1
|
Şahin S, Eyüboğlu S, Karkar B, Ata GD. Development of bioactive films loaded with extract and polysaccharide of Pinus brutia bark. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 38706382 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Society's interest in natural and clean products in many areas, such as food and cosmetics, has increased considerably. It has led to the development of new techniques in the packaging of products so that the wastes from the preferred products can be recycled. In this context, Pinus brutia bark was preferred within the scope of the study to transform natural wastes into functional components and use them as packaging material. P. brutia bark (PBB) samples were collected from Bursa, Turkey. PBB samples were ultrasonically extracted using various solvents (acetone, butanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, petroleum ether, and water) and a solvent-acidic hydrolysis system. The phenolic content profile of PBB samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection, and total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content were determined. Chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (CS-PVA) films loaded with polysaccharides and containing methanolic extract were developed. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the films were characterized. It is known that the thickness of the films determines the mechanical properties required to maintain the integrity of the packaging during storage and transport. From the results of the study, it was concluded that the elongation at break value was higher in CS-PVA-PBB-M films (111.08% ± 10.46%), Young's modulus (31.74 ± 21.37 N/mm2), and tensile strength (3.01 ± 0.50 N/mm2) values were higher in CS-PVA films. In this case, it was concluded that adding proanthocyanidin to edible films gives flexibility to the films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Şahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Serenay Eyüboğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Büşra Karkar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Gül Dinç Ata
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Section of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Christopoulou A, Sazeides CI, Fyllas NM. Size-mediated effects of climate on tree growth and mortality in Mediterranean Brutia pine forests. Sci Total Environ 2022; 812:151463. [PMID: 34742797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Eastern Mediterranean Basin is experiencing long-term drought conditions that affect the growth and mortality of many forest tree species. We analysed tree rings from 113 Pinus brutia (living and dead) trees of different age (<50, 50-85, >85 years old) and size to study how climatic variation during the 20th century has shaped their radial-growth and mortality patterns. We selected the pine forest on the island of Lesvos (Greece) representing the largest continuous P. brutia forest on the Aegean islands, to develop a chronology that could provide a bridge between the available tree-ring data sets from the Western and Eastern Mediterranean region. The analysis of the novel chronology captured well-known drought events during the 20th century, such as those in 1949, 1990 and 2007, and provided an equation to reconstruct the intensity of droughts (10 month time scale). P. brutia tree-growth indicated a positive trend from the beginning until the 3rd quarter of the 21st century and then flattened for living trees. Trees that eventually died between 2010 and 2019, were characterized by a much lower growth than surviving trees and also illustrated a long-lasting negative growth trend. Precipitation and water availability (inferred from the SPEI drought index) were positively related to the growth of living and dead trees, mainly in the middle and old age classes. Temperature effect on tree growth shifted from negative to positive with increasing age of living trees, but remained always negative across all age classes in trees that eventually died. Our findings verify the positive effect of water availability on tree growth and survival of Mediterranean pines and highlight a size-mediated effect of temperature on tree growth, probably coupled with individual-tree access to underground water resources. Increased air temperatures during various time periods related to tree physiological activity seem to negatively affect tree survival across all age classes, in Mediterranean P. brutia forests, highlighting their potential vulnerability to global warming conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Christopoulou
- Biodiversity Conservation Lab, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece; Centre for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Faculty of Fine Arts, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - C I Sazeides
- Biodiversity Conservation Lab, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - N M Fyllas
- Biodiversity Conservation Lab, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gök HN, Gül H, Gülfraz M, Asad MJ, Öztürk N, Şanal F, Orhan İE. Preclinical Study on the Hepatoprotective Effect of Pollen Extract of Pinus brutia Ten. (Red Pine) in Mice and Phenolic Acid Analysis. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:319-325. [PMID: 34157821 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.47154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Many agents, including those from herbal sources, have been sought as preventives or cures for hepatotoxicity. The pollen of Pinus brutia Ten., known as red pine (Pinaceae), is used against liver diseases in Anatolian folk medicine. Materials and Methods In the current study, pollen ethanol extract of P. brutia was investigated for its possible hepatoprotective activity using a mouse model of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups, and extract-treated groups were compared with a silymarin-treated group as the reference. The extract was tested at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg (b.w.). Phenolic acids were analyzed using high-performance column chromatography (HPLC) in the extracts as pollens are usually known to be rich in phenolics. Results Our data revealed that the extract displayed the best hepatoprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg when compared with silymarin (Legalon®), the reference drug. HPLC analysis indicated presence of protocatechuic acid (0.176 mg/g extract), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.001 mg/g extract), vanillic acid (VA) (0.537 mg/g extract), syringic acid (0.050 mg/g extract), and tr-cinnamic acid (0.310 mg/g extract), while the major phenolic acid was VA. Conclusion The outcomes of this study allow us to conclude that red pine pollen extract can serve as a promising hepatoprotective agent. Among the phenolic acids analyzed in the pollen extract, vanillic acid as the major one besides some other phenolic acids detected seems to be responsible for its remarkable hepatoprotective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasya Nazlı Gök
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hina Gül
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Gülfraz
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javaid Asad
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nilgün Öztürk
- Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Fuat Şanal
- General Directorate of Forestry, Chairmanship of Inspection Committee, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlkay Erdoğan Orhan
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nuralın L, Gürü M, Çete S. Extraction and quantification of some valuable flavonoids from pinecone of Pinus brutia via Soxhlet and Supercritical CO 2 extraction: a comparison study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 75:5363-5373. [PMID: 34121799 PMCID: PMC8180188 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the extraction of oil from pinecone of Pinus brutia was evaluated by supercritical CO2 (Sc-CO2) and Soxhlet extraction methods. The quercetin, rutin and kaempferol (QRK) contents of oil were analyzed one by one via HPLC. The rutin compound investigated in this study has the potential to be a drug against the COVID 19 virus. SEM and BET analysis were performed to observe the structural change and increase in surface area after Sc-CO2 extraction. The operating conditions were investigated in the range of 35–65 °C temperatures, 140–220 bar of pressures, 0.30–1.00 mm of mean particle sizes, 3–7 l/min of CO2 flow rates, 0–8% w/w co-solvent and 30–150 min extraction periods. When the results obtained by the Sc-CO2 method were compared with the results of Soxhlet extraction method, the maximum recovery of total QRK was found 4.18% in co-solvent-free studies and 30.94% in co-solvent-added Sc-CO2 studies. Sc-CO2 extraction results of Q, R, and K were found as 14.75 ± 1.08 µg/g, 14.23 ± 1.27 µg/g, and 15.70 ± 1.13 µg/g pinecone, respectively. Soxhlet extraction results of Q, R, and K were found as 36.43 ± 2.26 μg/g, 57.19 ± 3.81 μg/g, and 50.80 ± 2.79 μg/g pinecone, respectively. The maximum amount of QRK was found as 44.68 ± 2.89 μg/g pinecone by Sc-CO2 method via adding 8% ethanol by mass and as 144.42 ± 5.39 μg/g pinecone by Soxhlet method. According to the reference Soxhlet method efficiency, the Sc-CO2 extraction recovery was found as 30.94%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levent Nuralın
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metin Gürü
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Servet Çete
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khouja M, Alves RC, Melo D, Costa ASG, Nunes MA, Khaldi A, Oliveira MBPP, Messaoud C. Morphological and Chemical Differentiation between Tunisian Populations of Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, and Pinus pinaster. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100071. [PMID: 33871171 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lipid fraction of seeds from different pine species and populations was studied regarding total lipid content, fatty acid profile and vitamin E composition. The investigated seeds contained a high percentage of lipid (13.6 to 31.5 %). Lipid fractions were found to be rich in vitamin E, which varied significantly among species and populations. P. halepensis (Ph-Hn) showed the highest content of vitamin E (256.3 mg/kg of seeds) and the uppermost content of α-tocopherol (44 mg/kg). However, P. halepensis (Ph-Kas) was the richest in γ-tocopherol (204.9 mg/kg). Lipid fractions had a low content of δ-tocopherol (1.2 to 3.6 mg/kg. The highest content of γ-tocotrienol (∼18 %) was determined for P. halepensis (Ph-Dc and Ph-Hn). Thirteen fatty acids were identified by GC-FID with significant variation between the investigated species. The linoleic acid was the major fatty acid followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. The chemical differentiation among species for the composition of fatty acids and vitamin E was confirmed by PCA. Significant correlations were observed between the content of vitamin E and fatty acids and ecological parameters of P. halepensis populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Khouja
- National Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Valorization of Medicinal Phytoresources, University of Carthage, B.P. 676, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia.,National research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, University of Carthage, B.P. 10 Ariana, 2080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rita C Alves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Melo
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela S G Costa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Antonia Nunes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Abdelhamid Khaldi
- National research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, University of Carthage, B.P. 10 Ariana, 2080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chokri Messaoud
- National Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Valorization of Medicinal Phytoresources, University of Carthage, B.P. 676, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Secim-Karakaya P, Saglam-Metiner P, Yesil-Celiktas O. Antimicrobial and wound healing properties of cotton fabrics functionalized with oil-in-water emulsions containing Pinus brutia bark extract and Pycnogenol® for biomedical applications. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:423-431. [PMID: 34149175 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical formulations containing 1-2% of Pinus brutia bark extract and Pycnogenol® have been prepared to investigate the effect of flavonoids on the stability of O/W emulsions, which were subjected to physicochemical and thermal stability tests. The formulations have been applied to cotton fabrics to evaluate antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. Furthermore, prepared cotton fabrics have been tested on keratinocytes seeded in cell culture inserts for wound healing. Results of freeze thaw cycle test indicated enhanced thermo-stability with no major changes in pH and viscosity, likewise the results of centrifugation assay. However, the addition of Pycnogenol® has tremendously decreased the viscosity of the topical formulation (10,900 cp.). In terms of antimicrobial activity, 2% P. brutia treated cotton fabrics decreased the proliferation of Aspergillus brasiliensis 78.8%, which were more effective than that of Pycnogenol® formulation (62.9%). As for wound healing, 2% P. brutia treated cotton fabrics increased HaCaT keratinocyte cell proliferation and accelerated the cell-free gap closure compared to Pycnogenol® and untreated control groups. The obtained results indicate the utilization of pine bark for developing an eco-friendly natural antifungal finish for medical textiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Secim-Karakaya
- Textile and Apparel Research-Application Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Pelin Saglam-Metiner
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sakici OE, Kucuk O, Ashraf MI. Compatible above-ground biomass equations and carbon stock estimation for small diameter Turkish pine ( Pinus brutia Ten.). Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:285. [PMID: 29658095 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Small trees and saplings are important for forest management, carbon stock estimation, ecological modeling, and fire management planning. Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is a common coniferous species and comprises 25.1% of total forest area of Turkey. Turkish pine is also important due to its flammable fuel characteristics. In this study, compatible above-ground biomass equations were developed to predict needle, branch, stem wood, and above-ground total biomass, and carbon stock assessment was also described for Turkish pine which is smaller than 8 cm diameter at breast height or shorter than breast height. Compatible biomass equations are useful for biomass prediction of small diameter individuals of Turkish pine. These equations will also be helpful in determining fire behavior characteristics and calculating their carbon stock. Overall, present study will be useful for developing ecological models, forest management plans, silvicultural plans, and fire management plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Irfan Ashraf
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ulukanli Z, Karabörklü S, Bozok F, Ates B, Erdogan S, Cenet M, Karaaslan MG. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mediterranean Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea resin essential oils. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:901-10. [PMID: 25556061 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils of the resins of Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea were evaluated for their biological potential. Essential oils were characterized using GC-MS and GC/FID. in vitro antimicrobial, phytotoxic, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities were carried out using the direct contact and the fumigant assays, respectively. The chemical profile of the essential oils of the resins of P. pinea and P. brutia included mainly α-pinene (21.39% and 25.40%), β-pinene (9.68% and 9.69%), and caryophyllene (9.12% and 4.81%). The essential oils of P. pinea and P. brutia exerted notable antimicrobial activities on Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, insecticidal activities on Ephestia kuehniella eggs, phytotoxic activities on Lactuca sativa, Lepidium sativum, and Portulaca oleracea, as well as antioxidant potential. Indications of the biological activities of the essential oils suggest their use in the formulation of ecofriendly and biocompatible pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ulukanli
- Smaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 80000 Osmaniye, Turkey.
| | - Salih Karabörklü
- Smaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 80000 Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Fuat Bozok
- Smaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 80000 Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ates
- İnönü University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Selim Erdogan
- İnönü University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Menderes Cenet
- Smaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 80000 Osmaniye, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|