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Huang Y, Chen WJ, Li J, Ghorab MA, Alansary N, El-Hefny DE, El-Sayyad GS, Mishra S, Zhang X, Bhatt P, Chen S. Novel mechanism and degradation kinetics of allethrin using Bacillus megaterium strain HLJ7 in contaminated soil/water environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113940. [PMID: 35952736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a common pyrethroid insecticide, allethrin is widely used for various purposes in agriculture and home applications. At present, allethrin residues have been frequently detected worldwide, yet little is known about the kinetics and degradation mechanisms of this insecticide. In this study, a highly efficient allethrin-degrading bacterium, Bacillus megaterium strain HLJ7, was obtained through enrichment culture technology. Strain HLJ7 can remove 96.5% of 50 mg L-1 allethrin in minimal medium within 11 days. The first-order kinetic analysis of degradation demonstrated that the half-life of allethrin degradation by strain HLJ7 was 3.56 days, which was significantly shorter than the 55.89 days of the control. The Box-Behnken design of the response surface method optimized the degradation conditions for strain HLJ7: temperature 32.18 °C, pH value 7.52, and inoculation amount 1.31 × 107 CFU mL-1. Using Andrews equation, the optimal concentration of strain HLJ7 to metabolize allethrin was determined to be 21.15 mg L-1, and the maximum specific degradation rate (qmax), half-rate constant (Ks) and inhibition coefficient (Ki) were calculated to be 1.80 d-1, 1.85 mg L-1 and 68.13 mg L-1, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified five intermediate metabolites, suggesting that allethrin could be degraded firstly by cleavage of its carboxylester bond, followed by degradation of the five-carbon ring and subsequent metabolism. The results of soil remediation experiments showed that strain HLJ7 has excellent bioremediation potential in the soils. After 15 days of treatment, about 70.8% of the initial allethrin (50 mg kg-1) was removed and converted into nontoxic intermediate metabolites, and its half-life was significantly reduced in the soils. Taken together, these findings shed light on the degradation mechanisms of allethrin and also highlight the promising potentials of B. megaterium HLJ7 in bioremediation of allethrin-comtaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mohamed A Ghorab
- Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (IIT), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nasser Alansary
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Plant Protection Department, Division of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia E El-Hefny
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central of Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt; Drug Microbiology Lab, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Environmental Technologies Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Xidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47906, USA.
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Ravula AR, Yenugu S. Effect of a mixture of pyrethroids at doses similar to human exposure through food in the Indian context. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23132. [PMID: 35678313 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Residual amounts of pyrethroids were detected in rice and vegetables of the Indian market. Thus, consumers are exposed to a mixture of pyrethroids on a daily basis through food. Though a large number of studies reported the toxic effects of pyrethroids, there are no reports that used doses equivalent to human consumption. In this study, male Wistar rats were exposed daily to a mixture of pyrethroids for 1-15 months which is equivalent to the amount present in rice and vegetables consumed by an average Indian each day. The oxidant-antioxidant status (lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide; activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S transferase, and superoxide dismutase) and anatomical changes in the general organs (liver, lung, and kidney) and male reproductive tract tissues (caput, cauda, testis, and prostate) were evaluated. Further, liver and kidney function tests, lipid profile, and complete blood picture were analyzed. Increased oxidative stress, perturbations in the antioxidant enzyme activities, and damage to the anatomical architecture were observed. Disturbances in the liver function and lipid profile were significant. Results of our study demonstrate that exposure to a mixture of pyrethroids at a dose that is equivalent to human consumption can cause systemic and reproductive toxicity, which may ultimately result in the development of lifestyle diseases. This first line of evidence will fuel further studies to determine the impact of food-based pyrethroid exposure on the long-term health of humans and to envisage policies to reduce pesticide content in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandha R Ravula
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Ravula AR, Yenugu S. Transgenerational effects on the fecundity and sperm proteome in rats exposed to a mixture of pyrethroids at doses similar to human consumption. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133242. [PMID: 34896426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid based pesticide usage for crop protection resulted in percolation of these compounds into the food chain. Toxicological studies that reflect exposure to pyrethroids through food in the human settings are rare. We conducted animal experimentations using a mixture of pyrethroids that is equivalent to the amount consumed by average individual through rice and vegetables in the Indian context. Male rats treated with a mixture of pyrethroids for 1-12 months displayed decreased transgenerational fecundity, sperm count, activities of 3β- and 17β-HSD and perturbed hormonal profile. At the transcriptome level, the expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, germ cell epigenetic modulators and germ cell apoptosis were altered in the testis. In the sperm lysates of control rats, 506 proteins identified by mass spectrometry. The differential expression of these proteins (treated/control ratio) in the pyrethroid exposed rats was analyzed. Among the 506 proteins, 153 had a ratio of 0; 41 had a ratio ranging from >0 to <0.5; and 10 had a ratio >2.0. Interestingly, the differential expression was transgenerational. 26 proteins that were differentially expressed in the sperm of F0 treated rats continued to remain the same in the F1, F2 and F3 generations, while the differential expression was maintained up to F2 and F1 generations for 46 and 2 proteins respectively. Some of the proteins that continued to be differentially expressed in the later generations are reported to have critical roles in male reproduction. These results indicate that the reduced fecundity observed in the later generations could be due to the continued differential expression that was initiated by pyrethroid treatment in the F0 rats. Results of our study, for the first time, provide evidence that long-term exposure to pyrethroids affects transgenerational fecundity manifested by changes in sperm proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandha Rao Ravula
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Abstract
Human and animal welfare primarily depends on the availability of food and surrounding environment. Over a century and half, the quest to identify agents that can enhance food production and protection from vector borne diseases resulted in the identification and use of a variety of pesticides, of which the pyrethroid based ones emerged as the best choice. Pesticides while improved the quality of life, on the other hand caused enormous health risks. Because of their percolation into drinking water and food chain and usage in domestic settings, humans unintentionally get exposed to the pesticides on a daily basis. The health hazards of almost all known pesticides at a variety of doses and exposure times are reported. This review provides a comprehensive summation on the historical, epidemiological, chemical and biological (physiological, biochemical and molecular) aspects of pyrethroid based insecticides. An overview of the available knowledge suggests that the synthetic pyrethroids vary in their chemical and toxic nature and pose health hazards that range from simple nausea to cancers. Despite large number of reports, studies that focused on identifying the health hazards using doses that are equivalent or relevant to human exposure are lacking. It is high time such studies are conducted to provide concrete evidence on the hazards of consuming pesticide contaminated food. Policy decisions to decrease the residual levels of pesticides in agricultural products and also to encourage organic farming is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Sopian NA, Jalaludin J, Abu Bakar S, Hamedon TR, Latif MT. Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052575. [PMID: 33806616 PMCID: PMC7967639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association of exposure to particle-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with potential genotoxicity and cancer risk among children living near the petrochemical industry and comparative populations in Malaysia. PM2.5 samples were collected using a low-volume sampler for 24 h at three primary schools located within 5 km of the industrial area and three comparative schools more than 20 km away from any industrial activity. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer was used to determine the analysis of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. A total of 205 children were randomly selected to assess the DNA damage in buccal cells, employing the comet assay. Total PAHs measured in exposed and comparative schools varied, respectively, from 61.60 to 64.64 ng m-3 and from 5.93 to 35.06 ng m-3. The PAH emission in exposed schools was contributed mainly by traffic and industrial emissions, dependent on the source apportionment. The 95th percentiles of the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimated using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the inhalation risk for the exposed children and comparative populations was 2.22 × 10-6 and 2.95 × 10-7, respectively. The degree of DNA injury was substantially more severe among the exposed children relative to the comparative community. This study reveals that higher exposure to PAHs increases the risk of genotoxic effects and cancer among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Ashikin Sopian
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-97692401
| | - Suhaili Abu Bakar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Titi Rahmawati Hamedon
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Ravula AR, Yenugu S. Effect of oral administration of a mixture of pyrethroids at doses relevant to human exposure on the general and male reproductive physiology in the rat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111714. [PMID: 33396045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the effects of unintentional intake of pyrethroid pesticides that are akin to actual human exposure settings are very rare. Such an exposure is primarily by consuming the food products as routine diet that contain residual levels of pyrethroids. In this study, rats were orally administered for 15 months with a mixture of pyrethroids at a dose that is one-fifth (high dose; HD) or one-twenty fifth (low dose; LD) of the residual levels commonly present in the average amount of rice and vegetables consumed by Indian population. Lipid profile, kidney and liver function were assessed. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, antioxidant enzyme activities and histopathological changes were analyzed in the liver, lung, kidney, pancreas, testes, caput, cauda and prostate. The effect on the male reproductive system as a function of sperm count, enzyme activity of 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD and the expression profile of genes involved in spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, genetic reprogramming and apoptosis of male gametes were evaluated. Significant increase in the relative organ weight, perturbations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, lipid profile and liver function were observed in both LD and HD groups. Damage to the anatomical architecture was evident in all the tissues due to pyrethroid toxicity. Exposure to LD and HD of pyrethroid mixture resulted in decreased sperm count, activities of 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD, impaired capacitation and acrosome reaction and perturbations in the expression of genes that govern male gamete production. Results of our study indicate that exposure to pyrethroids for longer durations even at doses that are far below the residual levels present in the food consumed will result in severe damage to general physiological processes as well as reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandha Rao Ravula
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Liu H, Hussain SA, Ali D, Omar SYA, Shaik U, Alghamdi HAH, Maddu N. Induced alteration of rat erythrocyte membrane with effect of pyrethroid based compounds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3669-3675. [PMID: 33304179 PMCID: PMC7715483 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of tetramethrin and prallethrin exposure on plasma total proteins, free amino acids, albumins, urea, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine were tested. Serum SGOT, SGPT and lipid profile, antioxidants super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, GSH, G-Px, phospholipids, cholesterol, C/P ratio in membranes of erythrocyte and membrane fluidity were analyzed. The reason of the study were analyzed to examine the possessions of mosquito repellent pyrethroid (MRP) based compounds tetramethrin and prallethrin exposure on plasma profile, antioxidant status of erythrocyte membrane, membrane fluidity in male Wistar rats. We tested chronically for three months exposure every day (continuously for 8-10 h per day by inhalation) of tetramethrin and prallethrin markedly available (MRP) repellents treated on male Wistar rats. Our results confirmed that tetrarmethrin and prallethrin treatment effect of plasma profile alterations, and lipid homeostasis mechanism in Red Blood cells (RBCs). Tetramethrin and prallethrin treatment significantly increased in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and decreased levels of cholesterol with no change of protein content, increased C/P ration levels. Inhalation of tetramethrin and prallethrin stimulate plasma biophysical and biochemical modify SGOT, SGPT, erythrocyte membrane cholesterol and phospholipid levels, individual phospholipids and membrane fluidity of exposure rats compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, 3201 Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China
| | - Shaik Althaf Hussain
- Central Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Yousef Al Omar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umeshareen Shaik
- Sri Adi Siva Sadguru Alli Saheb Sivaaryula Ayurvedic Medical College, Guntakal, A.P., India
| | | | - Narendra Maddu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu 515003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ravula AR, Yenugu S. Effect of long-term treatment with a mixture of pyrethroids on the expression of genes that govern male germ cell production in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22654. [PMID: 33051911 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to pyrethroid-based pesticides through agricultural produce. In this study, male Wistar rats were orally treated for 9 to 12 months with a mixture of pyrethroids that is equivalent to one-fifth (high dose; HD) or one-twenty fifth (low dose; LD) of the amount of pyrethroids present in the cereals and rice consumed by an average Indian. In rats treated for 9 months, the spermatogenesis-associated genes Abp, Ar, Cd9, Dax1, Dazap1, Ddx3y, Gdnf, Gfra1, Grth, Inhb, Ovol1, P1, Plzf, Pygo2, Scf, Tgfb1, Tp1, Tp2, and Vim1 were downregulated in both LD and HD groups. In rats treated for 12 months Gdnf, Hsf2, Inhb, Tgfb1, Thy1, and Ybx2 expression was downregulated in both LD and HD groups. Steroidogenesis-associated genes 17-β-Hsd, Gata4, Hmgcr, Hmgcs1, Pde4b, and Tspo gene expression were reduced in both LD- and HD-treated groups treated for 9 months. In 12-month-treated rats, Creb1 expression decreased in both LD and HD groups. The epigenetic reprogramming-associated genes, Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Hdac10, Hp1bp3, Kat3a Kat3b, Mch2ta, Ncoa7, and Sirt1 were downregulated in both HD and LD groups of 9-months-treated rats. In rats treated for 12 months, Hdac10, Mch2ta, Ncoa7, and Sirt1 messenger RNA levels decreased in both the HD and LD groups. Thus, we demonstrate that long-term exposure to a mixture of pyrethroids caused aberrations in the transcriptome of factors involved in sperm production and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandha R Ravula
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Arif A, Salam S, Mahmood R. Bioallethrin-induced generation of reactive species and oxidative damage in isolated human erythrocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104810. [PMID: 32097678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioallethrin is an insecticide that is widely used to control mosquitoes, fleas and cockroaches. The widespread use of bioallethrin has resulted in both occupational and non-occupational human exposure. Bioallethrin enters blood, regardless of the route of exposure, where it can interact with erythrocytes. We have studied the effect of bioallethrin on isolated human erythrocytes under in vitro conditions. Erythrocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of bioallethrin (10-200 μM) for 4 h at 37 °C. Several biochemical parameters were analyzed in bioallethrin treated and untreated (control) cells. Incubation of erythrocytes with bioallethrin increased protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and depleted sulfhydryl group content. Membrane damage was evident from cell lysis, osmotic fragility, inhibition of bound enzymes and transmembrane electron transport system. Bioallethrin also increased hemoglobin oxidation, heme degradation and the release of free iron moiety. This will decrease the oxygen transporting ability of blood. Bioallethrin treatment altered the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes and diminished the antioxidant power of cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that bioallethrin treatment also altered erythrocyte mophology. Almost all changes were in a bioallethrin concentration dependent manner. The cytotoxicity of bioallethrin is probably mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species whose formation was significantly enhanced in treated erythrocytes. Thus bioallethrin enhances the generation of reactive species which cause oxidative damage of cell components in human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P, India
| | - Samreen Salam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P, India.
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Ravula AR, Yenugu S. Long term oral administration of a mixture of pyrethroids affects reproductive function in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ye X, Liu J. Effects of pyrethroid insecticides on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: A reproductive health perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:590-599. [PMID: 30476888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids, a class of ubiquitous insecticides, have been recognized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A lot of studies have implied the endocrine-disrupting effects of pyrethroids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. However, there are few review articles regarding the effects of pyrethroids on the HPG axis of mammal and human, especially new research progress made in this area. The present review sums up the effects of pyrethroids on the HPG axis-related reproductive outcomes, including epidemiological investigations based on human biomonitoring, animal studies and in vitro tests. Mechanisms have described that the endocrine-disrupting effects of pyrethroids on mammal can be mediated via the interaction with steroid receptors, the direct action on ion channels and signaling molecules. Finally, we summarize the current research gaps and suggest future directions in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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He R, Han L, Liu P, Hu H, Yang J, Cai H, Huang C, Wang L, Liu J, Huang J, Ha L, Liu Y, Wu J, Zhu M, Zhao B. Lung Function Decline after 24 Weeks of Moxa Smoke Exposure in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:9236742. [PMID: 30755777 PMCID: PMC6348917 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9236742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moxibustion is a complementary therapy that has been used for thousands of years. Burning moxa produces smoke and inhalable particulates. Recent research has indicated that smoke inhalation is associated with negative lung effects. This study aimed to evaluate the lung function of rats after moxa smoke exposure at different concentrations. METHODS Using a randomised block experiment design, 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three moxa smoke groups (opacity) (n=7): low concentration (27.45 mg/m3), medium concentration (168.76 mg/m3), and high concentration (384.67 mg/m3) with a control group. Rats in the moxa smoke groups were exposed in an automatic dynamic exposure device separately with different concentrations for 20 min/d, 6d/week, for 24 weeks. Rats in the control group were exposed in the same space without moxa smoke. Lung function was evaluated by the AniRes 2005 animal pulmonary function analysing system. Statistical Product and Service Solutions 18.0 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS In the study, no deaths were found in any group. There was no difference of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity percentage (FEV1/FVC%), inspiratory resistance (Ri), and expiratory resistance (Re) among each group after 24 weeks of moxa smoke exposure (P>0.05). Compared with the control group (0.33 ml/cmH20), dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was reduced in the medium (0.29 ml/cmH20) and high (0.25 ml/cmH20) concentration groups (P<0.05); however, Cdyn in the low concentration group (0.29 ml/cmH20) was not significantly affected. CONCLUSION Moxa smoke exposure at low concentrations did not affect the rat's lung function. Moxa smoke of medium and high concentrations destroyed the lung function represented by decreased Cdyn. However, moxa smoke of low concentrations (27.45 mg/m3) is much higher than the concentration in a regular moxibustion clinic (3.54 mg/m3). Moxa smoke at higher concentrations might destroy the lung function. The safety evaluation of moxa smoke requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Han
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Beijing Hospital of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Chongqing Yubei District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juntian Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lue Ha
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaomeng Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baixiao Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Comparative study of subchronic toxicities of mosquito repellents (coils, mats and liquids) on vital organs in Swiss albino mice. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 27:348-353. [PMID: 30976177 PMCID: PMC6438702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the toxicities of different types of mosquito repellents i.e. coils, mats and liquid vapors in animal models. Different types of mosquito repellents including liquid vaporizers, coils and mats have been extensively used by the people to get protection from the mosquitoes and diseases associated with them. The active constituents of these repellents include; allethrins, pyrethrins, paraffin and various other derivatives, are well known for their toxicities. Exposure of albino mice to these repellents for 3 h per day over a period of 20 days produced significant toxicological effects on vital body organs including; liver, lungs, kidneys, brain and heart. The order of toxicity of different repellents on nervous and hepatic tissues was found to be: Coil > Liquid > Mat while in renal and cardiac tissues, the coil was again found to be the most toxic one, mat with medium toxicity whereas liquid as least toxic (Coil > Mat > liquid). Lungs tissues are almost equally affected by all the repellants. On the basis of current findings, it has been concluded that exposure to various types of mosquito repellents can be deleterious to health and can cause various health related issues by producing pathological changes in the vital organs.
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Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. Exposure to allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke during gestation and postnatal development affects reproductive function in male offspring of rat. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:374-385. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1385661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Golla Madhubabu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Abdulla Al-Mamun M, Ataur Rahman M, Habibur Rahman M, Hoque KMF, Ferdousi Z, Matin MN, Abu Reza M. Biochemical and histological alterations induced by the smoke of allethrin based mosquito coil on mice model. BMC Clin Pathol 2017; 17:19. [PMID: 28860943 PMCID: PMC5577793 DOI: 10.1186/s12907-017-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito coil (MC) emits insecticide upon burning which provides limited protection against lethal mosquito borne diseases. However, apart from killing the insect, toxicities associated with the inhalation of these insecticides poses severe health hazards. However, the use of MC is increasing day by day in third world countries in particular but, yet to receive enough attention of both policy maker and general public. The current study was aimed to assess the MC smoke induced damage of pulmonary and hepatic tissues along with observing the alterations of several blood biochemical parameters in mice model. METHODS A total of twenty four Swiss albino mice were allowed to inhale the smoke of allethrin based MC at different duration per day for 120 days. By the end of treatment period, blood sample was drawn from each mouse and blood biochemical parameters including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum total protein, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) were analyzed. Intact lung and liver were collected for histological analysis using standard protocol. RESULTS Biochemical study indicates elevated activity of two hepatic enzymes: ALT (89%), AST (85%), in comparison with the respective control. Increased level of some parameters of lipid profile including cholesterol (36%), LDL (48%) and triglyceride (30%) in smoke inhaled mice is the new finding of this study. On the contrary, the activity of serum total protein and BUN was decreased by 20% and 24%, respectively in inhaled mice. Pulmonary tissue of treated mice shows severe forms of emphysema and hyperplasia, especially in the peripheral region of lung, which is the hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Histological study of hepatic tissue shows apoptosis mediated damage of hepatocytes along with severe form of necrosis. Infiltration of Inflammatory cells was also observed in both of the organs. CONCLUSION Results from the present studies suggest that chronic exposure of allethrin based MC is responsible factor for severe health complications such as COPD due to the alterations of the key biochemical parameters of blood and histo-organization of lung and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdulla Al-Mamun
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Protein Science Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - M Ataur Rahman
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - M Habibur Rahman
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - K M F Hoque
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Z Ferdousi
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurul Matin
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - M Abu Reza
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. Allethrin toxicity causes reproductive dysfunction in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1701-1710. [PMID: 28181402 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are widely used for domestic and agricultural purposes and their use is increasing, especially in developing countries. Uncontrolled use of these insecticides resulted in their entry into the food chain thereby causing toxicity to different organ systems. Allethrin is one of the widely used pyrethroids, but its toxicological effects are underreported when compared to other pyrethroids. Further, its effects on the male reproductive tract remain uncharacterized. In this study, its toxicity on the male reproductive tract was evaluated by administering 25-150 mg/kg body weight allethrin to adult rats for 60 days. The mRNA expression of factors that are important in spermatogenesis (Scf, c-Kit, Hsf2, Ovol1, Brdt, Kdm3A, Ybx-2, and Grth) and steroidogenesis (StAR, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD) was significantly downregulated. Decreased levels of testosterone, reduced sperm count and daily sperm production was also observed due to allethrin toxicity. However, sperm quality parameters assessed by computer-assisted sperm analyzer were not affected. Spermatozoa obtained from allethrin-treated rats failed to undergo acrosome reaction. Results of this study indicate that allethrin affects spermatogenesis and sperm function, thus lending further support to the growing evidence of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golla Madhubabu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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17
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Cui Y, Jia F, He J, Xie X, Li Z, Fu M, Hao H, Liu Y, Liu DZ, Cowan PJ, Zhu H, Sun Q, Liu Z. Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Suppresses In Vivo Proliferation of Bone Marrow Stem Cells through Reactive Oxygen Species Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127309. [PMID: 26058063 PMCID: PMC4461321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Some environmental insults, such as fine particulate matter (PM) exposure, significantly impair the function of stem cells. However, it is unknown if PM exposure could affect the population of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). The present study was to investigate the effects of PM on BMSCs population and related mechanism(s). MAIN METHEODS PM was intranasally distilled into male C57BL/6 mice for one month. Flow cytometry with antibodies for BMSCs, Annexin V and BrdU ware used to determine the number of BMSCs and the levels of their apoptosis and proliferation in vivo. Phosphorylated Akt (P-Akt) level was determined in the BM cells with western blotting. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was quantified using flow cytometry analysis. To determine the role of PM-induced ROS in BMSCs population, proliferation, and apotosis, experiments were repeated using N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated wild type mice or a triple transgenic mouse line with overexpression of antioxidant network (AON) composed of superoxide dismutase (SOD)1, SOD3, and glutathione peroxidase-1 with decreased in vivo ROS production. KEY FINDINGS PM treatment significantly reduced BMSCs population in association with increased ROS formation, decreased P-Akt level, and inhibition of proliferation of BMSCs without induction of apoptosis. NAC treatment or AON overexpression with reduced ROS formation effectively prevented PM-induced reduction of BMSCs population and proliferation with partial recovery of P-Akt level. SIGNIFICANCE PM exposure significantly decreased the population of BMSCs due to diminished proliferation via ROS-mediated mechanism (could be partially via inhibition of Akt signaling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cui
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324 Jing 5 road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fengpeng Jia
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital,Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Zhihong Li
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Minghuan Fu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Hong Hao
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Ying Liu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Dylan Z. Liu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Cowan
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hua Zhu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Allethrin induces oxidative stress, apoptosis and calcium release in rat testicular carcinoma cells (LC540). Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1386-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. Allethrin induced toxicity in the male reproductive tract of rats contributes to disruption in the transcription of genes involved in germ cell production. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1330-1345. [PMID: 23595975 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are known to be neurotoxic. However, their toxic effects including that of allethrin on the male reproductive tract are not elucidated. Adult male rats were treated orally with 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight allethrin every day for 60 days. Lipid peroxidation was increased (p < 0.001) in the caput, cauda, and testes. Nitric oxide production was increased (p < 0.001) in the caput, but unaltered in the cauda and testes. The activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase were decreased in the caput and cauda where as a decrease was observed in the testis obtained from allethrin treated rats. In the epididymides and testes, damage to tubular architecture, congestion, degeneration of epithelial cell lining, intestinal edema, and presence of dead or degenerating spermatids were observed in a dose dependent manner. The expression profile of genes involved in spermatogenesis (Tgf-beta1), sperm maturation (Spag11e), and sperm function (Defb22) were reduced (p < 0.001) in allethrin rats. The expression of p53 gene was decreased and increased phosphorylation of MAPK (p42/p44) expression was observed the male reproductive tract tissues of allethrin treated rats. Although earlier studies have reported the effects of allethrin inhalation because of the use of mosquito coils and vaporizers, our results for the first time prove that oral exposure to allethrin could affect fertility and may contribute to deregulation of cell cycle in the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golla Madhubabu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Allethrin toxicity on human corneal epithelial cells involves mitochondrial pathway mediated apoptosis. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2242-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kaya Z, Sogut E, Cayli S, Suren M, Arici S, Karaman S, Erdemir F. Evaluation of effects of repeated sevoflurane exposure on rat testicular tissue and reproductive hormones. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:192-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.773109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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