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Mashtoub S, Howarth GS. Emu Oil and zinc monoglycerolate independently reduce disease severity in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Biometals 2023; 36:1331-1345. [PMID: 37402926 PMCID: PMC10684413 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is characterized by colonic inflammation. Previously, Emu Oil protected the intestine against experimentally-induced inflammatory intestinal disorders. Zinc monoglycerolate (ZMG) polymer, formed by heating zinc oxide with glycerol, demonstrated anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. We aimed to determine whether ZMG, alone or in combination with Emu Oil, could reduce acute colitis severity in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 8/group) were orally-administered either vehicle, ZMG, Emu Oil (EO) or ZMG combined with EO (ZMG/EO) daily. Rats were provided ad libitum access to drinking water (Groups 1-4) or dextran sulphate sodium (DSS; 2%w/v; Groups 5-8) throughout the trial (days 0-5) before euthanasia on day 6. Disease activity index, crypt depth, degranulated mast cells (DMCs) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assessed. p < 0.05 was considered significant. DSS increased disease severity (days 3-6) compared to normal controls (p < 0.05). Importantly, in DSS-administered rats, ZMG/EO (day 3) and ZMG (day 6) reduced disease activity index compared to controls (p < 0.05). Following DSS consumption, distal colonic crypts lengthened (p < 0.01), occurring to a greater extent with EO compared to ZMG and ZMG/EO (p < 0.001). DSS increased colonic DMC numbers compared to normal controls (p < 0.001); an effect decreased only by EO (p < 0.05). Colonic MPO activity increased following DSS consumption (p < 0.05); notably, ZMG, EO and ZMG/EO treatments decreased MPO activity compared to DSS controls (p < 0.001). EO, ZMG and ZMG/EO did not impact any parameter in normal animals. Emu Oil and ZMG independently decreased selected indicators of colitic disease severity in rats; however, the combination did not reveal any additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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Sun R, Chen H, Yao S, Yu Z, Lai C, Huang J. Ecological and dynamic analysis of gut microbiota in the early stage of azomethane-dextran sodium sulfate model in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178714. [PMID: 37153156 PMCID: PMC10157258 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The success rate of azomethane-dextran sodium sulfate (AOM-DSS) model in mice has been a long-standing problem. Treatment of AOM and the first round DSS induces acute colitis and is of great significance for the success of AOM-DSS model. In this study, we focused on the role of gut microbiota in the early stage of AOM-DSS model. Few mice with obvious weight loss and high disease-activity score survived from double strike of AOM and the first round DSS. Different ecological dynamics of gut microbiota were observed in AOM-DSS treated mice. Pseudescherichia, Turicibacter, and Clostridium_XVIII were of significance in the model, uncontrolled proliferation of which accompanied with rapid deterioration and death of mice. Akkermansia and Ruthenibacterium were significantly enriched in the alive AOM-DSS treated mice. Decrease of Ligilactobacillus, Lactobacillus, and Limosilactobacillus were observed in AOM-DSS model, but significant drop of these genera could be lethal. Millionella was the only hub genus of gut microbiota network in dead mice, which indicated dysbiosis of the intestinal flora and fragility of microbial network. Our results will provide a better understanding for the role of gut microbiota in the early stage of AOM-DSS model and help improve the success rate of model construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- International Joint Research Center of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Technology Equipment & Standardization, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Lai
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- International Joint Research Center of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Technology Equipment & Standardization, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Lai, ; Jing Huang,
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Lai, ; Jing Huang,
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Chartier LC, Howarth GS, Trinder D, Mashtoub S. Emu oil and grape seed extract reduce tumour burden and disease parameters in murine colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:202-209. [PMID: 32940671 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an incurable condition whereby patients are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to investigate the combination of Emu oil (EO) and grape seed extract (GSE) in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model of colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC). C57BL/6 mice (n = 10/group) were injected i.p. with saline or AOM (7.4 mg/kg) and underwent three DSS/water cycles. Mice were orally-gavaged thrice weekly with water (80 μl), EO (80 μl), GSE (80 μl; 400 mg/kg) or combined EO/GSE (160 μl). Mice were euthanized on day 63. AOM/DSS induced significant bodyweight loss (max -21%) and increased disease activity index (DAI) (max +83%) throughout the trial (P < 0.05). EO (max -53%), GSE (max -51%) and EO/GSE (max -71%) reduced DAI scores in AOM/DSS mice in all DSS cycles (P < 0.05). EO/GSE-treatment in AOM/DSS mice resulted in further DAI reduction compared with EO (max -62%) and GSE (max -71%) alone (P < 0.05). AOM/DSS mice presented with severe colonoscopically-assessed colitis at all time-points, which was reduced by EO, GSE and EO/GSE (P < 0.05). EO, GSE and EO/GSE reduced the number of colonic tumours compared with AOM/DSS controls (P < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase (acute inflammation) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran levels (intestinal permeability) were increased in AOM/DSS controls (P < 0.05). EO (-58%) and EO/GSE (-77%) reduced fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran compared with AOM/DSS controls (P < 0.05), with no effect on myeloperoxidase. Histologically-assessed severity scores were increased in the distal colon of AOM/DSS mice compared with saline (P < 0.05), with no effect observed following treatment. The combination of EO and GSE improved clinical indicators and reduced colonic tumours in AOM/DSS treated mice, suggesting potential in CA-CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Chartier
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Mashtoub S, Chartier LC, Trinder D, Lawrance IC, Howarth GS. Emu Oil Attenuates Disease Severity and Results in Fewer Large Colonic Tumors in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:715-723. [PMID: 33840308 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1909737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis patients have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the current study was to determine whether Emu Oil (EO) could reduce the severity of colitis, thereby inhibiting colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC) development. Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 8/group) were injected (i.p.) with saline or azoxymethane (AOM) (7.4 mg/kg). Mice underwent three dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)/water cycles. Mice were orally-administered either water (160 µL) or EO (80 µL or 160 µL) thrice weekly and euthanized after 12 weeks. AOM/DSS decreased bodyweight compared with normal controls (max. 20%; p < 0.05). In AOM/DSS mice, EO (160 µL) increased bodyweight compared with untreated and 80 µL EO-treated mice (max. 10%; p < 0.05). Both volumes of EO reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores on day 49, 56-63 (max. 40%; p < 0.05), compared with AOM/DSS controls. Histological damage was increased in the distal colon of AOM/DSS mice, and reduced by EO (160 µL; p < 0.05). Mucin-secreting goblet cells were increased by AOM/DSS compared to normal, with no effect observed following EO treatment (p > 0.05). Large tumor numbers were decreased in EO-treated mice (160 µL; 2 ± 0.6) compared with AOM/DSS controls (5 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). EO did not impact overall tumor number (p > 0.05). Other analyses remained unchanged across groups (p > 0.05). EO demonstrates promise as an adjunct to conventional treatment options for colitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren C Chartier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Mitchell CJ, Howarth GS, Chartier LC, Trinder D, Lawrance IC, Huang LS, Mashtoub S. Orally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1697-1707. [PMID: 32903038 PMCID: PMC7802385 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220951105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a severe, incurable inflammatory bowel disease. Orally administered emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in previous models of gastrointestinal disease. We aimed to determine whether orally administered emu oil could attenuate disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis. Female ARC(s) mice (CD-1 equivalent, n = 10/group) were intra-rectally administered water (120 μL) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS; 3 mg in 50% ethanol; 120 μL bolus) on day 0. Mice were orally administered water (80 μL) or emu oil (80 μL or 160 μL) daily for five days and euthanized on day six. Bodyweight and disease activity were recorded daily. Colonoscopy, burrowing activity, facial grimace, histological parameters (damage severity, small intestinal villus height/crypt depth and colonic crypt depth), myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. TNBS decreased bodyweight (days 1, 2, 4; P < 0.05) and increased disease activity (days 1-6; P < 0.01), compared to normal controls. Emu oil (80 μL) attenuated disease activity on days 5-6 (P < 0.05), although bodyweight loss was not significantly impacted (P > 0.05). Facial grimace and colonoscopy scores were significantly increased in TNBS-control mice; effects attenuated by both volumes of emu oil (P < 0.001). TNBS increased histological damage severity compared to normal controls (P < 0.05); an effect attenuated by 80 μL emu oil (proximal and distal colon; P < 0.05) and 160 μL emu oil (distal colon; P < 0.01). In the ileum, villus height and crypt depth were unaffected by TNBS or emu oil treatment compared to normal (P > 0.05). TNBS-induced distal colonic crypt lengthening was unaffected following emu oil administration (P > 0.05). Remaining parameters, including burrowing, myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability, were unchanged across all treatment groups (P > 0.05). In normal mice, emu oil treatment did not significantly impact any parameter compared to normal controls. In conclusion, emu oil reduced overall disease severity and facial grimace scores in TNBS mice. These results suggest therapeutic potential for orally administered emu oil in the management of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Mitchell
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lauren C Chartier
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Saint John of God Hospital, Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Li San Huang
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Chartier LC, Howarth GS, Mashtoub S. Chemotherapy-induced mucositis development in a murine model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:47-54. [PMID: 31825688 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1699601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Ulcerative colitis is an incurable inflammatory bowel disease that increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the predominant chemotherapy for CRC patients; however, undesirable side-effects, including mucositis, are common. This study utilised 5-FU-treatment in a model of colitis-associated CRC to develop a pre-clinical setting of intestinal mucositis coincident with manifestation of CRC.Materials/methods: On day 0, female C57BL/6 mice (n = 10/group); (1) saline control, (2) AOM/DSS control, or (3) AOM/DSS + 5-FU were injected with saline or AOM (i.p; 7.4 mg/kg). Groups 2 and 3 underwent cycles of seven days 2%w/v DSS followed by 14 days plain water. After three cycles, 5-FU was administered weekly (i.p; 75 mg/kg) to group 3 for five weeks. Clinical indicators were measured daily and colonoscopy performed at four time-points. Mice were euthanized at 13 weeks (day 91). Intestinal sections were collected for histological and biochemical analyses. p < .05 was considered significant.Results: AOM/DSS resulted in bodyweight loss, increased disease activity index, colitis-severity and tumour number compared to saline controls (p < .05). 5-FU-treatment in AOM/DSS mice decreased bodyweight and disease activity index at selected time-points compared to AOM/DSS controls (p < .05). 5-FU did not impact colitis-severity or overall tumour burden; although, resulted in fewer small tumours compared to AOM/DSS controls (<2mm; p < .05). AOM/DSS increased histological severity scores in intestinal sections (p < .05), however, 5-FU-treatment did not further increase histologically-assessed disease severity (p > .05).Conclusion: Weekly 5-FU administration at a dose of 75 mg/kg was insufficient to reduce overall tumour burden or induce intestinal mucositis in the AOM/DSS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Chartier
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia.,School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Australia
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Safaeian R, Howarth GS, Lawrance IC, Trinder D, Mashtoub S. Emu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:273-280. [PMID: 30907169 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1581253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine. Emu Oil (EO) has been reported to protect the intestine against mucositis, NSAID-enteropathy, UC-associated colorectal cancer and acute UC. We aimed to determine whether EO could reduce the severity chronic UC in mice. Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 10/group) were orally administered (gavage) water (Groups 1-2) or EO (Groups 3: low dose-80 µl and 4: high dose-160 µl), thrice weekly. Group 1 mice consumed plain drinking water throughout the trial. Groups 2-4 mice underwent two cycles [each consisting of seven days dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; 2% w/v) and 14 days water], followed by a third DSS week. All mice were euthanized two days later (day 51). Bodyweight, disease activity index (DAI), burrowing activity, myeloperoxidase activity, crypt depth and histologically assessed damage severity were assessed. p < .05 was considered significant. Results: DSS decreased bodyweight and increased DAI compared to normal controls (p < .05), which was partially attenuated by both EO doses (p < .05). Burrowing activity was impaired in DSS-controls compared to normal controls (days 27 and 40); an effect prevented by both EO doses (p < .05). DSS increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity and crypt depth compared to controls (p < .05), with no significant EO effect. Moreover, DSS increased colonic damage severity compared to normal controls (p < .001). Importantly, both EO doses decreased distal colonic damage severity compared to DSS-controls (p < .001). Conclusions: Emu Oil attenuated clinically- and histologically-assessed disease severity in a mouse model of chronic UC. Emu Oil demonstrates promise as an adjunct to conventional treatment options for UC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Safaeian
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy , South Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia.,e Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Saint John of God Hospital , Subiaco , Western Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia.,f Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research , Murdoch , Western Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia
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Mashtoub S, Feo B, Whittaker AL, Lymn KA, Martinez-Puig D, Howarth GS. Oral Nucleotides Only Minimally Improve 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Mucositis in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2016; 67:994-1000. [PMID: 26284427 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1062118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced mucositis is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa, compromising intestinal function. Exogenous nucleotides have been reported to repair the mucosa. The nucleotide preparation, Nucleoforce F0328 (Nucleoforce), was investigated for its potential to ameliorate intestinal mucositis in rats. Female Dark Agouti rats (n = 8/group) were gavaged once daily with Nucleoforce (175 mg/kg) or water from Days 0 to 8 and injected (i.p.) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 150 mg/kg) or saline on Day 5. Histological parameters (disease severity, crypt depth, and villus height measurements) and myeloperoxidase activity were quantified. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Jejunal and ileal histological disease severity scores were significantly increased by 5-FU, compared to normal controls (P < 0.05). Nucleoforce treatment in 5-FU-injected rats significantly reduced jejunal and ileal disease severity compared to 5-FU controls (P < 0.05). In 5-FU-injected rats, jejunal and ileal villus heights and crypt depths were significantly decreased compared to 5-FU controls, with no additional Nucleoforce effect (P > 0.05). Intestinal myeloperoxidase activity was significantly elevated by 5-FU (8.8-fold), compared to normal controls (P < 0.05), which was not normalized by Nucleoforce treatment (P > 0.05). Nucleoforce only partially improved parameters associated with experimentally-induced mucositis. Future studies could investigate increased concentrations, more frequent administration, or protective microencapsulation delivery methods, to increase bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch , Western Australia , Australia and Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
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Whittaker AL, Lymn KA, Nicholson A, Howarth GS. The assessment of general well-being using spontaneous burrowing behaviour in a short-term model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in the rat. Lab Anim 2014; 49:30-9. [PMID: 25112495 DOI: 10.1177/0023677214546913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucositis is a common and serious side-effect experienced by cancer patients during treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, programmes of research focus on the elucidation of novel therapeutics for alleviation of mucositis symptoms, and these frequently use animal models. However, although these models are assumed to be painful and distressing to the animal, endpoints are difficult to determine. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a change in burrowing behaviour could provide an indication of disease onset and potentially be applied as a humane endpoint. Baseline burrowing behaviour was measured in healthy animals on three occasions by determining the weight of gravel displaced from a hollow tube. Mucositis was then induced in the same animals by intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (150 mg/kg) and burrowing behaviour recorded over three consecutive days. Standard measures of disease progression, including body weight loss and clinical score, were also made. The presence of mucositis was confirmed at necropsy by findings of decreased duodenal and colon lengths, and reduced liver, spleen and thymus weights in comparison with non-treated control animals. Histological score of the jejunum and ileum was also significantly increased. Mucositis onset coincided with a decrease in mean burrowing behaviour which was progressive, however this result did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.66).We conclude that burrowing may be a useful indicator of inflammation in the mucositis model, although this requires further characterization. Pre-selection of animals into treatment groups based on their prior burrowing performance should be pursued in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - K A Lymn
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Nicholson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - G S Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, South Australia, Australia Gastroenterology Department, Children, Youth and Women's Health Services, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Mashtoub S, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu oil expedites small intestinal repair following 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1305-17. [PMID: 24047797 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213493718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy is characterized by intestinal inflammation and ulceration. Previously, emu oil (EO) improved intestinal architecture (Br J Nutr, 2010) in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. We investigated EO for its further potential to promote intestinal repair in this mucositis model. Female Dark Agouti rats (n = 8/group) were gavaged with water, olive oil (OO) or EO once daily (1 mL), injected with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or saline on day 5 and euthanized on day 8, 9, 10 or 11. Intestinal villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD), neutral mucin-secreting goblet cell (GC) count, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and selected cytokines were quantified; P < 0.05 was considered significant. In 5-FU-injected rats, only EO administration significantly increased VH in the ileum (day 8), jejunum and jejunum-ileum junction (days 8 and 9) compared to 5-FU controls (P < 0.05). GC count was significantly reduced by 5-FU (jejunum: days 8 and 9; ileum: day 8; P < 0.05) and EO increased ileal GC on days 10 and 11 compared to 5-FU controls. MPO activity was significantly increased in jejunum (days 8 and 9) and ileum (day 8) following 5-FU injection, compared to normal controls (P < 0.05). Both EO and OO significantly reduced jejunal MPO on days 8 and 9; however, only EO decreased ileal MPO on day 8. Cytokine levels were not significantly affected by either oil or 5-FU administration at the day 8 time point. Promotion of repair from injury could represent a new mechanism of action for EO, suggesting potential as an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 5006, Australia
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Abimosleh SM, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu oil reduces small intestinal inflammation in the absence of clinical improvement in a rat model of indomethacin-induced enteropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:429706. [PMID: 23573127 PMCID: PMC3612469 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug (NSAID) enteropathy is characterized by small intestinal damage and ulceration. Emu Oil (EO) has previously been reported to reduce intestinal inflammation. Aim. We investigated EO for its potential to attenuate NSAID-enteropathy in rats. Methods. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 10/group) were gavaged with Water, Olive Oil (OO), or EO (0.5 mL; days 0-12) and with 0.5 mL Water or the NSAID, Indomethacin (8 mg/kg; days 5-12) daily. Disease activity index (DAI), 13C-sucrose breath test (SBT), organ weights, intestinal damage severity (IDS), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. In Indomethacin-treated rats, DAI was elevated (days 10-12) and SBT values (56%) and thymus weight (55%) were decreased, relative to normal controls. Indomethacin increased duodenum (68%), colon (24%), SI (48%), caecum (48%), liver (51%) and spleen (88%) weights, IDS scores, and MPO levels (jejunum: 195%, ileum: 104%) compared to normal controls. Jejunal MPO levels were decreased (64%) by both EO and OO, although only EO decreased ileal MPO (50%), compared to Indomethacin controls. Conclusions. EO reduced acute intestinal inflammation, whereas other parameters of Indomethacin-induced intestinal injury were not affected significantly. Increased EO dose and/or frequency of administration could potentially improve clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Abimosleh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Cuong D. Tran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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TSUJI TOSHIFUMI, NAITO YUJI, TAKAGI TOMOHISA, KUGAI MUNEHIRO, YORIKI HIROYUKI, HORIE RYUSUKE, FUKUI AKIFUMI, MIZUSHIMA KATSURA, HIRAI YASUKO, KATADA KAZUHIRO, KAMADA KAZUHIRO, UCHIYAMA KAZUHIKO, HANDA OSAMU, KONISHI HIDEYUKI, YAGI NOBUAKI, ICHIKAWA HIROSHI, YANAGISAWA RIE, SUZUKI JUNKOS, TAKANO HIROHISA, SATOH MASAHIKO, YOSHIKAWA TOSHIKAZU. Role of metallothionein in murine experimental colitis. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1037-46. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abimosleh SM, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu Oil: a novel therapeutic for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:857-61. [PMID: 22369065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases characterized by inflammation, including the inflammatory bowel diseases, chemotherapy-induced mucositis and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy, currently have variably effective treatment options, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Recently, naturally-sourced agents including prebiotics, probiotics, plant-extracts and marine-derived oils known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. However, animal-derived oils are yet to be extensively tested. Emu Oil is extracted from the subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat of the Emu, a flightless bird native to Australia, and predominantly comprises fatty acids. Despite the limited rigorous scientific studies conducted to date, with largely anecdotal claims, Emu Oil, when administered topically and orally, has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. These include a CD-1 mouse model of croton oil-induced auricular inflammation, experimentally-induced polyarthritis and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Recently, Emu Oil has been demonstrated to endow partial protection against chemotherapy-induced mucositis, with early indications of improved intestinal repair. Emu Oil could therefore form the basis of an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Abimosleh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Emu oil increases colonic crypt depth in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:887-96. [PMID: 22147247 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for the inflammatory bowel diseases, encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are variably effective. Emu oil, extracted from emu fat, predominantly comprises fatty acids, with purported claims of anti-inflammatory properties. AIM We evaluated emu oil for its potential to ameliorate dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley Rats were allocated to treatment groups (n = 8). Groups 1 and 2 consumed water and were gavaged (1 ml) daily with water (group 1) or emu oil (group 2) from days 0 to 10. Groups 3-6 ingested 2% DSS in the drinking water from days 5 to 10 and were gavaged from days 0 to 10 with water (group 3), 0.5 ml emu oil (group 4) or 1 ml emu oil (group 5). Group 6 received 1 ml emu oil after commencing DSS treatment (days 6-10). Disease activity index, metabolic parameters, (13)C-sucrose breath test, and histological colonic damage severity and crypt depth were assessed. RESULTS Emu oil in DSS-treated rats reduced colonic damage severity compared to DSS-controls (up to threefold; P < 0.001). In DSS-treated rats, crypts in the proximal colon were lengthened by 0.5 ml emu oil (373 ± 18 μm), compared with DSS-controls (302 ± 8 μm); whilst in the distal colon (DSS control: 271 ± 17 μm), crypt depth was greater following 0.5 ml emu oil (352 ± 22 μm) and 1 ml emu oil (341 ± 9 μm) and also when emu oil was administered post-DSS commencement (Group 6: 409 ± 16 μm; P < 0.05). Emu oil did not significantly affect other parameters of colonic architecture. CONCLUSIONS Emu oil improved tissue damage associated with colitis, suggesting its potential as a unique formulation to augment conventional treatment approaches for IBD.
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Effects of a Lactobacillus reuteri BR11 mutant deficient in the cystine-transport system in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:713-9. [PMID: 22038505 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract associated with altered composition of the gut microbiota. Lactobacillus reuteri BR11 (BR11) has recently been reported to reduce the severity of experimental IBD because of its probiotic properties possibly attributed to a mechanism of thiol production via its unique cysteine/cystine-transport system. AIM We compared BR11 and a BR11 mutant deficient in the cystine-uptake system (PNG201), for their capacity to reduce the severity of experimental colitis. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 per group) were gavaged (1 ml/day) with skim milk, BR11 or PNG201 (1 × 10(9) CFU/ml) for 12 days. Rats consumed either water or 2% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water from days 6 to 12 to induce colitis. Metabolism data, disease activity index, intestinal mucin profile, and histological analyses were assessed and compared by ANOVA. RESULTS Assessed histologically, DSS administration resulted in significant colonic deterioration, including loss of crypt area and increased damage severity. BR11 administration only partially alleviated the DSS effects, with a minor improvement in crypt area (P < 0.05). Administration of the PNG201 mutant strain to colitic animals failed to achieve significance (P > 0.05) against the DSS control for any of the end-points. However, the mutant strain induced significantly greater (P < 0.05) histological severity compared with BR11-treated colitic animals, indicative of possible exacerbation of colitis. CONCLUSIONS The cystine-uptake system only minimally affects the biological effects of BR11, as evidenced by histological and macroscopic colitic changes.
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Detel D, Pugel EP, Pucar LB, Buljevic S, Varljen J. Development and resolution of colitis in mice with target deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Exp Physiol 2011; 97:486-96. [PMID: 22125312 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A role for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV/CD26) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease has been proposed owing to its involvement in immune regulation via its expression on immune cells and ability to cleave biologically active molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of DPP IV/CD26 deficiency on development and resolution of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in CD26-deficient (CD26(-/-)) and wild-type (C57BL/6) mice. Colitis was characterized by clinical and histological changes and infiltration of immune cells in the colonic mucosa. In the acute phase of colitis, loss of body mass and disease activity in C57BL/6 mice was more intensive than in CD26(-/-) mice, in spite of similar histopathological changes at the local level. Although acute inflammation induced a significant increase in the number of macrophages and dendritic cells in both mouse strains, in CD26(-/-) mice the increase of macrophages was twice that in C57BL/6 animals (18.0 ± 4.5 versus 41.3 ± 5.8), whereas the increase in dendritic cells was more pronounced in C57BL/6 mice. In the acute phase of colitis, colonic DPP IV/CD26 activity was significantly decreased in C57BL/6 mice compared with healthy animals. The results of our study reveal that DPP IV/CD26 deficiency affects the onset of clinical symptoms and the specific cells infiltrating at the site of inflammation in CD26(-/-) animals, suggesting a pathophysiological role of DPP IV/CD26 and providing new insights into the nature of the immune response activated during the development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Detel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bráce Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Yazbeck R, Sulda ML, Howarth GS, Bleich A, Raber K, von Hörsten S, Holst JJ, Abbott CA. Dipeptidyl peptidase expression during experimental colitis in mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1340-51. [PMID: 20186930 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase (DP) activity partially attenuates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis in mice. The aim of this study was to further investigate the mechanisms of this protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wildtype (WT) and DPIV(-/-) mice consumed 2% DSS in drinking water for 6 days to induce colitis. Mice were treated with saline or the DP inhibitors Ile-Pyrr-(2-CN)*TFA or Ile-Thia. DP mRNA and enzyme levels were measured in the colon. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 and GLP-1 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) on FOXp3+T cells in blood, and neutrophil infiltration assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. RESULTS DP8 and DP2 mRNA levels were increased (P < 0.05) in WT+saline mice compared to untreated WT mice with colitis. Cytoplasmic DP enzyme activity was increased (P < 0.05) in DPIV(-/-) mice at day 6 of DSS, while DP2 activity was increased (P < 0.05) in WT mice with colitis. GLP-1 (63%) and GLP-2 (50%) concentrations increased in WT+Ile-Pyrr-(2-CN)*TFA mice compared to day-0 controls. MPO activity was lower in WT+Ile-Thia and WT+Ile-Pyrr-(2-CN)*TFA treated mice compared to WT+saline (P < 0.001) at day 6 colitis. CONCLUSIONS DP expression and activity are differentially regulated during DSS colitis, suggesting a pathophysiological role for these enzymes in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). DP inhibitors impaired neutrophil recruitment and maintenance of the Treg population during DSS-colitis, providing further preclinical evidence for the potential therapeutic use of these inhibitors in IBD. Finally, DPIV appears to play a critical role in mediating the protective effect of DP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Yazbeck
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Smith CL, Geier MS, Yazbeck R, Torres DM, Butler RN, Howarth GS. Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 and fructo-oligosaccharide partially reduce jejunal inflammation in a model of intestinal mucositis in rats. Nutr Cancer 2009; 60:757-67. [PMID: 19005975 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802192841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although probiotics are beginning to enter mainstream medicine for disorders of the colon, their effects on the small bowel remain largely unexplored. We investigated the recently identified probiotic, Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) BR11 (BR11) and the prebiotic, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), both individually and in synbiotic combination, for their potential to alleviate intestinal mucositis. From Days 0-9, rats consumed skim milk (SM; saline + SM), low dose (LD-BR11; 1 x 10(6)cfu/ml), high dose (HD-BR11; 1 x 10(9)cfu/ml), LD-FOS (3%), HD-FOS (6%), or synbiotic (HD-BR11/FOS). On Day 7, rats were injected with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 150 mg/kg). All rats were sacrificed on Day 10. Intestinal tissues were collected for quantitative histology, sucrase, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) determinations. 5-FU decreased sucrase activity, villus height, crypt depth, and crypt cell proliferation compared to controls. Compared to 5-FU + SM, histological damage severity scores were increased for all treatments, although all were effective at reducing jejunal inflammation, indicated by reduced MPO activity (P < 0.05). The combination of BR11 and FOS did not provide additional protection. Moreover, HD-FOS and the synbiotic actually increased clinical mucositis severity (P < 0.05). We conclude that L. fermentum BR11 has the potential to reduce inflammation of the upper small intestine. However, its combination with FOS does not appear to confer any further therapeutic benefit for the alleviation of mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie L Smith
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, North Adelaide, South Australia
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Howarth GS, Lindsay RJ, Butler RN, Geier MS. Can emu oil ameliorate inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ea08139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Emu oil possesses significant anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, primarily when applied topically. However, to date, the evidence supporting its therapeutic application has been largely anecdotal, and significant batch-to-batch variations in potency have been reported. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory properties of emu oil suggest therapeutic promise for the adjunctive treatment of a range of disparate gastrointestinal diseases and disorders characterised by inflammatory processes. These include the idiopathic condition inflammatory bowel disease, chemotherapy-induced mucositis, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy and the various infective enteritides (i.e. fungal, bacterial and viral gastroenteritis). Although rigorous scientific investigations are in their infancy, the evidence for emu oil efficacy in extra-intestinal disorders, supported by limited in vivo investigations of other naturally sourced oils, identifies emu oil as a possible adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system.
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Tran CD, Ball JM, Sundar S, Coyle P, Howarth GS. The role of zinc and metallothionein in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:2113-21. [PMID: 17410436 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and its binding protein metallothionein (MT) have been proposed to suppress the disease activity in ulcerative colitis. To determine the role of Zn and MT in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced model of colitis in mice, a DSS dose-response study was conducted in male C57BL/6 wild-type (MT+/+) and MT-null (MT-/-) mice by supplementing 2%, 3%, and 4% DSS in the drinking water for 6 days. In the intervention study, colitis was induced with 2% DSS, Zn (24 mg/ml as ZnO) was gavaged (0.1 ml) daily, concurrent with DSS administration, and the disease activity index (DAI) was scored daily. Histology, MT levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were determined. DAI was increased (P<0.05) by 16% and 21% with 3% and 4% concentrations of DSS, respectively, compared to 2%, evident after 5 days of DSS administration. MPO activity was increased in MT+/+ compared to MT-/- mice and those receiving DSS. Zn administration had a 50% (P<0.05) lower DAI compared to DSS alone. Zn partially prevented the distal colon of MT+/+ by 47% from DSS-induced damage compared to MT-/- mice. MT did not prevent DSS-induced colitis and Zn was partially effective in amelioration of DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Tran
- Gastroenterology Unit, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.
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Geier MS, Butler RN, Giffard PM, Howarth GS. Prebiotic and synbiotic fructooligosaccharide administration fails to reduce the severity of experimental colitis in rats. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1061-9. [PMID: 17429712 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Opposing effects of the prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide, have been reported in experimental colitis. We compared the effects of the prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide, alone and in synbiotic combination with Lactobacillus fermentum BR11, on the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Rats consumed an 18 percent casein-based diet or diet supplemented with 6 percent fructooligosaccharide or maltodextrin for 14 days. The synbiotic group was gavaged 1 ml of L. fermentum BR11 (1x10(9) cfu/ml) twice daily. From Days 7 to 14, colitis was induced via 3 percent dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water. Disease activity was assessed daily, and at killing, gastrointestinal organs were measured, weighed, and examined by quantitative histology, proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry, and colonic myeloperoxidase activity. Administration of dextran sulfate sodium resulted in an increased colitic disease activity, and an increased colon and cecum weight compared with normal controls. Colon and cecum weights were further increased in dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide (colon: 19 percent; cecum: 48 percent) and dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide/L. fermentum BR11-treated rats (16 and 62 percent) compared with dextran sulfate sodium+vehicle-treatment. Dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide-treated rats displayed an 81 percent increase in colonic myeloperoxidase activity compared with dextran sulfate sodium-treated controls. Histologic damage severity scores increased in dextran sulfate sodium+vehicle, dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide, and dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide/L. fermentum BR11-treated rats compared with normal controls (P<0.05). Crypt depth increased in all treatments compared with normal controls (P<0.01). No protection from dextran sulfate sodium-colitis was accorded by fructooligosaccharide alone or in synbiotic combination with L. fermentum BR11, whereas fructooligosaccharide actually increased some indicators of colonic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Geier
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Kamil R, Geier MS, Butler RN, Howarth GS. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG exacerbates intestinal ulceration in a model of indomethacin-induced enteropathy. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1247-52. [PMID: 17357841 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) were assessed for their potential to prevent indomethacin-induced ulceration in the small intestine of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were gavaged skim milk, LGG, or Bb12 twice daily for 14 days. Between days 7-14, rats were gavaged indomethacin (Indo; 6 mg/kg). At sacrifice, small intestine was scored for ulceration and sampled for histologic, immunohistochemical, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) analyses. Indo+LGG-treated rats exhibited a 2.3-fold increase in MPO activity and a 9.8-fold increase in ulceration area compared to Indo-treated controls; these parameters did not differ significantly between Indo+Bb12 and Indo-treated controls. Crypt cell apoptosis decreased by 82% in Indo+Bb12-treated and 55% in Indo+LGG-treated rats compared to Indo-treated controls. Proliferation increased by 209% in Indo+LGG-treated animals compared to Indo-treated controls. Bb12 did not reduce indomethacin-induced intestinal ulceration, whereas LGG actually increased some indicators of injury. LGG and Bb12, at the doses tested, cannot alleviate indomethacin-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Kamil
- entre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Geier MS, Butler RN, Giffard PM, Howarth GS. Lactobacillus fermentum BR11, a potential new probiotic, alleviates symptoms of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 114:267-74. [PMID: 17150273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are relatively ineffective. Recently, probiotics have emerged as a potential treatment modality for numerous gastrointestinal disorders, including IBD. Few probiotics, however, have undergone appropriate preclinical screening in vivo. The current study compared the effects of four candidate probiotics on development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged 1 mL of the potential probiotic (1 x 10(10) CFU/mL), or vehicle, twice daily for 14 days. Strains tested were Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 (TH-4), Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) and Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 (BR11). Colitis was induced from day 7 to 14 via administration of 2% DSS in drinking water. Disease activity index (DAI) was monitored daily until rats were killed at day 14. DAI decreased in DSS+Bb12 and DSS+BR11 compared to DSS+Vehicle. Colon length increased in DSS+BR11 (10%) and DSS+LGG (10%) compared to DSS+Vehicle. DSS+Bb12 and DSS+BR11 prevented the distal colon crypt hyperplasia evident in DSS+Vehicle, DSS+LGG and DSS+TH-4. BR11 was most effective at reducing colitic symptoms. Bb12 had minimal effects, whilst TH-4 did not prevent DSS-colitis and LGG actually exacerbated some indicators of colitis. Further studies into the potential benefits of L. fermentum BR11 are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Geier
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.
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Mauger CA, Butler RN, Geier MS, Tooley KL, Howarth GS. Probiotic effects on 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis assessed by the sucrose breath test in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:612-9. [PMID: 17237997 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sucrose breath test (SBT) was employed to noninvasively assess the efficacy of probiotics in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis. Dark Agouti rats were allocated to 5 groups (n = 10): 5-FU + L. fermentum BR 11, 5-FU + L. rhamnosus GG, 5-FU + B. lactis BB 12, 5-FU + skim milk (SM), and saline + SM. Probiotics were administered by oral gavage for 10 days. Mucositis was induced on day 7 by intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline). Rats were sacrificed 72 h after 5-FU injection. The SBT measured breath 13CO2 (expressed as percentage cumulative dose at 90 min; %CD90) on days 0, 7, and 10. %CD90 was significantly lower in 5-FU-treated controls compared with that in saline-treated controls on day 10. 5-FU caused an 83% reduction in sucrase and a 510% increase in MPO activity. The SBT detected damage induced by 5-FU and is a simple, noninvasive indicator of small bowel injury. The probiotics assessed offered no protection from mucositis at the dose tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Mauger
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Winkler J, Butler R, Symonds E. Fructo-oligosaccharide reduces inflammation in a dextran sodium sulphate mouse model of colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:52-8. [PMID: 17171454 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is a prebiotic that stimulates the colonic growth of bifidobacteria to promote intestinal health. This study assessed whether FOS can reduce intestinal damage associated with ulcerative colitis and accelerate recovery in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice received 2% dextran sulphate sodium for 7 days (days 8-14). FOS (1.5 g/mL) treatment was administered twice daily (n=10/group): before and during colitis (days 1-14); during colitis (days 10-14); and during colitis and the recovery period (days 10-19). Disease activity was scored daily and colonic damage was assessed by histological analysis. FOS treatment significantly reduced disease activity and damage in the distal colon (P < .05). Treatment with FOS (days 10-14) had increased crypt depth (116+/-6 microm) compared to water treatment (90+/-4 microm, P < .05). FOS treatment (days 10-19) produced a faster recovery from damage with increased crypt depth and crypt area. These results demonstrate the protective effect of FOS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Winkler
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006.
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Abbott CA, Yazbeck R, Geier MS, Demuth HU, Howarth GS. Dipeptidyl peptidases and inflammatory bowel disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:155-62. [PMID: 16700518 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Abbott
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Geier MS, Tenikoff D, Yazbeck R, McCaughan GW, Abbott CA, Howarth GS. Development and resolution of experimental colitis in mice with targeted deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:687-92. [PMID: 15754331 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent intestinotrophic growth factor that enhances repair of damaged intestinal tissue. However, its bioactivity is limited by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV)-mediated degradation. We hypothesized that DPIV(-/-) mice would display an increased resistance to, and an enhanced recovery from, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis compared to DPIV(+/+) mice. DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice consumed 2% DSS for 6 days, followed by a 15 day recovery period. Mice were killed at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 21 (n = 6-8) and the small intestine and colon removed for histological assessment of villus height, crypt depth, and crypt area. The epithelial cell proliferative labeling index was determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. Small intestine, colon, and total body weight did not differ between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice. Distal colon crypt depth did not differ significantly between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice during the development of DSS-colitis or during the recovery phase. Similarly no significant effects were apparent on distal colon crypt area or PCNA labeling index between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) during the development of and recovery from DSS-colitis. However, DPIV(-/-) mice still possessed significant levels of plasma DPIV-like activity. We conclude that loss of DPIV activity does not increase resistance to experimental colitis and hypothesize that other DPIV family members may also be involved in the cleavage of GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Geier
- Child Health Research Institute and Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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28
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Xian CJ, Howarth GS, Cool JC, Foster BK. Effects of acute 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy and insulin-like growth factor-I pretreatment on growth plate cartilage and metaphyseal bone in rats. Bone 2004; 35:739-49. [PMID: 15336611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2003] [Revised: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With the intensified use of chemotherapy and improved survival rates for childhood malignancies, it has become increasingly apparent that some children or adult survivors show poor bone growth and develop osteoporosis. As a step to investigate underlying mechanisms, this project examined short-term effects in rats of chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and bone formation at tibial growth plate cartilage and its adjacent bone-forming region metaphysis. In addition, since insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) is important for bone growth, we examined whether IGF-I pretreatment would potentially protect growth plate cartilage and bone cells from chemotherapy damage. Two days after a single high dose of 5-FU injection, proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes and metaphyseal osteoblasts/preosteoblasts was dramatically suppressed, and apoptosis was induced among osteoblasts and preosteoblasts. As a result, there was a reduction in the chondrocyte number and zonal height at the proliferative zone and a decline in the number of osteoblasts and preosteoblasts on the metaphyseal trabecular bone surface. At day 2, no obvious deleterious effects were observed on the height of the growth plate hypertrophic zone and the bone volume fraction of the metaphyseal primary spongiosa trabeculae. At day 10, while cell proliferation and growth plate structure returned to normal, there were slight decreases in trabecular bone volume, body length increase, and tibial length. While pretreatment with 1-week IGF-I systemic infusion did not attenuate the suppressive effect of 5-FU on proliferation in both growth plate and metaphysis, it significantly diminished apoptotic induction in metaphysis. These results indicate that growth plate cartilage chondrocytes and metaphyseal bone cells are sensitive to chemotherapy drug 5-FU and that IGF-I pretreatment has some anti-apoptotic protective effects on metaphyseal bone osteoblasts and preosteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Xian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Adelaide Department of Paediatrics, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Howarth GS. Insulin-like growth factor-I and the gastrointestinal system: therapeutic indications and safety implications. J Nutr 2003; 133:2109-12. [PMID: 12840162 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.7.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the identification of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) as a potent trophic factor for the intestine over a decade ago, therapeutic indications have been identified for a range of candidate bowel disorders and diseases in which accelerated intestinal repair is desirable. Subsequent experimental studies in experimentally-induced animal models and genetically-modified mice have supported a therapeutic role for IGF-I in facilitated repair processes in gastrointestinal disorders including radiation enteritis, chemotherapy-induced mucositis and inflammatory bowel disease, conditions associated with either the pre-existence of malignancy or a predisposition to develop neoplasia. Moreover, recent evidence from in vitro, in vivo and human population studies is suggestive of an active role for IGF-I in the development and progression of certain cancers, and although causality remains unproven, antagonism of IGF-I action is being pursued as a potential chemo-preventive strategy. Novel milk and colostrum-derived bioactive formulations containing IGF-I are being developed as adjunctive treatment modalities for certain bowel disorders. Understanding the precise role of the IGF axis in cancer will either identify antagonism of the IGF-I/receptor interaction as an important approach in cancer prevention and risk reduction, or alternatively, support further development of IGF-I as a promising treatment modality for acute gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Howarth
- Child Health Research Institute and Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, and Disciplines of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
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Tran CD, Howarth GS, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM, Butler RN. Dietary supplementation with zinc and a growth factor extract derived from bovine cheese whey improves methotrexate-damaged rat intestine. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:1296-303. [PMID: 12716685 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral administration of zinc or bovine whey-derived growth factor extract (WGFE) is known to reduce intestinal permeability and ameliorate methotrexate (MTX)-induced mucositis, respectively. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of zinc, WGFE, and zinc plus WGFE on gut damage in MTX-treated rats. DESIGN Rats (n = 16/group) were fed zinc (1000 mg/kg diet), WGFE (32 mg/kg diet), zinc plus WGFE, or control (10 mg Zn/kg diet) diets for 7 d and then injected subcutaneously with MTX (2.5 mg/kg) for 3 d to induce gut damage. Gut histology and intestinal permeability were assessed. RESULTS The Zn+WGFE diet was associated with both reduced gut damage on day 5 and enhanced recovery on day 7. The WGFE diet ameliorated gut damage, whereas the Zn and Zn+WGFE diets enhanced repair. Gut metallothionein and tissue zinc concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) higher with Zn and Zn+WGFE on days 5 and 7 than without zinc supplementation. The Zn and Zn+WGFE diets significantly (P < 0.05) decreased gut permeability on days 3-4 compared with the control diet. Intestinal permeability was significantly (P < 0.05) increased on days 5-6. On days 6-7, only the WGFE diet improved gut permeability (by 80%) compared with the control diet. CONCLUSIONS Dietary administration of WGFE and a pharmacologic dose of zinc reduced intestinal damage and enhanced recovery, respectively. WGFE also improved gut permeability after MTX-induced bowel damage. In combination, zinc and WGFE hastened repair of gut damage, which may have clinical application in chemotherapy-induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong D Tran
- Gastroenterology Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Clarke J, Butler R, Howarth G, Read L, Regester G. Exposure of oral mucosa to bioactive milk factors reduces severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in the hamster. Oral Oncol 2002; 38:478-85. [PMID: 12110343 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(01)00107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A biologically active extract containing bovine whey proteins, whey growth factor extract-A (WGFE-A) was administered topically to the oral mucosa of hamsters and its ability to prevent and treat chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis investigated. Oral mucositis was induced in Syrian golden hamsters through a combination treatment of the antimetabolite chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and mild abrasion of the cheek pouch. WGFE-A administered to the oral mucosa via hydrogel and liquid treatments, pre and concurrent to 5-FU therapy, resulted in significantly reduced mucosal ulceration. The protective effect was dose dependent with greatest benefit from WGFE-A doses applied at 4.2 mg/ml gel and 14 mg/ml mouthwash (P<0.01). The protective activity of WGFE-A also appeared related to mode of delivery. Administration of WGFE-A from an alternate vehicle Orabase(R) did not alleviate mucositis compared to WGFE-A applied in hydrogel. When administered continuously after the chemotherapy schedule, WGFE-A failed to reduce ulcer area when applied over a 12-day period. In a separate study, cell cycle staining indicated that cheek pouch mucosal epithelial cells pre-exposed to WGFE-A in-vivo showed a reduced rate of proliferation, measured as a 21% reduction in the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell labelling index (P<0.04). This was consistent with a protective mode of WGFE-A action against anti-metabolites such as 5-FU which target rapidly dividing cells. The results were also consistent with recent in vitro data showing protective properties from WGFE-A administered to epithelial cells given pre/concurrent to chemotherapy exposure. WGFE-A is known to contain mitogens which stimulate cells of mesenchymal origin and inhibit epithelial cell growth in culture. Several WGFE-A constituents are likely to confer protective effects on the cheek mucosa, including anti-proliferative, anti-apoptotic and anti-microbial factors. WGFE-A provides a potentially valuable source of topically delivered proteins for clinical application in preventing severe oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Clarke
- Cooperative Research Centre for Tissue Growth and Repair, Child Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Ben-Shlomo
- Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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