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Low HY, Yang CT, Xia B, He T, Lam WWC, Ng DCE. Radiolabeled Liposomes for Nuclear Imaging Probes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093798. [PMID: 37175207 PMCID: PMC10180453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear imaging techniques are in high demand for various disease diagnostics and cancer theranostics. The non-invasive imaging modality requires radiotracing through the radioactive decay emission of the radionuclide. Current preclinical and clinical radiotracers, so-called nuclear imaging probes, are radioisotope-labeled small molecules. Liposomal radiotracers have been rapidly developing as novel nuclear imaging probes. The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of liposomes have been elucidated to address their long circulation and stability as radiopharmaceuticals. Various radiolabeling methods for synthesizing radionuclides onto liposomes and synthesis strategies have been summarized to render them biocompatible and enable specific targeting. Through a variety of radionuclide labeling methods, radiolabeled liposomes for use as nuclear imaging probes can be obtained for in vivo biodistribution and specific targeting studies. The advantages of radiolabeled liposomes including their use as potential clinical nuclear imaging probes have been highlighted. This review is a comprehensive overview of all recently published liposomal SPECT and PET imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Ying Low
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Winnie Wing Chuen Lam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - David Chee Eng Ng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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2
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Blanco VM, Chu Z, LaSance K, Gray BD, Pak KY, Rider T, Greis KD, Qi X. Optical and nuclear imaging of glioblastoma with phosphatidylserine-targeted nanovesicles. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32866-75. [PMID: 27096954 PMCID: PMC5078058 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal tumor imaging with targeted nanoparticles potentially offers both enhanced specificity and sensitivity, leading to more precise cancer diagnosis and monitoring. We describe the synthesis and characterization of phenol-substituted, lipophilic orange and far-red fluorescent dyes and a simple radioiodination procedure to generate a dual (optical and nuclear) imaging probe. MALDI-ToF analyses revealed high iodination efficiency of the lipophilic reporters, achieved by electrophilic aromatic substitution using the chloramide 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenyl glycoluril (Iodogen) as the oxidizing agent in an organic/aqueous co-solvent mixture. Upon conjugation of iodine-127 or iodine-124-labeled reporters to tumor-targeting SapC-DOPS nanovesicles, optical (fluorescent) and PET imaging was performed in mice bearing intracranial glioblastomas. In addition, tumor vs non-tumor (normal brain) uptake was compared using iodine-125. These data provide proof-of-principle for the potential value of SapC-DOPS for multimodal imaging of glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Blanco
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Kathleen LaSance
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Brian D Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA
| | - Koon Yan Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA
| | - Therese Rider
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Kenneth D Greis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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3
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Dziawer L, Koźmiński P, Męczyńska-Wielgosz S, Pruszyński M, Łyczko M, Wąs B, Celichowski G, Grobelny J, Jastrzębski J, Bilewicz A. Gold nanoparticle bioconjugates labelled with 211At for targeted alpha therapy. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles labeled with 211At are very effective in radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Dziawer
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - P. Koźmiński
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - M. Pruszyński
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - M. Łyczko
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - B. Wąs
- Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 31-342 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | - J. Grobelny
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Lodz
- 90-236 Lodz
- Poland
| | - J. Jastrzębski
- Heavy Ion Laboratory
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warszawa
- Poland
| | - A. Bilewicz
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
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4
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de Sá A, Bonnet CS, Geraldes CFGC, Tóth É, Ferreira PMT, André JP. Thermodynamic stability and relaxation studies of small, triaza-macrocyclic Mn(ii) chelates. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4522-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32496b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Barreto JA, O'Malley W, Kubeil M, Graham B, Stephan H, Spiccia L. Nanomaterials: applications in cancer imaging and therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H18-40. [PMID: 21433100 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanomaterials (NMs) in biomedicine is increasing rapidly and offers excellent prospects for the development of new non-invasive strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this review, we provide a brief description of cancer pathology and the characteristics that are important for tumor-targeted NM design, followed by an overview of the different types of NMs explored to date, covering synthetic aspects and approaches explored for their application in unimodal and multimodal imaging, diagnosis and therapy. Significant synthetic advances now allow for the preparation of NMs with highly controlled geometry, surface charge, physicochemical properties, and the decoration of their surfaces with polymers and bioactive molecules in order to improve biocompatibility and to achieve active targeting. This is stimulating the development of a diverse range of nanometer-sized objects that can recognize cancer tissue, enabling visualization of tumors, delivery of anti-cancer drugs and/or the destruction of tumors by different therapeutic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Barreto
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
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6
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Fontes A, Prata MIM, Geraldes CFGC, André JP. Ga(III) chelates of amphiphilic DOTA-based ligands: synthetic route and in vitro and in vivo studies. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 38:363-70. [PMID: 21492785 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report on a synthetic strategy using amphiphilic DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)-based chelators bearing a variable-sized α-alkyl chain at one of the pendant acetate arms (from 6 to 14 carbon atoms), compatible with their covalent coupling to amine-bearing biomolecules. The amphiphilic behavior of the micelles-forming Ga(III) chelates (critical micellar concentration), their stability in blood serum and their lipophilicity (logP) were investigated. Biodistribution studies with the (67)Ga-labeled chelates were performed in Wistar rats, which showed a predominant liver uptake with almost no traces of the radiochelates in the body after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fontes
- Centro de Química, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Potential in vivo generator for alpha-particle therapy with 212Bi: Presentation of a system to minimize escape of daughter nuclide after decay of 212Pb to 212Bi. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.91.2.109.19988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals based on 212Pb (t
1/2=10.6 h) are of interest for use as an in vivo generator of α-particle emitting 212Bi (t
1/2=60.6 min). Sterically stabilized liposomes were evaluated as carriers of 212Pb/212Bi radionuclides in the reported study. 212Pb/212Bi-containing vesicles were prepared by ionophore mediated loading of 212Pb into preformed liposomes. The liposomal uptake of 212Pb with or without various concentrations of lead carrier was investigated. The retention of 212Pb and 212Bi in liposomes incubated in serum was studied. Conditions were found yielding a high and rapid uptake of 212Pb in liposomes. 90±2% of 212Pb was incorporated after 30 min. The retention of radionuclides was high, 95% of 212Pb and 212Bi were retained in liposomes after incubating for 20 h at 37°C in serum. The results from the present work indicate that an effective retention of 212Bi after the β
--decay of 212Pb is achievable. This technology could be the basis of α-emitting radiopharmaceuticals built upon 212Pb.
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8
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Phillips WT, Goins BA, Bao A. Radioactive liposomes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 1:69-83. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth Ann Goins
- Radiology Department, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ande Bao
- Radiology Department, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
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Hamoudeh M, Kamleh MA, Diab R, Fessi H. Radionuclides delivery systems for nuclear imaging and radiotherapy of cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1329-46. [PMID: 18562040 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The recent developments of nuclear medicine in oncology have involved numerous investigations of novel specific tumor-targeting radiopharmaceuticals as a major area of interest for both cancer imaging and therapy. The current progress in pharmaceutical nanotechnology field has been exploited in the design of tumor-targeting nanoscale and microscale carriers being able to deliver radionuclides in a selective manner to improve the outcome of cancer diagnosis and treatment. These carriers include chiefly, among others, liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers and hydrogels. Furthermore, combining the more recent nuclear imaging multimodalities which provide high sensitivity and anatomical resolution such as PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) and SPECT/CT (combined single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography system) with the use of these specific tumor-targeting carriers constitutes a promising rally which will, hopefully in the near future, allow for earlier tumor detection, better treatment planning and more powerful therapy. In this review, we highlight the use, limitations, advantages and possible improvements of different nano- and microcarriers as potential vehicles for radionuclides delivery in cancer nuclear imaging and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misara Hamoudeh
- Université de Lyon, 69622, France, Université Lyon1, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEP, Pharmacotechnical department, ISPB facuté de Pharmacie
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10
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Torres S, Prata MIM, Santos AC, André JP, Martins JA, Helm L, Tóth E, García-Martín ML, Rodrigues TB, López-Larrubia P, Cerdán S, Geraldes CFGC. Gd(III)-EPTPAC16, a new self-assembling potential liver MRI contrast agent: in vitro characterization and in vivo animal imaging studies. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2008; 21:322-36. [PMID: 17694538 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The recently reported amphiphilic chelate, [Gd(EPTPAC16)(H2O)]2-, forms supramolecular aggregates in aqueous solution by self-assembly of the monomers with a relaxometrically determined critical micellar concentration (CMC) of 0.34 mM. The effect of sonication on the aggregate size was characterized by dynamic light scattering and relaxometry, indicating the presence of premicellar aggregates and an overall decrease in aggregate size and polydispersity upon sonication, slightly below the CMC. [[153Sm](EPTPAC16)(H2O)]2- radiotracer was evaluated in vivo from gamma scintigraphy and biodistribution in Wistar rats. It was found to depend strongly on the sample concentration, below or above the CMC, and its sonication, in a way that correlates with the effect of the same factors on the size of the aggregates formed in solution. Below CMC, the very large aggregates of the [153Sm]3+ -labeled chelate were persistently and mainly taken up by the lungs, and also by the macrophage-rich liver and spleen. Sonication of this solution led to loss of the lung uptake. Above CMC, the metal chelate was mainly taken up by the liver, with very little uptake by the spleen and lungs. In vivo, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI evaluation of the micellar [Gd(EPTPAC16)(H2O)]2- compound in Wistar rats showed a persistent hepatic positive-contrast effect in T1-weighted images, qualitatively similar to the clinically established Gd(III)-based hepatobiliary-selective agents. No enhancement effect was observed in the lungs because of the scarcity of mobile protons in this organ, despite the scintigraphic evidence of significant lung retention of the [153Sm]3+ -labeled chelate at concentrations below the CMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Torres
- Centro de Química, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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11
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Sofou S, Sgouros G. Antibody-targeted liposomes in cancer therapy and imaging. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:189-204. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Torres S, Martins JA, André JP, Geraldes CFGC, Merbach AE, Tóth E. Supramolecular Assembly of an Amphiphilic GdIII Chelate: Tuning the Reorientational Correlation Time and the Water Exchange Rate. Chemistry 2006; 12:940-8. [PMID: 16224764 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of the novel ligand H(5)EPTPA-C(16) ((hydroxymethylhexadecanoyl ester)ethylenepropylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). This ligand was designed to chelate the Gd(III) ion in a kinetically and thermodynamically stable way while ensuring an increased water exchange rate (kappa(ex)) on the Gd(III) complex owing to steric compression around the water-binding site. The attachment of a palmitic ester unit to the pendant hydroxymethyl group on the ethylenediamine bridge yields an amphiphilic conjugate that forms micelles with a long tumbling time (tau(R)) in aqueous solution. The critical micelle concentration (cmc = 0.34 mM) of the amphiphilic [Gd(eptpa-C(16))(H(2)O)](2-) chelate was determined by variable-concentration proton relaxivity measurements. A global analysis of the data obtained in variable-temperature and multiple-field (17)O NMR and (1)H NMRD measurements allowed for the determination of parameters governing relaxivity for [Gd(eptpa-C(16))(H(2)O)](2-); this is the first time that paramagnetic micelles with optimized water exchange have been investigated. The water exchange rate was found to be kappa(298)(ex) = 1.7 x 10(8) s(-1), very similar to that previously reported for the nitrobenzyl derivative [Gd(eptpa-bz-NO(2))(H(2)O)](2-) kappa(298)(ex) = 1.5 x 10(8) s(-1)). The rotational dynamics of the micelles were analysed by using the Lipari-Szabo approach. The micelles formed in aqueous solution show considerable flexibility, with a local rotational correlation time of tau(298)(l0) = 330 ps for the Gd(III) segments, which is much shorter than the global rotational correlation time of the supramolecular aggregates, tau(298)(g0) = 2100 ps. This internal flexibility of the micelles is responsible for the limited increase of the proton relaxivity observed on micelle formation (r(1) = 22.59 mM(-1) s(-1) for the micelles versus 9.11 mM(-1) s(-1) for the monomer chelate (20 MHz; 25 degrees C)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Torres
- Centro de Química, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Glavas-Dodov M, Fredro-Kumbaradzi E, Goracinova K, Simonoska M, Calis S, Trajkovic-Jolevska S, Hincal AA. The effects of lyophilization on the stability of liposomes containing 5-FU. Int J Pharm 2005; 291:79-86. [PMID: 15707734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multilamellar liposomes containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were prepared by modified lipid film hydration method and were lyophilized with or without saccharose as cryoprotectant. The effect of lyophilization on the stability of liposomes was evaluated by comparing the vesicle size, encapsulation efficiency and the drug release rate before and after lyophilization/rehydration. The process of lyophilization, without cryoprotectant, resulted in particle size increase and significant content leakage. By the addition of saccharose, the lipid bilayers become more stable and less permeable to the encapsulated drug, saccharose imparted 5-FU retention of about 80% after lyophilization/rehydration. Freeze-drying did not affect the particle size of liposomes containing saccharose as cryoprotectant. The drug release profiles of rehydrated liposomes followed Higuchi's square root model. Also, the obtained release profiles were all biphasic: a rapid initial drug release phase (burst release of the portion of the drug that leaked out of liposomes during the lyophilization) was followed by a slower, approximately constant drug release phase (zero-order kinetics).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glavas-Dodov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Sv. Kiril and Metodij University, Vodnjanska 17, Skopje, Macedonia.
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Henriksen G, Schoultz BW, Michaelsen TE, Bruland ØS, Larsen RH. Sterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier for alpha-emitting radium and actinium radionuclides. Nucl Med Biol 2004; 31:441-9. [PMID: 15093814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-particle emitting radionuclides (223)Ra (t(1/2) = 11.4 d), (224)Ra (t(1/2) = 3.6 d), and (225)Ac(t(1/2) = 10.0 d) may have a broad application in targeted radiotherapy provided that they could be linked to vehicles with tumor affinity. The potential usefulness of liposomes as carriers was studied in the present work. Radium and actinium radionuclides could be loaded in good yields into sterically stabilized liposomes. Subsequent coating of the liposomes with a folate-F(ab')(2) construct yielded a product with affinity towards tumor cells expressing folate receptors. Radionuclide loaded liposomes showed excellent stability in serum in vitro.
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Kostarelos K. Rational design and engineering of delivery systems for therapeutics: biomedical exercises in colloid and surface science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 106:147-68. [PMID: 14672846 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(03)00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Engineering delivery systems of therapeutic agents has grown into an independent field, transcending the scope of traditional disciplines and capturing the interest of both academic and industrial research. At the same time, the acceleration in the discovery of new therapeutic moieties (chemical, biological, genetic and radiological) has led to an increasing demand for delivery systems capable of protecting, transporting, and selectively depositing those therapeutic agents to desired sites. The vast majority of delivery systems physically reside in the colloidal domain, while their surface properties and interfacial interactions with the biological milieu critically determine the pharmacological profiles of the delivered therapeutic agents. Interestingly though, the colloidal and surface properties of delivery systems are commonly overlooked in view of the predominant attention placed on the therapeutic effectiveness achieved. Moreover, the development and evaluation of novel delivery systems towards clinical use is often progressed by serendipity rather than a systematic design process, often leading to failure. The present article will attempt to illustrate the colloid and interfacial perspective of a delivery event, as well as exemplify the vast opportunities offered by treating, analysing and manipulating delivery systems as colloidal systems. Exploring and defining the colloid and surface nature of the interactions taking place between the biological moieties in the body and an administered delivery vehicle will allow for the rational engineering of effective delivery systems. A design scheme is also proposed on the way in which the engineering of advanced delivery systems should be practiced towards their transformation from laboratory inventions to clinically viable therapeutics. Lastly, three case studies are presented, demonstrating how rational manipulation of the colloidal and surface properties of delivery systems can lead to newly engineered systems relevant to chemotherapy, gene therapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Kostarelos
- Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Flowers Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Abstract
Liposomes, spherical lipid bilayers enclosing an aqueous space, have become an important class of drug carriers. This review describes the usefulness of scintigraphic imaging during the development of liposome-based drugs. This imaging modality is particularly helpful for tracking the distribution of liposomes in the body, monitoring the therapeutic responses following administration of liposome-based drugs, and investigating the physiological responses associated with liposome administration. Scintigraphy also can be used to monitor the therapeutic responses of patients given approved liposomal drugs. Several examples describing the potential of this imaging modality during both the preclinical formulation and clinical trial stages of liposomal drug development are included. Techniques for radiolabeling liposomes as well as methods for producing scintigraphic images are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Goins
- Radiology Department Mail Code 7800, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900,
| | - William T. Phillips
- Radiology Department Mail Code 7800, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900,
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