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Ravi V, Desikan K. Curvilinear regression analysis of benzenoid hydrocarbons and computation of some reduced reverse degree based topological indices for hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel conjugates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3239. [PMID: 36828838 PMCID: PMC9958057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Graph theoretical molecular descriptors alias topological indices are a convenient means for expressing in numerical form the chemical structure encoded in a molecular graph. The structure descriptors derived from molecular graphs are widely used in quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies. The reason for introducing new indices is to obtain predictions of target properties of considered molecules that are better than the predictions obtained using already known indices. In this paper, we apply the reduced reverse degree based indices introduced in 2021 by Vignesh et al. In the QSPR analysis, we first compute the reduced reverse degree based indices for a family of benzenoid hydrocarbon molecules and then we obtain the correlation with the Physico-chemical properties of the considered molecules. We show that all the properties taken into consideration for the benzenoid hydrocarbons can be very effectively predicted by the reduced reverse degree based indices. Also, we have compared the predictive capability of reduced reverse degree based topological descriptors against 16 existing degree based indices. Further, we compute the defined reduced reverse degree based topological indices for Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Ravi
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Division of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Kalyani Desikan
- Division of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
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2
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Wahab S, Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Almaghaslah D, Haque A, Khalid M, Alnasser SM, Azam F, Hussain MS. The Structural, Biological, and In-Silico Profiling of Novel Capryloyl Tetra-Glucoside and Aliphatic Ester Constituents from the Abutilon indicum Offers New Perspectives on the Treatment of Pain and Inflammation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2583. [PMID: 36235451 PMCID: PMC9570646 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Abutilon indicum L. (Malvaceae), more often referred to as Peeli booti, Kanghi, and Kakhi, is a perennial shrub found in many countries of Asia. Traditionally, this plant is used as a diuretic to treat inflammation, discomfort, urethral infections, and gout. Inflammation and pain are key topics of interest for researchers throughout the globe, since they are linked to almost every illness that could affect humans or animals. The present study was conducted to isolate the phytoconstituents from the methanolic extract of Abutilon indicum collected from the Bihar state Koshi river belt in India, and to evaluate the isolated phytoconstituents' ability to reduce nociception and inflammation. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to investigate the molecular interaction profile, with possible therapeutic targets for anti-inflammatory medicines. A. indicum methanolic extract yielded two novel phytocompounds identified as 5'-hydroxyhexyl n-hexadecanoate (AB-01) and n-octanoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2'-1'')-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2''-1''')-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2'''-1'''')-β-D-glucopyranoside (AB-05), together with three previously recognized phytocompounds such as ester glucoside. All isolated molecules were tested for the efficacy of analgesic and anti-inflammatory characteristics at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight. The isolated compound's molecular interaction profile with anti-inflammatory drug targets cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha possessed high potential energy in molecular docking. These findings may aid in developing anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs from A. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anzarul Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Buraydah College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraydah P.O. Box 31717, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Sarfaraj Hussain
- Lord Buddha Koshi Pharmacy College, Baijanathpur, NH 107, Saharsa 852201, Bihar, India
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Sarfaraj Hussain M, Azam F, Ahmed Eldarrat H, Haque A, Khalid M, Zaheen Hassan M, Ali M, Arif M, Ahmad I, Zaman G, Alabdallah NM, Saeed M. Structural, functional, molecular, and biological evaluation of novel triterpenoids isolated from Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench. collected from Mediterranean Sea bank: Misurata- Libya. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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4
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Azam F, Eid EEM, Almutairi A. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease by teicoplanin: A mechanistic insight by docking, MM/GBSA and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Struct 2021; 1246:131124. [PMID: 34305175 PMCID: PMC8286173 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First emerged in late December 2019, the outbreak of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has instigated public-health emergency around the globe. Till date there is no specific therapeutic agent for this disease and hence, the world is craving to identify potential antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. The main protease (MPro) is considered as an attractive drug target for rational drug design against SARS-CoV-2 as it is known to play a crucial role in the viral replication and transcription. Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide class of antibiotic which is regularly used for treating Gram-positive bacterial infections, has shown potential therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Therefore, in this study, a mechanistic insight of intermolecular interactions between teicoplanin and SARS-CoV-2 MPro has been scrutinized by molecular docking. Both monomeric and dimeric forms of MPro was used in docking involving blind as well as defined binding site based on the known inhibitor. Binding energies of teicoplanin-MPro complexes were estimated by Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) computations from docking and simulated trajectories. The dynamic and thermodynamics constraints of docked drug in complex with target proteins under specific physiological conditions was ascertained by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns trajectory. Root mean square deviation and fluctuation of carbon α chain justified the stability of the bound complex in biological environments. The outcomes of current study are supposed to be fruitful in rational design of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
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Revi N, Rengan AK. Impact of dietary polyphenols on neuroinflammation-associated disorders. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3101-3119. [PMID: 33988799 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and associated dementia typically originate with altered protein folding and aggregation of their β structures in the neurons. This self-aggregation leads to glial activation in the brain, causing neuroinflammation and leads to neuronal death. According to statistics provided by WHO, there are around 50 million people with dementia worldwide and every year, 10 million more cases are projected to increase. Also, around 5-8 percentage of people who are aged above 60 globally has dementia or associated disorders. Over 82 million in 2030 and 152 in 2050 are expected to have dementia. Most of these patients fall into low-middle-income countries which makes it even more essential to find an affordable and effective treatment method. Polyphenols of different origin are studied for their potential role as anti-neuro-inflammatory molecules. This review would summarize recent advances in three widely researched dietary polyphenols projected as potential therapeutic agents for disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, etc. They are Resveratrol, Catechins, and Tannins. The review would discuss the recent advances and challenges in using these polyphenols using specific examples as potential therapeutic agents against neuroinflammation associated disorders. An abstract of neuroinflammation-associated events and the effects by selected polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Revi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, India.
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Luo M, Gan RY, Li BY, Mao QQ, Shang A, Xu XY, Li HY, Li HB. Effects and Mechanisms of Tea on Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease and Depression. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1904413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bang-Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Qian-Qian Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Hang-Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
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7
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Sandhir R, Khurana M, Singhal NK. Potential benefits of phytochemicals from Azadirachta indica against neurological disorders. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105023. [PMID: 33753160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica or Neem has been extensively used in the Indian traditional medical system because of its broad range of medicinal properties. Neem contains many chemically diverse and structurally complex phytochemicals such as limonoids, flavonoids, phenols, catechins, gallic acid, polyphenols, nimbins. These phytochemicals possess vast array of therapeutic activities that include anti-feedant, anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer properties. In recent years, many phytochemicals from Neem have been shown to be beneficial against various neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, mood disorders, ischemic-reperfusion injury. The neuroprotective effects of the phytochemicals from Neem are primarily mediated by their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities along with their ability to modulate signaling pathways. However, extensive studies are still required to fully understand the molecular mechanisms involved in neuropotective effects of phytochemicals from Neem. This review is an attempt to cover the neuroprotective properties of various phytochemicals from Neem along with their mechanism of action so that the potential of the compounds could be realized to reduce the burden of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mehak Khurana
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Sector-81 (Knowledge City), PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
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Noori T, Dehpour AR, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Shirooie S. Role of natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173974. [PMID: 33652057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Negative psychological and physiological consequences of neurodegenerative disorders represent a high social and health cost. Among the neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as a leading neurodegenerative condition and a primary cause of dementia in the elderlys. AD is considered as neurodegenerative disorder that progressively impairs cognitive function and memory. According to current epidemiological data, about 50 milLion people worldwide are suffering from AD. The primary symptoms of AD are almost inappreciable and usually comprise forgetfulness of recent events. Numerous processes are involved in the development of AD, for example oxidative stress (OS) mainly due to mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (τ) proteins in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, excessive the accumulation of extracellular plaques of beta-amyloid (Aβ), genetic and environmental factors. Running treatments only attenuate symptoms and temporarily reduce the rate of cognitive progression associated with AD. This means that most treatments focus only on controlLing symptoms, particularly in the initial stages of the disease. In the past, the first choice of treatment was based on natural ingredients. In this sense, diverse natural products (NPs) are capable to decrease the symptoms and alleviate the development of several diseases including AD attracting the attention of the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry. Specifically, numerous NPs including flavonoids, gingerols, tannins, anthocyanins, triterpenes and alkaloids have been shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-amyloidogenic, and anti-choLinesterase properties. This review provide a summary of the pathogenesis and the therapeutic goals of AD. It also discusses the available data on various plants and isolated natural compounds used to prevent and diminish the symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, TUMS, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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9
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Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and molecular docking studies of Lanostanoic acid 3-O-α-D-glycopyranoside isolated from Helichrysum stoechas. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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10
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Azam F, Taban IM, Eid EEM, Iqbal M, Alam O, Khan S, Mahmood D, Anwar MJ, Khalilullah H, Khan MU. An in-silico analysis of ivermectin interaction with potential SARS-CoV-2 targets and host nuclear importin α. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2851-2864. [PMID: 33131430 PMCID: PMC7643422 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1841028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, having inhibitory potential against wide range of viral infections. It has also been found to hamper SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro, and its precise mechanism of action against SARS-CoV-2 is yet to be understood. IVM is known to interact with host importin (IMP)α directly and averts interaction with IMPβ1, leading to the prevention of nuclear localization signal (NLS) recognition. Therefore, the current study seeks to employ molecular docking, molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies for decrypting the binding mode, key interacting residues as well as mechanistic insights on IVM interaction with 15 potential drug targets associated with COVID-19 as well as IMPα. Among all COVID-19 targets, the non-structural protein 9 (Nsp9) exhibited the strongest affinity to IVM showing -5.30 kcal/mol and -84.85 kcal/mol binding energies estimated by AutoDock Vina and MM-GBSA, respectively. However, moderate affinity was accounted for IMPα amounting -6.9 kcal/mol and -66.04 kcal/mol. Stability of the protein-ligand complexes of Nsp9-IVM and IMPα-IVM was ascertained by 100 ns trajectory of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. Structural conformation of protein in complex with docked IVM exhibited stable root mean square deviation while root mean square fluctuations were also found to be consistent. In silico exploration of the potential targets and their interaction profile with IVM can assist experimental studies as well as designing of COVID-19 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail M Taban
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya
| | - Eltayeb E M Eid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamshir Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dentistry and Pharmacy College, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Al-Qassim
| | - Danish Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Jamir Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - M U Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Akhtar W, Marella A, Alam MM, Khan MF, Akhtar M, Anwer T, Khan F, Naematullah M, Azam F, Rizvi MA, Shaquiquzzaman M. Design and synthesis of pyrazole-pyrazoline hybrids as cancer-associated selective COX-2 inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000116. [PMID: 33015829 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our previous work on cancer and inflammation, 15 novel pyrazole-pyrazoline hybrids (WSPP1-15) were synthesized and fully characterized. The formation of the pyrazoline ring was confirmed by the appearance of three doublets of doublets in 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra exhibiting an AMX pattern for three protons (HA , HM , and HX ) of the pyrazoline ring. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anticancer activity against five cell lines, that is, MCF-7, A549, SiHa, COLO205, and HepG2 cells, using the MTT growth inhibition assay. 5-Fluorouracil was taken as the positive control in the study. It was observed that, among them, WSPP11 was found to be active against A549, SiHa, COLO205, and HepG2 cells, with IC50 values of 4.94, 4.54, 4.86, and 2.09 µM. All the derivatives were also evaluated for their cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells. WSPP11 was also found to be nontoxic against normal cells (cell line HaCaT), with an IC50 value of more than 50 µM. The derivatives were also evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by the protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay and the red blood cell membrane stabilizing assay, using diclofenac sodium and celecoxib as standard. Compounds that showed significant anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities were further studied for COX-2 inhibition. The manifestation of a higher COX-2 selectivity index of WSPP11 as compared with other derivatives and an in vitro anticancer activity against four cell lines further established that compounds that were more selective toward COX-2 also exhibited a better spectrum of activity against various cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akhtar
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Akranth Marella
- Fryer Global Regulatory Solutions and Services, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Mohemmed F Khan
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mymoona Akhtar
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Tariq Anwer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Naematullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Iqubal A, Syed MA, Najmi AK, Azam F, Barreto GE, Iqubal MK, Ali J, Haque SE. Nano-engineered nerolidol loaded lipid carrier delivery system attenuates cyclophosphamide neurotoxicity - Probable role of NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113464. [PMID: 32941795 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most common etiology in various neurological disorders and responsible for multi-array neurotoxic manifestations such as neurodegeneration, neurotransmitters alteration and cognitive dysfunction. NR (Nerolidol) is a natural bioactive molecule which possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, but suffers from glitches of low solubility, low bioavailability and fast hepatic metabolism. In the current study, we fabricated nano-engineered lipid carrier of nerolidol (NR-NLC) for its effective delivery into the brain and explored its effect on neuroinflammation, neurotransmitters level and on dysfunctional behavioral attributes induced by CYC (cyclophosphamide). The binding affinity of nerolidol with NLRP3 and TLR-4 was performed which showed stong interaction between them. NR-NLC was prepared by the ultrasonication methods and particle size was determined by Zeta-sizer. Swiss Albino mice were divided into 5 groups (n = 6), assessed for behavioral dysfunction, and sacrificed on the fifteenth day following cyclophosphamide treatment. Brains were then removed and used for biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and fluorescence microscopic analysis. Biochemical analysis showed increased levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, acetylcholine esterase, BDNF, 5-HT and dopamine, and reduced levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, IL-10, along with significant behavioral dysfunction in cyclophosphamide-treated animals. Significant neuronal damage was also observed in the histological study. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1. Fluorescence microscopic analysis showed significant availability of NR-NLC in the hippocampus and cortex region. In contrast, treatment with NR-NLC effectively mitigated the aforementioned neurotoxic manifestation as compared to NR suspension. Our results showed potent neuroprotective effect of NR-NLC via modulation of oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1 and neurotransmitter status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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13
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Ali P, Kirmani SAK, Al Rugaie O, Azam F. Degree-based topological indices and polynomials of hyaluronic acid-curcumin conjugates. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1093-1100. [PMID: 32922140 PMCID: PMC7474180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) represents quantitative correlation of chemical structural features called as molecular descriptors and pharmacological activity as response endpoints. Topological index is a molecular descriptor extensively used to study QSAR of pharmaceuticals to assess their molecular characteristics by numerical computation. Theoretical assessment of drug like molecules helps to expedite the drug design and discovery process by rationalizing the lead identification, lead optimization and understanding their mechanism of actions. Therefore, in this article, we have computed the general inverse sum indeg index, ISIα,β of Hyaluronic acid-curcumin conjugates by using molecular structure analysis and edge partitioning technique. Many standard topological indices are obtained as a special case of ISIα,β. We also proposed general inverse sum indeg polynomial ISIα,β(Gn,x) of Hyaluronic acid-curcumin conjugates from which many well-known polynomials are deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ajaz K Kirmani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Al Rugaie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, P.O. Box 991, AlQassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Moschovou K, Melagraki G, Mavromoustakos T, Zacharia LC, Afantitis A. Cheminformatics and virtual screening studies of COMT inhibitors as potential Parkinson’s disease therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:53-62. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1691165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences & Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, Vari, Greece
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15
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Azam F, Abodabos HS, Taban IM, Rfieda AR, Mahmood D, Anwar MJ, Khan S, Sizochenko N, Poli G, Tuccinardi T, Ali HI. Rutin as promising drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: an assessment of MAO-B inhibitory potential by docking, molecular dynamics and DFT studies. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1662003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Honiwa Suliman Abodabos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya
| | - Ismail M. Taban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Abdalla R. Rfieda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya
| | - Danish Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Jamir Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamshir Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Medicinal Chemistry, Buraidah College of Dentistry & Pharmacy, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natalia Sizochenko
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Hamed I. Ali
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
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16
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Eid EEM, Azam F, Hassan M, Taban IM, Halim MA. Zerumbone binding to estrogen receptors: an in-silico investigation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2018; 38:342-351. [PMID: 30396310 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2018.1531886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy among females worldwide. Estrogen receptor (ER) mediate important pathophysiological signaling pathways induced by estrogens, and is regarded as a promising target for the treatment of breast cancer. Zerumbone (2,6,9,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-2,6,10-trien-1-one; ZER), a chemical constituent present in the Zingiber zerumbet is known to exhibit anti-breast cancer activity by modulating several proteins to induce apoptosis. Medicinal chemists usually exploit lead compounds of natural origin to develop molecules with improved pharmacological properties. Current study is intended to utilize molecular modeling techniques to investigate the interaction of ZER with estrogen receptors. AutoDock was used to predict the binding modes of ZER and target receptors. Stability of the ZER-ER complex was verified by molecular dynamics simulation using Desmond software. Docked ZER was further optimized by density functional theory (DFT) using Gaussian09 program. Analysis of docked conformations in terms of binding energy disclosed estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) as more promising than estrogen receptor-α (ERα). Evaluation of MD trajectories of ZER bound to both ERα and ERβ showed appreciable stability with minimum Cα-atom root mean square deviation shifts. DFT based global reactivity descriptors such as electron affinity, hardness, chemical potential, electronegativity and electrophilicity index, calculated from the energies of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals underscored the electronic features governing viability of the ZER for interaction with the target receptors. In conclusion, these findings can be exploited to design and develop novel anticancer agents based on the lead compound, ZER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eltayeb E M Eid
- a Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University , Unaizah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Faizul Azam
- a Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University , Unaizah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Hassan
- b Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, University of Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ismail M Taban
- c School of Biosciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff , United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- d Division of Computer-aided Drug Design , The Red-Green Research Center , BICCB , Dhaka , Bangladesh.,e Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
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17
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Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Alzheimer's Effects of Prenylated Flavonoids from Okinawa Propolis: An Investigation by Experimental and Computational Studies. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102479. [PMID: 30262742 PMCID: PMC6222853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Okinawa propolis (OP) and its major ingredients were reported to have anti-cancer effects and lifespan-extending effects on Caenorhabditis elegans through inactivation of the oncogenic kinase, p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). Herein, five prenylated flavonoids from OP, nymphaeol-A (NA), nymphaeol-B (NB), nymphaeol-C (NC), isonymphaeol-B (INB), and 3'-geranyl-naringenin (GN), were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-Alzheimer's effects using in vitro techniques. They showed significant anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of albumin denaturation (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.26⁻1.02 µM), nitrite accumulation (IC50 values of 2.4⁻7.0 µM), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity (IC50 values of 11.74⁻24.03 µM). They also strongly suppressed in vitro α-glucosidase enzyme activity with IC50 values of 3.77⁻5.66 µM. However, only INB and NA inhibited acetylcholinesterase significantly compared to the standard drug donepezil, with IC50 values of 7.23 and 7.77 µM, respectively. Molecular docking results indicated that OP compounds have good binding affinity to the α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase proteins, making non-bonded interactions with their active residues and surrounding allosteric residues. In addition, none of the compounds violated Lipinski's rule of five and showed notable toxicity parameters. Density functional theory (DFT)-based global reactivity descriptors demonstrated their high reactive nature along with the kinetic stability. In conclusion, this combined study suggests that OP components might be beneficial in the treatment of inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Chidambaram SB, Bhat A, Ray B, Sugumar M, Muthukumar SP, Manivasagam T, Justin Thenmozhi A, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Sakharkar MK. Cocoa beans improve mitochondrial biogenesis via PPARγ/PGC1α dependent signalling pathway in MPP + intoxicated human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:471-480. [PMID: 30207204 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1521088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are shown to protect from or delay the progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study was aims to gain insight into the role of ahydroalcoholic extract of cocoa (standardised for epicatechin content) on mitochondrial biogenesis in MPP+ intoxicated human neuroblastoma cells (SHSY5Y). The effects of cocoa on PPARγ, PGC1α, Nrf2 and TFAM protein expression and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated. A pre-exposure to cocoa extract decreased reactive oxygen species formation and restored mitochondrial membrane potential. The cocoa extract was found to up-regulate the expression of PPARγ and the downstream signalling proteins PGC1α, Nrf2 and TFAM. It increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCl2 and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Further, the cocoa extract down-regulated the expression of mitochondria fission 1 (Fis1) and up-regulated the expression of mitochondria fusion 2 (Mfn2) proteins, suggesting an improvement in mitochondrial functions in MPP+ intoxicated cells upon treatment with cocoa. Interestingly, cocoa up-regulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. No change in the expression of PPARγ on treatment with cocoa extract was observed when the cells were pre-treated with PPARγ antagonist GW9662. This data suggests that cocoa mediates mitochondrial biogenesis via a PPARγ/PGC1α dependent signalling pathway and also has the ability to improve dopaminergic functions by increasing tyrosine hydroxylase expression. Based on our data, we propose that a cocoa bean extract and products thereof could be used as potential nutritional supplements for neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Dept of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 57 00 15, KA, India
| | - Abid Bhat
- Dept of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 57 00 15, KA, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Dept of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 57 00 15, KA, India
| | - Mani Sugumar
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, TN, India
| | - Serva Peddha Muthukumar
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, KA, India
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arokiasamy Justin Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Deb Bailey MND Research Laboratory, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
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Nakano S, Megro SI, Hase T, Suzuki T, Isemura M, Nakamura Y, Ito S. Computational Molecular Docking and X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Catechins in New Drug Design Strategies. Molecules 2018; 23:E2020. [PMID: 30104534 PMCID: PMC6222539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and laboratory studies have shown that green tea and green tea catechins exert beneficial effects on a variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndrome, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In most cases, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been shown to play a central role in these effects by green tea. Catechins from other plant sources have also shown health benefits. Many studies have revealed that the binding of EGCG and other catechins to proteins is involved in its action mechanism. Computational docking analysis (CMDA) and X-ray crystallographic analysis (XCA) have provided detailed information on catechin-protein interactions. Several of these studies have revealed that the galloyl moiety anchors it to the cleft of proteins through interactions with its hydroxyl groups, explaining the higher activity of galloylated catechins such as EGCG and epicatechin gallate than non-galloylated catechins. In this paper, we review the results of CMDA and XCA of EGCG and other plant catechins to understand catechin-protein interactions with the expectation of developing new drugs with health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakano
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Megro
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Research and Development, Core Technology, Kao Corporation, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Isemura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yoriyuki Nakamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Scotti L, Ishiki HM, Duarte MC, Oliveira TB, Scotti MT. Computational Approaches in Multitarget Drug Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1800:327-345. [PMID: 29934901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7899-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic strategies entail identifying and characterizing a single protein receptor whose inhibition is likely to result in the successful treatment of a disease of interest, and testing experimentally large libraries of small molecule compounds "in vitro" and "in vivo" to identify promising inhibitors in model systems and determine if the findings are extensible to humans. This highly complex process is largely based on tests, errors, risk, time, and intensive costs. The virtual computational study of compounds simulates situations predicting possible drug linkages with multiple protein target atomic structures, taking into account the dynamic protein inhibitor, and can help identify inhibitors efficiently, particularly for complex drug-resistant diseases. Some discussions will relate to the potential benefits of this approach, using HIV-1 and Plasmodium falciparum infections as examples. Some authors have proposed a virtual drug discovery that not only identifies efficient inhibitors but also helps to minimize side effects and toxicity, thus increasing the likelihood of successful therapies. This chapter discusses concepts and research of bioactive multitargets related to toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
- Teaching and Research Management - University Hospital, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Marcus T Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Azam F, Alabdullah NH, Ehmedat HM, Abulifa AR, Taban I, Upadhyayula S. NSAIDs as potential treatment option for preventing amyloid β toxicity in Alzheimer's disease: an investigation by docking, molecular dynamics, and DFT studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2099-2117. [PMID: 28571516 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1338164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein considered as one of contributors in development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several investigations have identified the importance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as Aβ aggregation inhibitors. Here, we have examined the binding interactions of 24 NSAIDs belonging to eight different classes, with Aβ fibrils by exploiting docking and molecular dynamics studies. Minimum energy conformation of the docked NSAIDs were further optimized by density functional theory (DFT) employing Becke's three-parameter hybrid model, Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) correlation functional method. DFT-based global reactivity descriptors, such as electron affinity, hardness, softness, chemical potential, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index were calculated to inspect the expediency of these descriptors for understanding the reactive nature and sites of the molecules. Few selected NSAID-Aβ fibrils complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to illustrate the stability of these complexes and the most prominent interactions during the simulated trajectory. All of the NSAIDs exhibited potential activity against Aβ fibrils in terms of predicted binding affinity. Sulindac was found to be the most active compound underscoring the contribution of indene methylene substitution, whereas acetaminophen was observed as least active NSAID. General structural requirements for interaction of NSAIDs with Aβ fibril include: aryl/heteroaryl aromatic moiety connected through a linker of 1-2 atoms to a distal aromatic group. Considering these structural requirements and electronic features, new potent agents can be designed and developed as potential Aβ fibril inhibitors for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Azam
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Nada Hussin Alabdullah
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Hadeel Mohammed Ehmedat
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Abdullah Ramadan Abulifa
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Ismail Taban
- b School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Sreedevi Upadhyayula
- c Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
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