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Ugwu CE, Suru SM. Medicinal plants with hepatoprotective potentials against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity: a review. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-021-00161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a well-characterized hepatotoxic agent. With rising cases of liver diseases, the identification, assessment, and development of hepatoprotective agents from plants source has become imperative.
Main body
With arrays of literature on plants with hepatoprotective potentials, this review sourced published literatures between 1998 and 2020 and systematically highlighted about 92 medicinal plants that have been reported to protect against CCl4-induced liver injury in animal models. The results show that herbal plants provide protection for the liver against CCl4 by downregulation of the liver marker enzymes and activation of antioxidant capacity of the liver cells with the restoration of liver architecture. We also provided the traditional and accompanying pharmacological uses of the plants. A variety of phytochemicals mostly flavonoids and polyphenols compounds were suggested to offer protection against liver injuries.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that there are a variety of phytochemicals in plant products with hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced toxicity in animal models.
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Lai MN, Hsu HC, Ng LT. Safety assessment of the standardized aqueous extract from solid-state cultured Xylaria nigripes (Wuling Shen) in rats. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-021-00281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Xylaria nigripes (Koltz.) Cooke, also known as Wuling Shen, is a high-value medicinal mushroom. It is a herbal medicine traditionally used for treating insomnia, trauma and depression. However, its toxicity has never been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of a standardized aqueous extract (XNE), an ingredient of commercial products, prepared from solid-state cultured X. nigripes in rats.
Methods
A 90-day subchronic toxicity study was conducted by oral administration of XNE at daily doses of 20, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight to Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes, and the control group was given distilled water (vehicle). All animals were checked daily for general behavior, body weight changes and signs of toxicity. At the end of the treatment period, hematological analysis, biochemical analysis and histopathological examination of organs were conducted.
Results
At tested concentrations, oral XNE administration caused no treatment-induced adverse effects on general health, body weight gain, relative organ weights, and hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological results also showed no significant structural changes in organs even in high-dose XNE-treated animals.
Conclusion
This study suggests that treatment with XNE for 90 days does not produce significant toxicity, even up to 100 fold (2000 mg/kg body weight/day) of the recommended daily intakes. Therefore, the use of XNE as herbal medicines is considered to be relatively safe.
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Acosta-Quiroga K, Rojas-Peña C, Nerio LS, Gutiérrez M, Polo-Cuadrado E. Spirocyclic derivatives as antioxidants: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21926-21954. [PMID: 35480788 PMCID: PMC9034179 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, spiro compounds have attracted significant interest in medicinal chemistry due to their numerous biological activities attributed primarily to their versatility and structural similarity to important pharmacophore centers. Currently, the development of drugs with potential antioxidant activities is of great importance since numerous investigations have shown that oxidative stress is involved in the development and progression of numerous diseases such as cancer, senile cataracts, kidney failure, diabetes, high blood pressure, cirrhosis, and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. This article provides an overview of the synthesis and various antioxidant activities found in naturally occurring and synthetic spiro compounds. Among the antioxidant activities reviewed are DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, anti-LPO, superoxide, xanthine oxidase, peroxide, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide tests, among others. Molecules that presented best results for these tests were spiro compounds G14, C12, D41, C18, C15, D5, D11, E1, and C14. In general, most active compounds are characterized for having at least one oxygen atom; an important number of them (around 35%) are phenolic compounds, and in molecules where this functional group was absent, aryl ethers and nitrogen-containing functional groups such as amine and amides could be found. Recent advances in the antioxidant activity profiles of spiro compounds have shown that they have a significant position in discovering drugs with potential antioxidant activities. This article provides an overview of the synthesis and various antioxidant activities found in naturally occurring and synthetic spiro compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Acosta-Quiroga
- Universidad de la Amazonia, Programa de Química Cl. 17 Diagonal 17 con, Cra. 3F Florencia 180001 Colombia
| | - Cristian Rojas-Peña
- Universidad de la Amazonia, Programa de Química Cl. 17 Diagonal 17 con, Cra. 3F Florencia 180001 Colombia
| | - Luz Stella Nerio
- Universidad de la Amazonia, Programa de Química Cl. 17 Diagonal 17 con, Cra. 3F Florencia 180001 Colombia
| | - Margarita Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio Síntesis Orgánica y Actividad Biológica, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca Casilla 747 Talca 3460000 Chile
| | - Efraín Polo-Cuadrado
- Laboratorio Síntesis Orgánica y Actividad Biológica, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca Casilla 747 Talca 3460000 Chile
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Gök HN, Gül H, Gülfraz M, Asad MJ, Öztürk N, Şanal F, Orhan İE. Preclinical Study on the Hepatoprotective Effect of Pollen Extract of Pinus brutia Ten. (Red Pine) in Mice and Phenolic Acid Analysis. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:319-325. [PMID: 34157821 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.47154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Many agents, including those from herbal sources, have been sought as preventives or cures for hepatotoxicity. The pollen of Pinus brutia Ten., known as red pine (Pinaceae), is used against liver diseases in Anatolian folk medicine. Materials and Methods In the current study, pollen ethanol extract of P. brutia was investigated for its possible hepatoprotective activity using a mouse model of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups, and extract-treated groups were compared with a silymarin-treated group as the reference. The extract was tested at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg (b.w.). Phenolic acids were analyzed using high-performance column chromatography (HPLC) in the extracts as pollens are usually known to be rich in phenolics. Results Our data revealed that the extract displayed the best hepatoprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg when compared with silymarin (Legalon®), the reference drug. HPLC analysis indicated presence of protocatechuic acid (0.176 mg/g extract), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.001 mg/g extract), vanillic acid (VA) (0.537 mg/g extract), syringic acid (0.050 mg/g extract), and tr-cinnamic acid (0.310 mg/g extract), while the major phenolic acid was VA. Conclusion The outcomes of this study allow us to conclude that red pine pollen extract can serve as a promising hepatoprotective agent. Among the phenolic acids analyzed in the pollen extract, vanillic acid as the major one besides some other phenolic acids detected seems to be responsible for its remarkable hepatoprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasya Nazlı Gök
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hina Gül
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Gülfraz
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javaid Asad
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nilgün Öztürk
- Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Fuat Şanal
- General Directorate of Forestry, Chairmanship of Inspection Committee, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlkay Erdoğan Orhan
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
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Jen CI, Su CH, Lu MK, Lai MN, Ng LT. Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of different polysaccharide components from Xylaria nigripes. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13694. [PMID: 33687093 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nondigestible polysaccharides are essential nutrients, which are also important bioactive constituents of mushrooms. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory effects of different polysaccharide components of Xylaria nigripes in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Results showed that X. nigripes nondigestible polysaccharide (XN) possessed a molecular weight of 910.7 kDa and mainly composed of glucose; it effectively suppressed NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production. Based on molecular weight, two bioactive polysaccharide components (F1 and F2) were isolated from XN. F1 was a glucan with high molecular weight (885.2 kDa), whereas F2 was a low molecular weight heteropolysaccharide (24.5 kDa) composing of glucose, mannose, and galactose. F1 showed stronger inhibitory effects on NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production than F2, however, its inhibitory effects were weaker than XN. Further analysis demonstrated that the combined treatment of F1 and F2 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity as good as XN, and they possessed synergistic effects on inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediator production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polysaccharides are essential nutrients, and are major bioactive constituents of mushrooms. This study isolated two bioactive polysaccharide components from Xylaria nigripes, namely F1 and F2. F1 was a high molecular weight glucan, whereas F2 was a low molecular weight heteropolysaccharide. F1 showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than F2, but was weaker than their combined treatment (F1 + F2). Different polysaccharide components were shown to possess synergistic anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting their importance in the formulation of polysaccharide-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Jen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Lean-Teik Ng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Jen CI, Su CH, Lai MN, Ng LT. Comparative anti-inflammatory characterization of selected fungal and plant water soluble polysaccharides. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Jen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University
| | - Chun-Han Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University
| | | | - Lean-Teik Ng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University
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Chang CK, Ho WJ, Chang SL, Yeh CH, Liang ZC, Hsu TH, Hsieh CW. Fractionation, characterization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide from fermentation broth of a Xylaria nigripes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen CF, Su CH, Lai MN, Ng LT. Differences in water soluble non-digestible polysaccharides and anti-inflammatory activities of fruiting bodies from two cultivated Xylaria nigripes strains. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:728-734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Karakuş A, Değer Y, Yıldırım S. Protective effect of Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts against oxidative kidney injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Ren Fail 2017; 39:1-6. [PMID: 27845613 PMCID: PMC6014527 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1244070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of the extracts of the plants Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was researched. Sixty-six female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: Control, Silybum marianum, Taraxacum officinale, CCl4, Silybum marianum+ CCl4, Taraxacum officinale+CCl4. The Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts were administered as 100 mg/kg/day by gavage. The CCl4 was administered as 1.5 mL/kg (i.p.). At the end of the trial period, in the serums obtained from the animals, in the CCl4 group it was found that the MDA level increased in the kidney tissue samples as well as in the ALP and GGT enzyme activities. It was also found that the GSH level and the GST enzyme activities decreased (p<.05). The microscopic evaluations showed that the CCl4 caused a serious hydropic degeneration, coagulation necrosis, and mono-nuclear cell infiltration in the kidney cell. In the animals where CCl4 and Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts were applied together, it was found that the serum ALP and GGT enzyme activities decreased and that the MDA level decreased in the kidney tissue, and that the GSH level and GST enzyme activities increased. It was observed that the histopathological changes caused by the CCl4 toxicity were corrected by applying the extracts. Eventually, it was determined that the Silybum marianum was more effective. Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts which were used against histopathological changes in the kidney caused by toxication showed a corrective effect, which were supported by biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karakuş
- Vocational School of Health Services, Hakkari University, Hakkari, Turkey
| | - Yeter Değer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Yu Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Lin D, Liu J. Hepatoprotective Effect of Albumin Peptides from Corn Germ Meal on Chronic Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2997-3004. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yu
- Lab of Nutrition and Functional Food; Jilin Univ.; Changchun 130062 P.R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Lab of Nutrition and Functional Food; Jilin Univ.; Changchun 130062 P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Lab of Nutrition and Functional Food; Jilin Univ.; Changchun 130062 P.R. China
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Dept. Nutritional Sciences; Oklahoma State Univ.; Stillwater 74078 Okla. U.S.A
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Lab of Nutrition and Functional Food; Jilin Univ.; Changchun 130062 P.R. China
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Production of Xylaria nigripes-fermented grains by solid-state fermentation and an assessment of their resulting bioactivity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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In vitro and in vivo assessment of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of Xylaria nigripes mycelium. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Divate RD, Wang PM, Wang CC, Chou ST, Chang CT, Chung YC. Protective effect of medicinal fungus Xylaria nigripes mycelia extracts against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30:105-112. [PMID: 28281874 PMCID: PMC5806776 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017695280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylaria nigripes (XN) is a medicinal fungus that was used traditionally as a diuretic, nerve tonic, and for treating insomnia and trauma. In this study, we elucidated possible mechanisms of neuroprotective effects of XN mycelia extracts. XN mycelia were produced by fermentation. Hot water extract and 70% ethanol extract of XN mycelia were evaluated on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in PC12, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line. Both XN extracts effectively protected PC12 cells against H2O2-induced cell damage by inhibiting release of lactate dehydrogenase, decreasing DNA damage, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential, and arresting abnormal apoptosis through upregulation of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bax and caspase 3. Compared to water extract, ethanol extract showed not only greater neuroprotective effects but also a higher antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and reducing power. High phenolic content and antioxidant activity may provide the neuroprotective properties of XN ethanol extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh D Divate
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Pei-Ming Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Chiun-Chuang Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Su-Tze Chou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Chen-Tien Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Yun-Chin Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
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Chang JC, Hsiao G, Lin RK, Kuo YH, Ju YM, Lee TH. Bioactive Constituents from the Termite Nest-Derived Medicinal Fungus Xylaria nigripes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:38-44. [PMID: 28055210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Six new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes, namely, nigriterpenes A-F (1-6), and one new phenolic compound, named 2-hydroxymethyl-3-pentylphenol (7), along with fomannoxin alcohol, 3-butyl-7-hydroxyphthalide, scytalone, and fomannoxin were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the fermented broths of termite nest-derived Xylaria nigripes, which has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for treating insomnia and depression. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis and compared with the literature. All the pure isolates were evaluated against lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and NO production in murine brain microglial BV-2 cells. Of the compounds tested, nigriterpene C (3) and fomannoxin alcohol exerted significant inhibitory effects on two induced enzymes and NO production without any significant cellular toxicity. The most potent compound, 3, exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition on NO production and iNOS and COX-2 expression with IC50 values of 21.7 ± 4.9, 8.1 ± 2.3, and 16.6 ± 5.5 μM, respectively. These results indicated that the potential anti-inflammatory effects of nigriterpene C (3) and fomannoxin alcohol on murine brain microglial BV-2 cells may provide a rationale for the traditional medical uses of X. nigripes for treating insomnia and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan 404
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University , Taichung, Taiwan 413
| | - Yu-Min Ju
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 106
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Divate RD, Wang CC, Chou ST, Chang CT, Wang PM, Chung YC. Using wheat bran and soybean meal as solid state fermentation substances for the production of Xylaria nigripes with bioactivities. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Li M, Xiong J, Huang Y, Wang LJ, Tang Y, Yang GX, Liu XH, Wei BG, Fan H, Zhao Y, Zhai WZ, Hu JF. Xylapyrrosides A and B, two rare sugar-morpholine spiroketal pyrrole-derived alkaloids from Xylaria nigripes: isolation, complete structure elucidation, and total syntheses. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mazzio E, Soliman KFA. Whole genome expression profile in neuroblastoma cells exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1156-69. [PMID: 22776087 PMCID: PMC3470775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent energy failure is a contributing factor to degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigate molecular events triggered by cell exposure to the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) using whole genome-expression microarray, Western Blot and metabolic studies. The data show that MPP+ (500 μM) obstructs mitochondrial respiration/oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells, juxtaposing accelerated glucose consumption and production of lactic acid. While additional glucose concentrations restored viability in the presence of MPP+ (500 μM), the loss of OXPHOS was sustained, suggesting that compensatory anaerobic metabolic systems were fulfilling required energy needs. Under these conditions, MPP+ initiated significant changes to the transcription of 439 genes of which 287 DAVID IDs were identified and subsequent functional annotation clusters identified. Prominent changes were as follows; MPP+ initiated loss of mRNA for mitochondrial encoded 3-hydroxybutyratedehydrogenase, type 2(Bdh2), tv1, NADH dehydrogenase 4,5 genes, cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 3, concomitant to rise in a mitochondrial fission gene; ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated-protein 1 (GDAP1). The negative changes to OXPHOS components were accompanied by protective forces within the mitochondria espousing elevated ratio of anti/pro-apoptotic processes. These included a loss of apoptotic Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein (BNIP3) and family with sequence similarity 162, member A (FAM162a) and rise of heat shock protein 1 and Lon peptidase 1. There were no changes indicative of free radical damage (e.g. SOD, GSH-Px), rather MPP+ initiated significant elevation in G protein signaling components (which trigger catabolic processes) and anaerobic metabolic systems involving carboxylic acid/transamination reactions (e.g. glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1), glutamic pyruvate-alanine transaminase 2 (GPT2), cystathionase and redox proteins such as cytochrome b5 reductase 1 and ferredoxin reductase. Counter-intuitively, the data show reduction of mRNA in glycolytic processes [DAVID enrichment score 9.96 p value 1.90E-19], some corroborated by Western Blot, bringing in to question the sources of lactate observed in the presence of MPP+. Examining this aspect, the data show that diverse carboxylic acids (succinate, oxaloacetate and a-ketoglutarate) are capable of contributing to the lactate pool in addition to phosph(enolpyruvate) or pyruvate in the absence of glucose by this cell line. In conclusion, these findings show that MPP+ negatively affects the transcriptome involved with complex I, but initiated an elevation of G protein signaling and anaerobic metabolic systems involved with nitrogen/carboxylic acid metabolism. Future research will be required to elucidate the survival pathways that drive anaerobic substrate level phosphorylation, and define functional ramification to the loss of mitochondrial FAM162a and BNIP3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - KFA Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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Zafeer MF, Waseem M, Chaudhary S, Parvez S. Cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and its abrogation by thymoquinone. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:199-205. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ko HJ, Song A, Lai MN, Ng LT. Immunomodulatory properties of Xylaria nigripes in peritoneal macrophage cells of Balb/c mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:762-768. [PMID: 22044578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Wu Ling Shen, a folklore name for Xylaria nigripes (XN), is a high value medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine. AIM OF STUDY The present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory properties of aqueous (XN-H) and ethanol (XN-E) XN extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritoneal macrophage cells of Balb/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS After treating the macrophage cells with LPS (1 μg/ml) and different XN extracts, the immunomodulatory properties were determined by the responses of inflammatory mediators, namely nitrite oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ) production, iNOS, COX-2 and IκB-α expression, and NF-κB activation. RESULTS Results showed that treatment of macrophages with 5-30 μg/ml of XN-H or XN-E plus 1 μg/ml LPS exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cell viability. At these concentrations, although both XN-H and XN-E showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on NO, PGE(2), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, a greater potency was noted in the XN-H treated group. RT-PCR assay also showed that XN-H possessed a greater inhibition than XN-E on iNOS and COX-2 RNA expression. Furthermore, XN-H also showed a significant stronger suppression than XN-E on the LPS-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. XN-E showed a higher total flavonoid and phenol contents but a lower β-glucan content than XN-H. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results conclude that XN-H possesses a stronger anti-inflammatory activity than XN-E, and its mechanism of action could be mediated by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway, and these activities could be contributed by the β-glucan content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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