on-target/off-side effects of proposed monoclonal antibodies, we sought to exploit αCAR-engineered T cells to efficiently eliminate CAR T cells. For comprehensive and specific recognition, a small peptide epitope (E-tag) was incorporated into the extracellular spacer region of CAR constructs. We provide first proof-of-concept for targeting this epitope by αE-tag CAR T cells, allowing an effective killing of autologous E-tagged CAR T cells both in vitro and in vivo whilst sparing cells lacking the E-tag. In addition to CAR T-cell cytotoxicity, the αE-tag-specific T cells can be empowered with cancer-fighting ability in case of relapse, hence, have versatile utility. Our proposed methodology can most probably be implemented in CAR T-cell therapies regardless of the targeted tumor antigen aiding in improving overall safety and survival control of highly potent gene-modified cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- PC-3 Cells
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Koristka
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Ziller-Walter
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), 'Carl Gustav Carus' Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kegler
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Cartellieri
- Cellex Patient Treatment GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Armin Ehninger
- GEMoaB Monoclonals GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Ehninger
- Cellex Patient Treatment GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- GEMoaB Monoclonals GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus' Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 'Carl Gustav Carus' Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P Bachmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), 'Carl Gustav Carus' Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 'Carl Gustav Carus' Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Albert S, Koristka S, Gerbaulet A, Cartellieri M, Arndt C, Feldmann A, Berndt N, Loureiro LR, von Bonin M, Ehninger G, Eugster A, Bonifacio E, Bornhäuser M, Bachmann MP, Ehninger A. Tonic Signaling and Its Effects on Lymphopoiesis of CAR-Armed Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1735-1746. [PMID: 30728213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term survival of adoptively transferred chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) T cells is often limited. Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transduced to express CARs could help to overcome this problem as CAR-armed HSCs can continuously deliver CAR+ multicell lineages (e.g., T cells, NK cells). In dependence on the CAR construct, a variable extent of tonic signaling in CAR T cells was reported; thus, effects of CAR-mediated tonic signaling on the hematopoiesis of CAR-armed HSCs is unclear. To assess the effects of tonic signaling, two CAR constructs were established and analyzed 1) a signaling CAR inducing a solid Ag-independent tonic signaling termed CAR-28/ζ and 2) a nonstimulating control CAR construct lacking intracellular signaling domains termed CAR-Stop. Bone marrow cells from immunocompetent mice were isolated, purified for HSC-containing Lin-cKit+ cells or the Lin-cKit+ Sca-1+ subpopulation (Lin-Sca-1+cKit+), and transduced with both CAR constructs. Subsequently, modified bone marrow cells were transferred into irradiated mice, in which they successfully engrafted and differentiated into hematopoietic progenitors. HSCs expressing the CAR-Stop sustained normal hematopoiesis. In contrast, expression of the CAR-28/ζ led to elimination of mature CAR+ T and B cells, suggesting that the CAR-mediated tonic signaling mimics autorecognition via the newly recombined immune receptors in the developing lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Albert
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerbaulet
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Arndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liliana R Loureiro
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Malte von Bonin
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Ehninger
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Eugster
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; .,University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Armin Ehninger
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,GEMoaB Monoclonals GmbH, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Switching CAR T cells on and off: a novel modular platform for retargeting of T cells to AML blasts. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e458. [PMID: 27518241 PMCID: PMC5022178 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells (CAR T cells) resulted in encouraging clinical trials in indolent B-cell malignancies. However, they also show the limitations of this fascinating technology: CAR T cells can lead to even life-threatening off-tumor, on-target side effects if CAR T cells crossreact with healthy tissues. Here, we describe a novel modular universal CAR platform technology termed UniCAR that reduces the risk of on-target side effects by a rapid and reversible control of CAR T-cell reactivity. The UniCAR system consists of two components: (1) a CAR for an inert manipulation of T cells and (2) specific targeting modules (TMs) for redirecting UniCAR T cells in an individualized time- and target-dependent manner. UniCAR T cells can be armed against different tumor targets simply by replacement of the respective TM for (1) targeting more than one antigen simultaneously or subsequently to enhance efficacy and (2) reducing the risk for development of antigen-loss tumor variants under treatment. Here we provide ‘proof of concept' for retargeting of UniCAR T cells to CD33- and/or CD123-positive acute myeloid leukemia blasts in vitro and in vivo.
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8
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Koristka S, Cartellieri M, Arndt C, Bippes CC, Feldmann A, Michalk I, Wiefel K, Stamova S, Schmitz M, Ehninger G, Bornhäuser M, Bachmann M. Retargeting of regulatory T cells to surface-inducible autoantigen La/SS-B. J Autoimmun 2013; 42:105-16. [PMID: 23352111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear autoantigen La can be detected on the surface of dying cells. Here we present an assay which enables us to show that La protein is not limited to the surface of dying cells but will be released upon stress-induced cell death. As released La protein tightly binds to the surface of neighboring intact cells we asked the question whether or not La protein could serve as a stress-inducible target e.g. for redirecting of regulatory T cells (Tregs) into damaged tissues to downregulate an immune response. In order to provide first proof of concept we developed a novel fully humanized single-chain bispecific antibody (bsAb) which on the one hand is directed to the La antigen and on the other hand to the CD3 complex of T cells. A cross-linkage of Tregs with La-decorated target cells mediated by this bsAb resulted indeed in the activation of the Tregs in a target-dependent manner. Moreover, such bsAb activated Tregs displayed a potent suppressive capacity and negatively influenced proliferation, expansion and cytokine production of autologous CD4(+) and CD8(+) Teff cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Arnoys EJ, Wang JL. Dual localization: proteins in extracellular and intracellular compartments. Acta Histochem 2007; 109:89-110. [PMID: 17257660 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive catalog of those proteins documented to exhibit dual localization, being found in both the extracellular compartment (cell surface and extracellular medium) as well as the intracellular compartment (cytosol and nucleus). A large subset of these proteins that show dual localization is found both in the nucleus and outside of cells. Proteins destined to be secreted out of the cell or to be expressed at the cell surface usually enter the endomembrane pathway on the basis of a signal sequence that targets them into the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for import into the nucleus, on the other hand, usually carry a nuclear localization signal. We have organized our catalog in terms of the presence and absence of these trafficking signals: (a) proteins that contain a signal sequence but no nuclear localization signal; (b) proteins that contain both a signal sequence as well as a nuclear localization signal; (c) proteins that contain a nuclear localization signal but lack a signal sequence; and (d) proteins containing neither a signal sequence nor a nuclear localization signal. Novel insights regarding the activities of several classes of proteins exhibiting dual localization can be derived when one targeting signal is experimentally abrogated. For example, the mitogenic activity of both fibroblasts growth factor-1 and schwannoma-derived growth factor clearly requires nuclear localization, independent of the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. In addition, there is a growing list of integral membrane receptors that undergo translocation to the nucleus, with bona fide nuclear localization signals and transcription activation activity. The information provided in this descriptive catalog will, hopefully, stimulate investigations into the pathways and mechanisms of transport between these compartments and the physiological significance of dual localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Arnoys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
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10
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Lim PL, Zouali M. Pathogenic autoantibodies: emerging insights into tissue injury. Immunol Lett 2005; 103:17-26. [PMID: 16325269 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence is emerging that B lymphocytes and autoantibodies are critical in the development of autoimmune disease. Even in certain disorders initially thought to be T cell-mediated, these immune components are now considered key players in the disease pathogenesis, and new autoantibody specificities have been added to the growing list of targets including cell surface receptors and ion channels that may be involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular disorders. Studies of autoantibodies penetrating living cells suggest a dosage effect in generating a biological outcome in vivo. Some autoantibodies, such as those directed to double-stranded DNA, can bind to a variety of surrogate antigens located in different cellular compartments, and this may have different biological consequences. This polyreactive behavior could be related to their conformational diversity, or to the fact that the epitope recognized is distributed among other macromolecular antigens. In addition, recent studies revealed unsuspected mechanisms of pathogenesis, wherein autoantibodies have been described that can activate neuronal, endothelial cells or B lymphocytes. Other autoantibodies inactivate the target antigens, or exhibit a catalytic activity, releasing toxic oxygen products that may be linked to arthritic or atherosclerotic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Leong Lim
- Clinical Immunology Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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11
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Du L, Fukushima S, Sallmyr A, Manthorpe R, Bredberg A. Exposure of HEp-2 cells to stress conditions influences antinuclear antibody reactivity. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:287-94. [PMID: 11874865 PMCID: PMC119933 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.2.287-294.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study of stress-related antinuclear antibody (ANA) reactivity was undertaken with the objective of improving clinical ANA testing. ANA was determined by parallel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of crude nuclear protein antigen extracted from HEp-2 cells either grown under optimal conditions (providing nonstress ANA antigen) or exposed to stress (providing stress ANA antigen). The stress stimuli used were gamma radiation (causing DNA damage) and a hypertonic environment (causing apoptosis). Signs of stress-related ANA reactivity were seen among connective tissue disease (CTD) patients (including patients with systemic lupus erythematosus; mixed CTD; calcinosis, Reynaud's phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia; scleroderma; and Sjögren's syndrome): 11% showed stress-positive ANA (i.e., a significantly stronger ANA reactivity with the extract from stressed cells), whereas 21% showed a markedly weaker reaction with the stress antigen. In contrast, among ANA screening patient sera, with no diagnosis of CTD, the fraction showing stress-positive ANA was higher (7 to 8%, depending on the type of stress) than among those showing a lower reactivity with stress antigen (1.5 to 2.5%). Only one serum among 89 (1%) tested sera from healthy individuals showed a stress-related ANA reaction. This demonstration of stress-related ANA suggests a means to improve the performance of clinical ANA testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmo University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmo, Sweden
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12
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Deng SX, Hanson E, Sanz I. In vivo cell penetration and intracellular transport of anti-Sm and anti-La autoantibodies. Int Immunol 2000; 12:415-23. [PMID: 10744642 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.4.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANA) are the hallmark of systemic autoimmune diseases. Yet, the in vivo function of ANA remains controversial to a large extent due to the intracellular nature of their antigenic targets. It has been reported that a subset of autoantibodies can penetrate live cells and translocate into the subcellular compartments containing the corresponding antigens. The studies presented herein show that murine anti-Sm and anti-La monoclonal autoantibodies can also enter a variety of cell types from different animal species and that the cell penetration activity is not isotype-restricted. Interestingly, only mAb with cross-reactivity against double-stranded DNA did enter cells. Both these autoantibodies rapidly accumulate in the nucleus of viable cells but display different penetration kinetics. In co-localization experiments, monoclonal autoantibodies did not accumulate significantly within endocytic vesicles containing dextran, suggesting that they are internalized by mechanisms distinct from conventional receptor-mediated endocytosis. This report represents the first evidence that anti-La and anti-Sm autoantibodies are capable of entering live cells. Our observations support the notion that the phenomenon of intracellular autoantibodies may have a larger scope than previously reported and are consistent with a potential pathogenic role for ANA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Deng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 695, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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13
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Müller WE, Scheffer U, Perovic S, Forrest J, Schröder HC. Interaction of prion protein mRNA with CBP35 and other cellular proteins Possible implications for prion replication and age-dependent changes. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1997; 25:41-58. [PMID: 15374100 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(96)00770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1996] [Revised: 08/26/1996] [Accepted: 10/22/1996] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A study of the intracellular distribution of prion protein (PrP) in N2a neuroblastoma cells which had been infected with prions (ScN2a cells) revealed that most PrP is present in the cytoplasm. However, a significant amount of PrP is also present in the nucleus (predominantly in the nucleoli) of these cells, as analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. By contrast, no PrP could be detected in the nucleus of uninfected N2a cells. The steady-state level of PrP mRNA did not markedly differ between the two cell strains. Likewise, no changes were found in the rate of transcription and in the half-life of PrP mRNA. A number of cellular proteins, among them the nuclear lectin CBP35, was identified that bound to the predicted RNA stem-loop structure of PrP RNA. CBP35 could also be detected in purified infections prions, suggesting a possible role in prion replication. Age-dependent studies revealed that the content of normal cellular PrP (PrPC) in brain extracts of rats did not change significantly during ageing, while the level of certain proteins that associate with PrPC mRNA decreases with age. In addition, we show that rat cortical cells when challenged with infectious PrP (PrPSc) undergo cell death (apoptosis) in vitro. This deleterious effect was prevented by memantine (1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane) and other blockers of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Robinson CJ, White HJ, Rose NR. Murine strain differences in response to mercuric chloride: antinucleolar antibodies production does not correlate with renal immune complex deposition. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 83:127-38. [PMID: 9143373 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces the production of antinucleolar antibodies (ANucA) in susceptible strains of mice. Responder strains bearing the H-2(5) haplotype as well as several ANucA resistant strains have been shown to develop renal immune complex deposits after HgCl2 treatment. Sera obtained throughout 12 to 16 weeks of HgCl2 treatment from mice of four ANucA responder strains (A.SW/SnJ, A.CA/SnJ, DBA/1J, and P/J) and one ANucA-resistant strain (C57BL/10SnJ) were examined for ANucA production. Terminal sera were also tested for the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, and the kidneys were examined for the deposition of IgG and C3. Only one strain, A.SW, developed significant deposits of IgG in the renal glomeruli, although all four responder strains exhibited similar ANucA induction/production profiles. The differences seen by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in renal immune complex deposition between the A.SW and histocompatibility congenic A.CA mice were corroborated by individually eluting and then quantitating the deposited IgG from renal tissues of Hg-treated A.SW and A.CA mice as well as control A.SW mice. The average amount of IgG eluted from A.SW renal tissue was significantly greater than that eluted from either A.CA or control A.SW renal tissues. All eluates from Hg-treated animals gave only a nucleolar fluorescence pattern when assayed by indirect IFA against a panel of rat organ tissues. In summary, no correlation was found between ANucA production and renal IgG deposition in response to treatment with HgCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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15
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Jordan P, Kübler D. Autoimmune diseases: nuclear autoantigens can be found at the cell-surface. Mol Biol Rep 1996; 22:63-6. [PMID: 8858575 DOI: 10.1007/bf00996307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is only partially understood. In particular, the question remains why many nuclear proteins have been identified as autoantigens. One possible mechanism for an autoimmune response to nuclear proteins involves their exposure to the immune system. In this report we discuss currently available data on the exposure of nuclear proteins by expression at the cell-surface. Although the pathways of surface expression remain unclear, the presence of nuclear proteins at the cell-surface might reflect a pathological reaction leading to an exposure of epitopes, e.g. to self-reactive B-cells. It is suggested that cell-surface expression of intracellular proteins can contribute to the generation of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jordan
- Department of Pathochemistry, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Igarashi T, Itoh Y, Fukunaga Y, Yamamoto M. Stress-induced cell surface expression and antigenic alteration of the Ro/SSA autoantigen. Autoimmunity 1995; 22:33-42. [PMID: 8882420 DOI: 10.3109/08916939508995297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Ro/SSA autoantigen is heterogeneous. There are two isoform families; the 60 kD forms (Ro60) and the 52 kD forms (Ro52). Recently we have found that autoantibodies to the Ro/SSA proteins are conformation dependent. Anti-Ro60 antibodies are mainly directed to the native protein and conversely anti-Ro52 antibodies are directed only to the denatured protein. It has been known that UV irradiation to cultured keratinocytes induces cell surface expression of Ro/SSA and this phenomenon has been thought to be related with photosensitivity in patients with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. We studied the quantitative and qualitative changes of the Ro/SSA protein induced by stress, such as with heat shock and UV irradiation, and found that only Ro52 could be expressed on the cell surface of human peripheral lymphocytes by either heat shock or UV irradiation. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed that HS-treated and UV-treated lymphocytes could be stained with patient sera, and by using a technique which combined immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblotting, it has been confirmed that Ro52 expressed on the cell surface can be recognized by anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in native form while cytoplasmic Ro52 cannot be recognized. These data suggest that Ro52 can be antigenic in vivo when expressed on the cell surface and may explain the mechanism of direct tissue damage by anti-Ro/SSA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Igarashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Foster MH, Kieber-Emmons T, Ohliger M, Madaio MP. Molecular and structural analysis of nuclear localizing anti-DNA lupus antibodies. Immunol Res 1994; 13:186-206. [PMID: 7775809 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To determine the structure of three nuclear localizing lupus anti-DNA immunoglobulins (Igs) and to search for clues to mechanisms of cellular and/or nuclear access, their H- and L-chain variable region sequences were determined and subjected to three-dimensional modeling. Although the results indicate heterogeneity in their primary structures, the H chains are encoded by 3 members of the J558 VH gene family with a common tertiary conformation that is not shared by a J558-encoded nonnuclear localizing anti-DNA control Ig. Furthermore, at least two of the Igs share a conformational motif in the H-chain CDR3, and all three Igs contain multiple positively charged amino acids in their CDRs, resembling nuclear localization signals that direct protein nuclear import. Notably, each VH and VK gene is also found recurrently among previously described autoantibodies. Molecular analysis further indicates that both germline-encoded and significantly mutated V genes can generate nuclear localizing anti-DNA Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Foster
- Penn Center for Molecular Studies of Kidney Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6144, USA
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18
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Peek R, Westphal JR, Pruijn GJ, Van der Kemp AJ, Van Venrooij WJ. Adenovirus infection induces loss of HLA class I and CD3 antigens, but does not induce cell surface presentation of the La (SS-B) autoantigen. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 96:395-402. [PMID: 7516269 PMCID: PMC1534570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to the RNA polymerase III transcription termination factor La are frequently found in the serum of patients with various autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms by which autoimmune responses are evoked remain largely obscure, but the presentation of autoantigens on the cell surface during stress conditions has been reported as a possible factor. In this study we analysed the effects of adenovirus infection on the binding of anti-La antibodies to the surface of several human cell lines and on the levels of the membrane-expressed glycoproteins HLA class I, CD44 and the CD3 complex. In addition, we studied the relative amount and the intracellular distribution of the La protein as well as its association with the major species of non-coding virus-associated (VAI) RNA. While immunofluorescence patterns revealed a redistribution and possibly cell surface expression of the La protein during infection, this could not be confirmed by other techniques. In contrast, surface levels of HLA class I proteins and CD3 complex were severely affected. The data suggest that the subcellular distribution of the La protein is not detectably influenced by adenovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Youinou P, Adler Y, Muller S, Lamour A, Baron D, Humbel RL. Anti-Ro(SSA) and anti-La(SSB) antibodies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. CLINICAL REVIEWS IN ALLERGY 1994; 12:253-74. [PMID: 7804958 DOI: 10.1007/bf02802321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Youinou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School, France
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20
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Clark DA, Lamey PJ, Jarrett RF, Onions DE. A model to study viral and cytokine involvement in Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmunity 1994; 18:7-14. [PMID: 7999958 DOI: 10.3109/08916939409014674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms that may be important in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) we developed a protocol for the growth of salivary gland epithelial cells in culture. We examined the effect that viral infection has on the cellular location of the autoantigen La. Autoantibodies to La are common in SS and it has been proposed that viral infection may result in cell membrane expression of La. Co-expression of MHC class II molecules in infected cells could lead to the presentation of La peptides to the immune system. Advenovirus infection of salivary gland epithelial cells resulted in an altered nuclear staining of La. Treatment with interferon-gamma resulted in the expression of La in the cell cytoplasm and HLA-DR molecules at the cell surface. These findings suggest that a cytokine-driven mechanism may generate an autoimmune response to La in SS. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we tested salivary gland epithelial cell cultures for the presence of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Only HHV-6 was detected in 2 of 10 salivary gland epithelial cell cultures although the presence of HHV-6 was not associated with SS. Primary salivary gland cultures may prove useful as an in vitro model to study mechanisms of autoimmunity in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Clark
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Glasgow University Veterinary School, UK
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21
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Pfeifer K, Bachmann M, Schröder HC, Forrest J, Müller WE. Kinetics of expression of prion protein in uninfected and scrapie-infected N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. Cell Biochem Funct 1993; 11:1-11. [PMID: 8095862 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The scrapie prion protein, PrPSc, is formed from its isoform, the cellular PrPc. There is evidence available indicating that PrPSc is a necessary component of the infectious prion particle to cause a series of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. We have used immunocytochemistry and RNA blotting techniques to investigate if infection with prions results in an increased PrP gene expression. For the experiments we used N2a cells which had been infected with prions (ScN2a cells). We demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy that PrP-protein was present in the nucleus (predominantly in the nucleoli) of ScN2a cells. Analysis of the PrP-mRNA levels both in N2a- and in ScN2a cells using cDNA encoding PrPc revealed no marked alteration of the mRNA steady state level between the two cell strains. Likewise, in run-off experiments no changes in either PrP-specific transcription or in general transcriptional activity were found. The half-life of PrP-mRNA was found to be identical in both cell strains (7h). Taken together, these results show that PrPSc and/or PrPc is present in the nucleus (nucleoli) of ScN2a cells but does not display an effect on the expression of the PrP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pfeifer
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Mainz, Germany
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22
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Bachmann M, Zaubitzer T, Müller WE. The autoantigen La/SSB: detection on and uptake by mitotic cells. Exp Cell Res 1992; 201:387-98. [PMID: 1639136 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90288-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear autoantigen La, a transcription/termination factor of RNA polymerase III, was recently shown to translocalize to the cell surface of growth-stimulated cells during transition from G0- to G1-phase. Here we describe the staining of living mitotic cells with the anti-La mab La11G7. Moreover, La protein added to cell culture medium was able to enter into synchronized mitotic cells. Uptake was inhibited by the anti-La mab. La protein taken up into prophase cells assembled into a fibrillar network. Taken up byu ana/telophase cells, La protein was preferentially transported into the newly forming or formed nuclei. This import allowed us to study directly the intranuclear localization of La protein in living cells by the use confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). Adsorbed La protein was found in the nucleoplasm but also assembled into nuclear speckles. Some of these speckles surrounded the nucleolus like a ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bachmann
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Yannopoulos DI, Roncin S, Lamour A, Pennec YL, Moutsopoulos HM, Youinou P. Conjunctival epithelial cells from patients with Sjögren's syndrome inappropriately express major histocompatibility complex molecules, La(SSB) antigen, and heat-shock proteins. J Clin Immunol 1992; 12:259-65. [PMID: 1512299 DOI: 10.1007/bf00918149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The La(SSB) antigen has been detected within the cytoplasm and on the membrane of conjunctival cells (CC) from patients with Sjögren's syndrome, whereas it was weakly expressed in the nucleus of normal cells. The diseased CC were shown to overproduce major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens and express MHC class II antigens. Anti-heat-shock protein monoclonal antibody bound to the cell membrane in patients but not in normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Yannopoulos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School, France
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24
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Muryoi T, Kasturi KN, Kafina MJ, Cram DS, Harrison LC, Sasaki T, Bona CA. Antitopoisomerase I monoclonal autoantibodies from scleroderma patients and tight skin mouse interact with similar epitopes. J Exp Med 1992; 175:1103-9. [PMID: 1372644 PMCID: PMC2119171 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.4.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated for the first time monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for topoisomerase I (topo I) from scleroderma patients, and tight skin mice which develop a scleroderma-like syndrome. The epitope specificity of these antibodies has been determined using a series of fusion proteins containing contiguous portions of topo I polypeptide. Western blot analysis demonstrated that both human and mouse mAbs bound strongly to fusion protein C encompassing the NH2-terminal portion of the enzyme, and weakly to fusion proteins F and G containing regions close to the COOH-terminal end of the molecule. This crossreactivity is related to a tripeptide sequence homology in F, G, and C fusion proteins. It is interesting that a pentapeptide sequence homologous to that in fusion protein C was identified in the UL70 protein of cytomegalovirus, suggesting that activation of autoreactive B cell clones by molecular mimicry is possible. Both human and mouse mAbs exhibiting the same antigen specificity, also share an interspecies cross-reactive idiotope. These data suggest that B cell clones producing antitopo autoantibodies present in human and mouse repertoire are conserved during phylogeny, and are activated during the development of scleroderma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muryoi
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Siani School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574
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25
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Bachmann M, Althoff H, Tröster H, Selenka C, Falke D, Müller WE. Translocation of the nuclear autoantigen La to the cell surface of herpes simplex virus type 1 infected cells. Autoimmunity 1992; 12:37-45. [PMID: 1617103 DOI: 10.3109/08916939209146128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently we developed a procedure to translocalize one of the extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs), the La protein, to the cell surface of CV-1 cells. Here we report that herpes simplex virus type 1 infection can also induce a translocation of the autoantigen to the cell surface. On the cell surface we detected La protein assembled with large protrusions. Within these protrusions La protein colocalized with virus particles. These protrusions are known to be released from the cell after virus infections. Such complexes consisting of self and virus could provide helper determinants for an anti-self response, and therefore be important in generation of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bachmann
- Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Inst. Physiol. Chem., Germany
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26
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Venables P, Brookes S. Membrane expression of nuclear antigens: a model for autoimmunity in Sjogren's syndrome? Autoimmunity 1992; 13:321-5. [PMID: 1472642 DOI: 10.3109/08916939209112341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Venables
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London
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