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Ou GY, Lin WW, Zhao WJ. Neuregulins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:662474. [PMID: 33897409 PMCID: PMC8064692 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.662474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are typically characterized by progressive neuronal loss and neurological dysfunctions in the nervous system, affecting both memory and motor functions. Neuregulins (NRGs) belong to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like family of extracellular ligands and they play an important role in the development, maintenance, and repair of both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) through the ErbB signaling pathway. They also regulate multiple intercellular signal transduction and participate in a wide range of biological processes, such as differentiation, migration, and myelination. In this review article, we summarized research on the changes and roles of NRGs in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in AD. We elaborated on the structural features of each NRG subtype and roles of NRG/ErbB signaling networks in neurodegenerative diseases. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of NRGs in the symptom remission of neurodegenerative diseases, which may offer hope for advancing related treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-yong Ou
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wen-wen Lin
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wei-jiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Cell Biology Department, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-jiang Zhao
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Kato T, Abe Y, Hirokawa S, Iwakura Y, Mizuno M, Namba H, Nawa H. Neurobehavioral Differences Between Mice Receiving Distinct Neuregulin Variants as Neonates; Impact on Sensitivity to MK-801. Curr Mol Med 2016; 15:222-36. [PMID: 25817857 PMCID: PMC4475761 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150330143300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is a well-recognized risk gene for schizophrenia and is often implicated in the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of this illness. Alternative splicing and proteolytic processing of the NRG1 gene produce more than 30 structural variants; however, the neuropathological roles of individual variants remain to be characterized. On the basis of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, we administered eNRG1 (0.1~1.0 μg/g), a core epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domain common for all splicing NRG1 variants, to neonatal mice and compared their behavioral performance with mice challenged with a full mature form of type 1 NRG1 variant. During the neonatal stage, recombinant eNRG1 protein administrated from the periphery passed the blood-brain barrier and activated its receptor (ErbB4) in the brain. In adults, the mice receiving the highest dose exhibited lower locomotor activity and deficits in prepulse inhibition and tonedependent fear learning, although the hearing reduction of the eNRG1-treated mice may explain these behavioral deficits. Neonatal eNRG1 treatment also significantly potentiated MK-801-driven locomotor activity in an eNRG1 dose-dependent manner. In parallel eNRG1 treatment enhanced MK-801-driven c-Fos induction and decreased immunoreactivity for NMDA receptor subunits in adult brain. In contrast, mice that had been treated with the same molar dose of a full mature form of type 1 NRG1 as neonates did not exhibit hypersensitivity to MK-801. However, both animal models exhibited similar hypersensitivity to methamphetamine. Collectively, our findings suggest that aberrant peripheral NRG1 signals during neurodevelopment alter later behavioral traits and auditory functions in the NRG1 subtype-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - H Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan.
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Quigley AF, Bulluss KJ, Kyratzis ILB, Gilmore K, Mysore T, Schirmer KSU, Kennedy EL, O'Shea M, Truong YB, Edwards SL, Peeters G, Herwig P, Razal JM, Campbell TE, Lowes KN, Higgins MJ, Moulton SE, Murphy MA, Cook MJ, Clark GM, Wallace GG, Kapsa RMI. Engineering a multimodal nerve conduit for repair of injured peripheral nerve. J Neural Eng 2013; 10:016008. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2008; 10:48-57. [PMID: 19011627 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we have identified a surface protein, TIGIT, containing an immunoglobulin variable domain, a transmembrane domain and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif that was expressed on regulatory, memory and activated T cells. Poliovirus receptor, which is expressed on dendritic cells, bound TIGIT with high affinity. A TIGIT-Fc fusion protein inhibited T cell activation in vitro, and this was dependent on the presence of dendritic cells. The binding of poliovirus receptor to TIGIT on human dendritic cells enhanced the production of interleukin 10 and diminished the production of interleukin 12p40. Knockdown of TIGIT with small interfering RNA in human memory T cells did not affect T cell responses. TIGIT-Fc inhibited delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in wild-type but not interleukin 10-deficient mice. Our data suggest that TIGIT exerts immunosuppressive effects by binding to poliovirus receptor and modulating cytokine production by dendritic cells.
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Brown N, Deb K, Paria BC, Das SK, Reese J. Embryo-uterine interactions via the neuregulin family of growth factors during implantation in the mouse. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:2003-11. [PMID: 15306553 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.031864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) are cell-signaling molecules with recognized roles in cancer and development, but little is known about their role in embryo implantation. Among representative NRG-1 isoforms, neu differentiation factor (NDF, type I) is expressed in the female reproductive tract and is localized to the implantation site. Here, we show that sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF, type III) is expressed in the uterine subepithelial stroma around the blastocyst and is only upregulated at the time of implantation. The cellular distribution of SMDF is similar to that of NDF and requires an implantation-competent blastocyst. The glial growth factor (GGF, type II) isoform of NRG-1 and the NRG-2 and NRG-3 genes were not expressed in the peri-implantation uterus, as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or in situ hybridization. In contrast to the cellular expression pattern of NDF and SMDF, NRG-4 was present in the luminal and glandular epithelium throughout the uterus during the preimplantation period. Expression of NRG-4 declined in the uterine luminal epithelium during implantation but persisted in the glandular epithelium through Day 8 of pregnancy. Studies in ovariectomized mice showed that NRG-4 is a progesterone-regulated gene, with partial augmentation by estrogen. We also observed upregulation of the erbB2 and erbB3 receptors at the blastocyst stage of embryo development. Together, these findings suggest that a distinct subset of NRGs participates in the signaling network that directs embryo implantation. Upregulation of embryonic erbB2/ erbB3 in the blastocyst trophectoderm and induction of certain NRG-1 isoforms with blastocyst activation help to define additional aspects of the embryo-uterine cross-talk that underlies the implantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Brown
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2370, USA
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Cabedo H, Luna C, Fernandez AM, Gallar J, Ferrer-Montiel A. Molecular determinants of the sensory and motor neuron-derived factor insertion into plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19905-12. [PMID: 11896060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201587200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF) is a type III neuregulin that regulates development and proliferation of Schwann cells. Although SMDF has been shown to be a type II protein, the molecular determinants of membrane biogenesis, insertion, and topology remain elusive. Here we used heterologous expression of a yellow fluorescent protein-SMDF fusion protein along with a stepwise deletion strategy to show that the apolar/uncharged segment (Ile(76)-Val(100)) acts as an internal, uncleaved membrane insertion signal that defines the topology of the protein. Unexpectedly, removal of the transmembrane segment (TM) did not eliminate completely membrane association of C-terminal fragments. TM-deleted fusion proteins, bearing the amino acid segment (Ser(283)-Glu(296)) located downstream to the epidermal growth factor-like motif, strongly interacted with plasma membrane fractions. However, synthetic peptides patterned after this segment did not insert into artificial lipid vesicles, suggesting that membrane interaction of the SMDF C terminus may be the result of a post-translational modification. Subcellular localization studies demonstrated that the 40-kDa form, but not the 83-kDa form, of SMDF was segregated into lipid rafts. Deletion of the N-terminal TM did not affect the interaction of the protein with these lipid microdomains. In contrast, association with membrane rafts was abolished completely by truncation of the protein C terminus. Collectively, these findings are consistent with a topological model for SMDF in which the protein associates with the plasma membrane through both the TM and the C-terminal end domains resembling the topology of other type III neuregulins. The TM defines its characteristic type II membrane topology, whereas the C terminus is a newly recognized anchoring motif that determines its compartmentalization into lipid rafts. The differential localization of the 40- and 83-kDa forms of the neuregulin into rafts and non-raft domains implies a central role in the protein biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cabedo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular y Celular and Instituto de Neurociencias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante 03202, Spain
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Matsunaga T, Davis JG, Greene MI. Adult rat otic placode-derived neurons and sensory epithelium express all four erbB receptors: a role in regulating vestibular ganglion neuron viability. DNA Cell Biol 2001; 20:307-19. [PMID: 11445002 DOI: 10.1089/10445490152122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The erbB receptor family consists of erbB1/epidermal growth factor receptor, erbB2/neu, erbB3, and erbB4, all of which have been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in several tissues. In the nervous system, these family members can function in a trophic capacity for certain subpopulations of neurons and some types of non-neuronal cells. Vestibular sensory epithelial cells and vestibular ganglion neurons are derived from ectodermal otic placode and are essential components of the peripheral vestibular system, the sensory system for balance. Recent studies in mammals suggest that certain ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor can induce proliferation of vestibular sensory epithelial cells. We now show that vestibular ganglion neurons and vestibular sensory epithelial cells express all four erbB receptors in adult rats. Cultured vestibular ganglion neurons also expressed all four erbB family members and were therefore used to analyze the effects of modulating erbB signaling on differentiated vestibular ganglion neurons. Transforming growth factor-alpha (a ligand for epidermal growth factor receptor) and sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (a ligand for erbB3 and erbB4) promoted vestibular ganglion neuron viability, whereas epidermal growth factor (another ligand for epidermal growth factor receptor) did not. Glial growth factor 2 (another ligand for erbB3 and erbB4) and an antibody that blocks erbB2/neu-mediated signaling inhibited vestibular ganglion neuron viability. Collectively, these observations indicate that erbB signaling regulates the viability of differentiated otic placode-derived cells in mammals and suggest that exogenous modulation of erbB signaling in peripheral vestibular tissues may prove therapeutically useful in peripheral vestibular disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- ErbB Receptors/biosynthesis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Ganglia, Sensory/cytology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/physiology
- Receptor, ErbB-4
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Saccule and Utricle/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/cytology
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/growth & development
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsunaga
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang JY, Miller SJ, Falls DL. The N-terminal region of neuregulin isoforms determines the accumulation of cell surface and released neuregulin ectodomain. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2841-51. [PMID: 11042203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two neuregulin-1 isoforms highly expressed in the nervous system are the type III neuregulin III-beta1a and the type I neuregulin I-beta1a. The sequence of these two isoforms differs only in the region that is N-terminal of the bioactive epidermal growth factor-like domain. While the biosynthetic processing of the I-beta1a isoform has been well characterized, the processing of III-beta1a has not been reported. In this study, we compared III-beta1a and I-beta1a processing. Both III-beta1a and I-beta1a were synthesized as transmembrane proproteins that were proteolytically cleaved to produce an N-terminal fragment containing the bioactive epidermal growth factor-like domain. For I-beta1a, this product was released into the medium. However, for III-beta1a, this product was a transmembrane protein. In cultures of cells expressing III-beta1a, the amount of neuregulin at the cell surface was much greater, and the amount in the medium was much less than in cultures expressing I-beta1a. Phorbol ester treatment and truncation of the cytoplasmic tail had markedly different effects on III-beta1a and I-beta1a processing. These results demonstrate an important role for the N-terminal region in determining neuregulin biosynthetic processing and show that a major product of III-beta1a processing is a tethered ligand that may act as a cell surface signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Wang
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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