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Durdik M, Markova E, Kosik P, Vigasova K, Gulati S, Jakl L, Vrobelova K, Fekete M, Zavacka I, Pobijakova M, Dolinska Z, Belyaev I. Assessment of Individual Radiosensitivity in Breast Cancer Patients Using a Combination of Biomolecular Markers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041122. [PMID: 37189740 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
About 5% of patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) develop RT-related side effects. To assess individual radiosensitivity, we collected peripheral blood from breast cancer patients before, during and after the RT, and γH2AX/53BP1 foci, apoptosis, chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronuclei (MN) were analyzed and correlated with the healthy tissue side effects assessed by the RTOG/EORTC criteria. The results showed a significantly higher level of γH2AX/53BP1 foci before the RT in radiosensitive (RS) patients in comparison to normal responding patients (NOR). Analysis of apoptosis did not reveal any correlation with side effects. CA and MN assays displayed an increase in genomic instability during and after RT and a higher frequency of MN in the lymphocytes of RS patients. We also studied time kinetics of γH2AX/53BP1 foci and apoptosis after in vitro irradiation of lymphocytes. Higher levels of primary 53BP1 and co-localizing γH2AX/53BP1 foci were detected in cells from RS patients as compared to NOR patients, while no difference in the residual foci or apoptotic response was found. The data suggested impaired DNA damage response in cells from RS patients. We suggest γH2AX/53BP1 foci and MN as potential biomarkers of individual radiosensitivity, but they need to be evaluated with a larger cohort of patients for clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Durdik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Markova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kosik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Vigasova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sachin Gulati
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukas Jakl
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Vrobelova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Fekete
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiological Centrum, National Cancer Institute, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Zavacka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiological Centrum, National Cancer Institute, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Margita Pobijakova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiological Centrum, National Cancer Institute, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Dolinska
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiological Centrum, National Cancer Institute, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Lapierre A, Bourillon L, Larroque M, Gouveia T, Bourgier C, Ozsahin M, Pèlegrin A, Azria D, Brengues M. Improving Patients' Life Quality after Radiotherapy Treatment by Predicting Late Toxicities. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2097. [PMID: 35565227 PMCID: PMC9099838 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized treatment and precision medicine have become the new standard of care in oncology and radiotherapy. Because treatment outcomes have considerably improved over the last few years, permanent side-effects are becoming an increasingly significant issue for cancer survivors. Five to ten percent of patients will develop severe late toxicity after radiotherapy. Identifying these patients before treatment start would allow for treatment adaptation to minimize definitive side effects that could impair their long-term quality of life. Over the last decades, several tests and biomarkers have been developed to identify these patients. However, out of these, only the Radiation-Induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis (RILA) assay has been prospectively validated in multi-center cohorts. This test, based on a simple blood draught, has been shown to be correlated with late radiation-induced toxicity in breast, prostate, cervical and head and neck cancer. It could therefore greatly improve decision making in precision radiation oncology. This literature review summarizes the development and bases of this assay, as well as its clinical results and compares its results to the other available assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lapierre
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Lyon-Sud Hospital Center, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Laura Bourillon
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Marion Larroque
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Tiphany Gouveia
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Céline Bourgier
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
| | | | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
| | - David Azria
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Muriel Brengues
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (L.B.); (M.L.); (T.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.); (D.A.)
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3
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Penninckx S, Pariset E, Cekanaviciute E, Costes SV. Quantification of radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair foci to evaluate and predict biological responses to ionizing radiation. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab046. [PMID: 35692378 PMCID: PMC8693576 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced foci (RIF) are nuclear puncta visualized by immunostaining of proteins that regulate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair after exposure to ionizing radiation. RIF are a standard metric for measuring DSB formation and repair in clinical, environmental and space radiobiology. The time course and dose dependence of their formation has great potential to predict in vivo responses to ionizing radiation, predisposition to cancer and probability of adverse reactions to radiotherapy. However, increasing complexity of experimentally and therapeutically setups (charged particle, FLASH …) is associated with several confounding factors that must be taken into account when interpreting RIF values. In this review, we discuss the spatiotemporal characteristics of RIF development after irradiation, addressing the common confounding factors, including cell proliferation and foci merging. We also describe the relevant endpoints and mathematical models that enable accurate biological interpretation of RIF formation and resolution. Finally, we discuss the use of RIF as a biomarker for quantification and prediction of in vivo radiation responses, including important caveats relating to the choice of the biological endpoint and the detection method. This review intends to help scientific community design radiobiology experiments using RIF as a key metric and to provide suggestions for their biological interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Penninckx
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Medical Physics Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 Rue Héger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eloise Pariset
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, 615 National Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 650 604 5343;
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Bahreyni-Toossi MT, Azimian H, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Mahmoudi M, Sadat-Darbandi M, Zafari N. Radiation-induced DNA damage and altered expression of p21, cyclin D1 and Mre11 genes in human fibroblast cell lines with different radiosensitivity. Mutat Res 2021; 823:111760. [PMID: 34390933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2021.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment of cancer. One of the main challenges in this treatment modality is radiation-induced complications in some patients affected by high radiosensitivity (RS). The differences in RS are determined mainly by genetic factors. Therefore, identifying the genes and mechanisms that affect RS in different cells is essential for evaluating radiotherapy outcomes. In the present study, the ability to repair DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) is evaluated, followed by examining the expression levels of CDKN1A (p21), cyclinD1, and Mre11 genes in human fibroblasts with different RSs. MATERIALS & METHODS Cellular RS was measured by survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2). The γ-H2AX assay was used for assessing DNA repair capacity. Eventually, gene expression levels from each cell line 4 and 24 h after irradiation (at 2, 4, and 8 Gy) were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS The SF2 values for the cell lines ranged from 0.286 to 0.641, and RS differences of fibroblast cells were identified. Among the studied genes, the expression of Mre11 was the most important. Analysis of the real-time PCR data showed that changes in Mre11 gene expression (4 h after 8 Gy irradiation) were directly correlated with the RS (R2 = 0.905). The difference in the expression of the p21 gene (4 h after 4 Gy irradiation) was also promising. Finally, the flow cytometry analysis showed that the radioresistant cell lines quickly repaired DBS damages. However, the repair process was slow in the radiosensitive cell line, and the residual damage is significantly higher than other cell lines (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that changes in the expression of p21 and Mre11 genes play an important role in cell response to radiation and thus these genes can be introduced as biomarkers to predict RS in normal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hosein Azimian
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sadat-Darbandi
- Department of Medical Physics, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Navid Zafari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Vinnikov V, Hande MP, Wilkins R, Wojcik A, Zubizarreta E, Belyakov O. Prediction of the Acute or Late Radiation Toxicity Effects in Radiotherapy Patients Using Ex Vivo Induced Biodosimetric Markers: A Review. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E285. [PMID: 33339312 PMCID: PMC7766345 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A search for effective methods for the assessment of patients' individual response to radiation is one of the important tasks of clinical radiobiology. This review summarizes available data on the use of ex vivo cytogenetic markers, typically used for biodosimetry, for the prediction of individual clinical radiosensitivity (normal tissue toxicity, NTT) in cells of cancer patients undergoing therapeutic irradiation. In approximately 50% of the relevant reports, selected for the analysis in peer-reviewed international journals, the average ex vivo induced yield of these biodosimetric markers was higher in patients with severe reactions than in patients with a lower grade of NTT. Also, a significant correlation was sometimes found between the biodosimetric marker yield and the severity of acute or late NTT reactions at an individual level, but this observation was not unequivocally proven. A similar controversy of published results was found regarding the attempts to apply G2- and γH2AX foci assays for NTT prediction. A correlation between ex vivo cytogenetic biomarker yields and NTT occurred most frequently when chromosome aberrations (not micronuclei) were measured in lymphocytes (not fibroblasts) irradiated to relatively high doses (4-6 Gy, not 2 Gy) in patients with various grades of late (not early) radiotherapy (RT) morbidity. The limitations of existing approaches are discussed, and recommendations on the improvement of the ex vivo cytogenetic testing for NTT prediction are provided. However, the efficiency of these methods still needs to be validated in properly organized clinical trials involving large and verified patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Vinnikov
- S.P. Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology and Oncology, National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Ruth Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 1C1, Canada;
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, MBW Department, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Room 515, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Eduardo Zubizarreta
- Section of Applied Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy, Division of Human Health, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Oleg Belyakov
- Section of Applied Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy, Division of Human Health, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria;
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Cullen D, Bryant J, Maguire A, Medipally D, McClean B, Shields L, Noone E, Bradshaw S, Finn M, Dunne M, Shannon AM, Armstrong J, Howe O, Meade AD, Lyng FM. Raman spectroscopy of lymphocytes for the identification of prostate cancer patients with late radiation toxicity following radiotherapy. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.201900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cullen
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Jane Bryant
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Adrian Maguire
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Dinesh Medipally
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Brendan McClean
- Department of Medical Physics Saint Luke's Radiation Oncology Network Dublin Ireland
| | - Laura Shields
- Department of Medical Physics Saint Luke's Radiation Oncology Network Dublin Ireland
| | - Emma Noone
- Clinical Trials Unit Saint Luke's Radiation Oncology Network at St Luke's Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Shirley Bradshaw
- Clinical Trials Unit Saint Luke's Radiation Oncology Network at St Luke's Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Marie Finn
- Clinical Trials Unit Saint Luke's Radiation Oncology Network at St Luke's Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Mary Dunne
- Clinical Trials Unit Saint Luke's Radiation Oncology Network at St Luke's Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | | | - John Armstrong
- Cancer Trials Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Department of Radiation Oncology Saint Luke's Radiation Oncology Network at St Luke's Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Orla Howe
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Biological and Health Sciences Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Aidan D. Meade
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
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7
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Slator C, Molphy Z, McKee V, Long C, Brown T, Kellett A. Di-copper metallodrugs promote NCI-60 chemotherapy via singlet oxygen and superoxide production with tandem TA/TA and AT/AT oligonucleotide discrimination. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2733-2750. [PMID: 29474633 PMCID: PMC5888725 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to expand the current repertoire of cancer treatments and to help circumvent limitations associated with resistance, the identification of new metallodrugs with high potency and novel mechanisms of action is of significant importance. Here we present a class of di-copper(II) complex based on the synthetic chemical nuclease [Cu(Phen)2]+ (where Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) that is selective against solid epithelial cancer cells from the National Cancer Institute's 60 human cell line panel (NCI-60). Two metallodrug leads are studied and in each case two [Cu(Phen)2]+ units are bridged by a dicarboxylate linker but the length and rigidity of the linkers differ distinctly. Both agents catalyze intracellular superoxide (O2•-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) formation with radical species mediating oxidative damage within nuclear DNA in the form of double strand breaks and to the mitochondria in terms of membrane depolarization. The complexes are effective DNA binders and can discriminate AT/AT from TA/TA steps of duplex DNA through induction of distinctive Z-like DNA or by intercalative interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creina Slator
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Zara Molphy
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Conor Long
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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8
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Gomolka M, Blyth B, Bourguignon M, Badie C, Schmitz A, Talbot C, Hoeschen C, Salomaa S. Potential screening assays for individual radiation sensitivity and susceptibility and their current validation state. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:280-296. [PMID: 31347938 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1642544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The workshop on 'Individual Radiosensitivity and Radiosusceptibility' organized by MELODI and CONCERT on Malta in 2018, evaluated the current state of assays to identify sensitive and susceptible subgroups. The authors provide an overview on potential screening assays detecting individuals showing moderate to severe early and late radiation reactions or are at increased risk to develop cancer upon radiation exposure.Conclusion: It is necessary to separate clearly between tissue reactions and stochastic effects such as cancer when comparing the existing literature to validate various test systems. Requirements for the assays are set up. The literature is reviewed for assays that are reliable and robust. Sensitivity and specificity of the assays are regarded and scrutinized for modifying factors. Accuracy of an assay system is required to be more than 90% to balance risks of adverse reactions against risk to fail to cure the cancer. No assay/biomarker is in routine use. Assays that have shown predictive potential for radiosensitivity include SNPs, the RILA assay, and the pATM assay. A tree of risk guideline for radiologists is provided to assist medical treatment decisions. Recommendations for effective research include the setup of common retrospective and prospective cohorts/biobanks to validate current and future tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomolka
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Public Health England, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Schmitz
- Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Talbot
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Hoeschen
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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9
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Habash M, Bohorquez LC, Kyriakou E, Kron T, Martin OA, Blyth BJ. Clinical and Functional Assays of Radiosensitivity and Radiation-Induced Second Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110147. [PMID: 29077012 PMCID: PMC5704165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the near instantaneous physical interaction of radiation energy with living cells leaves little opportunity for inter-individual variation in the initial yield of DNA damage, all the downstream processes in how damage is recognized, repaired or resolved and therefore the ultimate fate of cells can vary across the population. In the clinic, this variability is observed most readily as rare extreme sensitivity to radiotherapy with acute and late tissue toxic reactions. Though some radiosensitivity can be anticipated in individuals with known genetic predispositions manifest through recognizable phenotypes and clinical presentations, others exhibit unexpected radiosensitivity which nevertheless has an underlying genetic cause. Currently, functional assays for cellular radiosensitivity represent a strategy to identify patients with potential radiosensitivity before radiotherapy begins, without needing to discover or evaluate the impact of the precise genetic determinants. Yet, some of the genes responsible for extreme radiosensitivity would also be expected to confer susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer, which can be considered another late adverse event associated with radiotherapy. Here, the utility of functional assays of radiosensitivity for identifying individuals susceptible to radiotherapy-induced second cancer is discussed, considering both the common mechanisms and important differences between stochastic radiation carcinogenesis and the range of deterministic acute and late toxic effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habash
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Luis C Bohorquez
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Kyriakou
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Tomas Kron
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Blyth
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
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10
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Palla VV, Karaolanis G, Katafigiotis I, Anastasiou I, Patapis P, Dimitroulis D, Perrea D. gamma-H2AX: Can it be established as a classical cancer prognostic factor? Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695931. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks are among the first procedures taking place in cancer formation and progression as a result of endogenic and exogenic factors. The histone variant H2AX undergoes phosphorylation at serine 139 due to double-strand breaks, and the gamma-H2AX is formatted as a result of genomic instability. The detection of gamma-H2AX can potentially serve as a biomarker for transformation of normal tissue to premalignant and consequently to malignant tissues. gamma-H2AX has already been investigated in a variety of cancer types, including breast, lung, colon, cervix, and ovary cancers. The prognostic value of gamma-H2AX is indicated in certain cancer types, such as breast or endometrial cancer, but further investigation is needed to establish gamma-H2AX as a prognostic marker. This review outlines the role of gamma-H2AX in cell cycle, and its formation as a result of DNA damage. We investigate the role of gamma-H2AX formation in several cancer types and its correlation with other prognostic factors, and we try to find out whether it fulfills the requirements for its establishment as a classical cancer prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria-Varvara Palla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Diakonie-Klinikum Schwäbisch Hall, Schwäbisch Hall, Germany
| | - Georgios Karaolanis
- 1st Department of Surgery, Vascular Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Katafigiotis
- 1st University Urology Clinic, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- 1st University Urology Clinic, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Patapis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon General Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Despoina Perrea
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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11
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Slator C, Molphy Z, McKee V, Kellett A. Triggering autophagic cell death with a di-manganese(II) developmental therapeutic. Redox Biol 2017; 12:150-161. [PMID: 28236767 PMCID: PMC5328722 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need for novel metal-based chemotherapeutics with alternative modes of action compared to clinical agents such as cisplatin and metallo-bleomycin. Recent attention in this field has focused on designing intracellular ROS-mediators as powerful cytotoxins of human cancers and identifying potentially unique toxic mechanisms underpinning their utility. Herein, we report the developmental di-manganese(II) therapeutic [Mn2(μ-oda)(phen)4(H2O)2][Mn2(μ-oda)(phen)4(oda)2]·4H2O (Mn-Oda) induces autophagy-promoted apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3). The complex was initially identified to intercalate DNA by topoisomerase I unwinding and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Intracellular DNA damage, detected by γH2AX and the COMET assay, however, is not linked to direct Mn-Oda free radical generation, but is instead mediated through the promotion of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to autophagic vacuole formation and downstream nuclear degradation. To elucidate the cytotoxic profile of Mn-Oda, a wide range of biomarkers specific to apoptosis and autophagy including caspase release, mitochondrial membrane integrity, fluorogenic probe localisation, and cell cycle analysis were employed. Through these techniques, the activity of Mn-Oda was compared directly to i.) the pro-apoptotic clinical anticancer drug doxorubicin, ii.) the multimodal histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoyanilide hydroxamic acid, and iii.) the autophagy inducer rapamycin. In conjunction with ROS-specific trapping agents and established inhibitors of autophagy, we have identified autophagy-induction linked to mitochondrial superoxide production, with confocal image analysis of SKOV3 cells further supporting autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creina Slator
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Zara Molphy
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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12
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Brengues M, Lapierre A, Bourgier C, Pèlegrin A, Özsahin M, Azria D. T lymphocytes to predict radiation-induced late effects in normal tissues. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 17:119-127. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1271715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Brengues
- Immunotargeting and Radiobiology in Oncology, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ariane Lapierre
- Immunotargeting and Radiobiology in Oncology, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Bourgier
- Immunotargeting and Radiobiology in Oncology, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- Immunotargeting and Radiobiology in Oncology, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - David Azria
- Immunotargeting and Radiobiology in Oncology, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Herskind C, Talbot CJ, Kerns SL, Veldwijk MR, Rosenstein BS, West CML. Radiogenomics: A systems biology approach to understanding genetic risk factors for radiotherapy toxicity? Cancer Lett 2016; 382:95-109. [PMID: 26944314 PMCID: PMC5016239 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse reactions in normal tissue after radiotherapy (RT) limit the dose that can be given to tumour cells. Since 80% of individual variation in clinical response is estimated to be caused by patient-related factors, identifying these factors might allow prediction of patients with increased risk of developing severe reactions. While inactivation of cell renewal is considered a major cause of toxicity in early-reacting normal tissues, complex interactions involving multiple cell types, cytokines, and hypoxia seem important for late reactions. Here, we review 'omics' approaches such as screening of genetic polymorphisms or gene expression analysis, and assess the potential of epigenetic factors, posttranslational modification, signal transduction, and metabolism. Furthermore, functional assays have suggested possible associations with clinical risk of adverse reaction. Pathway analysis incorporating different 'omics' approaches may be more efficient in identifying critical pathways than pathway analysis based on single 'omics' data sets. Integrating these pathways with functional assays may be powerful in identifying multiple subgroups of RT patients characterised by different mechanisms. Thus 'omics' and functional approaches may synergise if they are integrated into radiogenomics 'systems biology' to facilitate the goal of individualised radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | | | - Sarah L Kerns
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Marlon R Veldwijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Catharine M L West
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Vandevoorde C, Depuydt J, Veldeman L, De Neve W, Sebastià N, Wieme G, Baert A, De Langhe S, Philippé J, Thierens H, Vral A. In vitro cellular radiosensitivity in relationship to late normal tissue reactions in breast cancer patients: a multi-endpoint case-control study. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:823-836. [PMID: 27586010 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1230238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A minority of patients exhibits severe late normal tissue toxicity after radiotherapy (RT), possibly related to their inherent individual radiation sensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate four different candidate in vitro cellular radiosensitivity assays for prediction of late normal tissue reactions, in a retrospective matched case-control set-up of breast cancer patients. METHODS The study population consists of breast cancer patients expressing severe radiation toxicity (12 cases) and no or minimal reactions (12 controls), with a follow-up for at least 3 years. Late adverse reactions were evaluated by comparing standardized photographs pre- and post-RT resulting in an overall cosmetic score and by clinical examination using the LENT-SOMA scale. Four cellular assays on peripheral blood lymphocytes reported to be associated with normal tissue reactions were performed after in vitro irradiation of patient blood samples to compare case and control radiation responses: radiation-induced CD8+ late apoptosis, residual DNA double-strand breaks, G0 and G2 micronucleus assay. RESULTS A significant difference was observed for all cellular endpoints when matched cases and controls were compared both pairwise and grouped. However, it is important to point out that most case-control pairs showed a substantial overlap in standard deviations, which questions the predictive value of the individual assays. The apoptosis assay performed best, with less apoptosis seen in CD8+ lymphocytes of the cases (average: 14.45%) than in their matched controls (average: 30.64%) for 11 out of 12 patient pairs (p < .01). The number of residual DNA DSB was higher in cases (average: 9.92 foci/cell) compared to their matched control patients (average: 9.17 foci/cell) (p < .01). The average dose response curve of the G0 MN assay for cases lies above the average dose response curve of the controls. Finally, a pairwise comparison of the G2 MN results showed a higher MN yield for cases (average: 351 MN/1000BN) compared to controls (average: 219 MN/1000BN) in 9 out of 10 pairs (p < .01). CONCLUSION This matched case-control study in breast cancer patients, using different endpoints for in vitro cellular radiosensitivity related to DNA repair and apoptosis, suggests that patients' intrinsic radiosensitivity is involved in the development of late normal tissue reactions after RT. Larger prospective studies are warranted to validate the retrospective findings and to use in vitro cellular assays in the future to predict late normal tissue radiosensitivity and discriminate individuals with marked RT responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlot Vandevoorde
- a Ghent University , Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Ghent , Belgium.,b National Research Foundation (NRF) , iThemba LABS , Somerset West , South Africa
| | - Julie Depuydt
- a Ghent University , Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Liv Veldeman
- c Department of Radiotherapy , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Wilfried De Neve
- c Department of Radiotherapy , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Natividad Sebastià
- d Radiation Protection Service , IISLAFE , Valencia , Spain.,e Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Imagen GIBI230 , IISLAFE , Valencia , Spain
| | - Greet Wieme
- a Ghent University , Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Ghent , Belgium.,f Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Annelot Baert
- a Ghent University , Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sofie De Langhe
- a Ghent University , Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jan Philippé
- g Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Hubert Thierens
- a Ghent University , Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- a Ghent University , Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Ghent , Belgium
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Compromized DNA repair as a basis for identification of cancer radiotherapy patients with extreme radiosensitivity. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:212-219. [PMID: 27693457 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A small percentage of cancer radiotherapy patients develop abnormally severe side effects as a consequence of intrinsic radiosensitivity. We analysed the γ-H2AX response to ex-vivo irradiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and plucked eyebrow hair follicles from 16 patients who developed severe late radiation toxicity following radiotherapy, and 12 matched control patients. Longer retention of the γ-H2AX signal and lower colocalization efficiency of repair factors in over-responding patients confirmed that DNA repair in these individuals was compromised. Five of the radiosensitive patients harboured LoF mutations in DNA repair genes. An extensive range of quantitative parameters of the γ-H2AX response were studied with the objective to establish a predictor for radiosensitivity status. The most powerful predictor was the combination of the fraction of the unrepairable component of γ-H2AX foci and repair rate in PBL, both derived from non-linear regression analysis of foci repair kinetics. We introduce a visual representation of radiosensitivity status that allocates a position for each patient on a two-dimensional "radiosensitivity map". This analytical approach provides the basis for larger prospective studies to further refine the algorithm, ultimately to triage capability.
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16
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Nuta O, Somaiah N, Boyle S, Chua MLK, Gothard L, Yarnold J, Rothkamm K, Herskind C. Correlation between the radiation responses of fibroblasts cultured from individual patients and the risk of late reaction after breast radiotherapy. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:324-30. [PMID: 26944319 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Late normal tissue toxicity varies widely between patients and limits breast radiotherapy dose. Here we aimed to determine its relationship to DNA damage responses of fibroblast cultures from individual patients. Thirty-five breast cancer patients, with minimal or marked breast changes after breast-conserving therapy consented to receive a 4 Gy test irradiation to a small skin field of the left buttock and have punch biopsies taken from irradiated and unirradiated skin. Early-passage fibroblast cultures were established by outgrowth and irradiated in vitro with 0 or 4 Gy. 53BP1 foci, p53 and p21/CDKN1A were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. Residual 53BP1 foci counts 24 h after in vitro irradiation were significantly higher in fibroblasts from RT-sensitive versus RT-resistant patients. Furthermore, significantly larger fractions of p53- but not p21/CDKN1A-positive fibroblasts were found in cultures from RT-sensitive patients without in vitro irradiation, and 2 h and 6 d post-irradiation. Exploratory analysis showed a stronger p53 response 2 h after irradiation of fibroblasts established from patients with severe reaction. These results associate the radiation response of fibroblasts with late reaction of the breast after RT and suggest a correlation with severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Nuta
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, UK
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sue Boyle
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Melvin Lee Kiang Chua
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, UK; National Cancer Centre, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610
| | - Lone Gothard
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - John Yarnold
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, UK; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Reduced DNA double-strand break repair capacity and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck--A case-control study. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 40:18-26. [PMID: 26963119 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke and alcohol use play important roles in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Smoking causes DNA damage, including double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), that leads to carcinogenesis. To test the hypothesis that suboptimal DSB repair capacity is associated with risk of SCCHN, we applied a flow cytometry-based method to detect the DSB repair phenotype first in four EBV-immortalized human lymphoblastoid cell lines and then in human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTLs). With this blood-based laboratory assay, we conducted a pilot case-control study of 100 patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated SCCHN and 124 cancer-free controls of non-Hispanic whites. We found that the mean DSB repair capacity level was significantly lower in cases (42.1%) than that in controls (54.4%) (P<0.001). When we used the median DSB repair capacity level in the controls as the cutoff value for calculating the odds ratios (ORs) with adjustment for age, sex, smoking and drinking status, the cases were more likely than the controls to have a reduced DSB repair capacity (adjusted OR=1.93; 95% confidence interval, CI=1.04-3.56, P=0.037), especially for those subjects who were ever drinkers (adjusted OR=2.73; 95% CI=1.17-6.35, P=0.020) and had oropharyngeal tumors (adjusted OR=2.17; 95% CI=1.06-4.45, P=0.035). In conclusion, these findings suggest that individuals with a reduced DSB repair capacity may be at an increased risk of developing SCCHN. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Pinkawa M, Brzozowska K, Kriehuber R, Eble MJ, Schmitz S. Prediction of radiation-induced toxicity by in vitro radiosensitivity of lymphocytes in prostate cancer patients. Future Oncol 2016; 12:617-24. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To identify predictive assays for radiation-induced toxicity in prostate cancer patients. Patients & methods: Patients have been surveyed prospectively before and up to 16 months after radiotherapy using a validated questionnaire. Subgroups of 25 patients with minor and larger score changes, respectively, were selected for γ-H2AX, G2 and Annexin V assays. Results: A significantly higher spontaneous chromatid aberration yield (HR: 1.46 [95% CI: 1.02–2.09]; p = 0.04), higher levels of early apoptotic (HR: 1.12 [95% CI: 1.01–1.24]; p = 0.04) and late apoptotic and necrotic (HR: 1.10 [95% CI: 0.99–1.23]; p = 0.08) lymphocytes 24 h post-irradiation were found in patients with a bowel bother score decrease greater than 20 points more than 1 year after treatment. Conclusion: Chromatid aberration and apoptosis/necrosis assays appear to be suitable for the prediction of radiation-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pinkawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kinga Brzozowska
- Research Center Juelich GmbH, Department of Safety & Radiation Protection, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Ralf Kriehuber
- Research Center Juelich GmbH, Department of Safety & Radiation Protection, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael J Eble
- Department of Radiation Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmitz
- Research Center Juelich GmbH, Department of Safety & Radiation Protection, 52425 Juelich, Germany
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Fuentes-Raspall MJ, Caragol I, Alonso C, Ramón y Cajal T, Fisas D, Seoane A, Carvajal N, Bonache S, Díez O, Gutiérrez-Enríquez S. Apoptosis for prediction of radiotherapy late toxicity: lymphocyte subset sensitivity and potential effect of TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism. Apoptosis 2015; 20:371-82. [PMID: 25398538 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We tested apoptosis levels in in vitro irradiated T-lymphocytes from breast cancer (BC) patients with radiotherapy-induced late effects. Previous results reported in the literature were revised. We also examined the effect of TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism on irradiation-induced apoptosis (IA). Twenty BC patients, ten with fibrosis and/or telangiectasias and ten matched controls with no late reactions, were selected from those receiving radiotherapy between 1993 and 2007. All patients were followed-up at least 6 years after radiotherapy. Using the combination of both CD3 and CD8 antibodies the in vitro IA was measured in CD3, CD8 and CD4 T-lymphocytes, and CD8 natural killer lymphocytes (CD8 NK) by flow cytometry. The TP53 Arg72Pro genotype was determined by sequencing. Patients with late radiotherapy toxicity showed less IA for all T-lymphocytes except for the CD8 NK. CD8 NK showed the highest spontaneous apoptosis and the lowest IA. IA in patients with toxicity appears to be lower than the control patients only in TP53 Arg/Arg patients (P = 0.077). This difference was not present in patients carrying at least one Pro allele (P = 0.8266). Our data indicate that late side effects induced by radiotherapy of BC are associated to low levels of IA. CD8 NK cells have a different response to in vitro irradiation compared to CD8 T-lymphocytes. It would be advisable to distinguish the CD8 NK lymphocytes from the pool of CD8+ lymphocytes in IA assays using CD8+ cells. Our data suggest that the 72Pro TP53 allele may influence the IA of patients with radiotherapy toxicity.
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20
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Djuzenova CS, Zimmermann M, Katzer A, Fiedler V, Distel LV, Gasser M, Waaga-Gasser AM, Flentje M, Polat B. A prospective study on histone γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci expression in rectal carcinoma patients: correlation with radiation therapy-induced outcome. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:856. [PMID: 26541290 PMCID: PMC4635621 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of histone γ-H2AX and 53BP1 proteins to predict the radiotherapy (RT) outcome of patients with rectal carcinoma (RC) was evaluated in a prospective study. High expression of the constitutive histone γ-H2AX is indicative of defective DNA repair pathway and/or genomic instability, whereas 53BP1 (p53-binding protein 1) is a conserved checkpoint protein with properties of a DNA double-strand breaks sensor. METHODS Using fluorescence microscopy, we assessed spontaneous and radiation-induced foci of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from unselected RC patients (n = 53) undergoing neoadjuvant chemo- and RT. Cells from apparently healthy donors (n = 12) served as references. RESULTS The γ-H2AX assay of in vitro irradiated lymphocytes revealed significantly higher degree of DNA damage in the group of unselected RC patients with respect to the background, initial (0.5 Gy, 30 min) and residual (0.5 Gy and 2 Gy, 24 h post-radiation) damage compared to the control group. Likewise, the numbers of 53BP1 foci analyzed in the samples from 46 RC patients were significantly higher than in controls except for the background DNA damage. However, both markers were not able to predict tumor stage, gastrointestinal toxicity or tumor regression after curative RT. Interestingly, the mean baseline and induced DNA damage was found to be lower in the group of RC patients with tumor stage IV (n = 7) as compared with the stage III (n = 35). The difference, however, did not reach statistical significance, apparently, because of the limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS The study shows higher expression of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci in rectal cancer patients compared with healthy individuals. Yet the data in vitro were not predictive in regard to the radiotherapy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Zimmermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid Katzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Fiedler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Luitpold V Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Martin Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Bülent Polat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.
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Marková E, Somsedíková A, Vasilyev S, Pobijaková M, Lacková A, Lukačko P, Belyaev I. DNA repair foci and late apoptosis/necrosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes of breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:934-45. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Borràs M, Armengol G, De Cabo M, Barquinero JF, Barrios L. Comparison of methods to quantify histone H2AX phosphorylation and its usefulness for prediction of radiosensitivity. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:915-24. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Siddiqui MS, François M, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Persistent γH2AX: A promising molecular marker of DNA damage and aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:1-19. [PMID: 26596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX (termed γH2AX). Persistent γH2AX is the level of γH2AX above baseline, measured at a given time-point beyond which DNA DSBs are normally expected to be repaired (usually persist for days to months). This review summarizes the concept of persistent γH2AX in the context of exogenous source induced DNA DSBs (e.g. ionizing radiation (IR), chemotherapeutic drugs, genotoxic agents), and endogenous γH2AX levels in normal aging and accelerated aging disorders. Summary of the current literature demonstrates the following (i) γH2AX persistence is a common phenomenon that occurs in humans and animals; (ii) nuclei retain persistent γH2AX foci for up to several months after IR exposure, allowing for retrospective biodosimetry; (iii) the combination of various radiosensitizing drugs with ionizing radiation exposure leads to persistent γH2AX response, thus enabling the potential for monitoring cancer patients' response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as tailoring cancer treatments; (iv) persistent γH2AX accumulates in telomeric DNA and in cells undergoing cellular senescence; and (v) increased endogenous γH2AX levels may be associated with diseases of accelerated aging. In summary, measurement of persistent γH2AX could potentially be used as a marker of radiation biodosimetry, evaluating sensitivity to therapeutic genotoxins and radiotherapy, and exploring the association of unrepaired DNA DSBs on telomeres with diseases of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Willers H, Gheorghiu L, Liu Q, Efstathiou JA, Wirth LJ, Krause M, von Neubeck C. DNA Damage Response Assessments in Human Tumor Samples Provide Functional Biomarkers of Radiosensitivity. Semin Radiat Oncol 2015; 25:237-50. [PMID: 26384272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for individualization of radiation therapy and treatment with radiosensitizing anticancer agents. Genomic profiling of human cancers provides us with unprecedented insight into the mutational landscape of genes directly or indirectly involved in the response to radiation-induced DNA damage. However, to what extent this wealth of structural information about the cancer genome produces biomarkers of sensitivity to radiation remains to be seen. Investigators are increasingly studying the subnuclear accumulation (ie, foci) of proteins in the DNA damage response (DDR), such as gamma-H2AX, 53BP1, or RAD51, as a surrogate of treatment sensitivity. Recent findings from preclinical studies have demonstrated the predictive potential of DDR foci by correlating foci with clinically relevant end points such as tumor control probability. Therefore, preclinical investigations of DDR foci responses are increasingly moving into cells and tissues from patients, which is the major focus of this review. The advantage of using DDR foci as functional biomarkers is that they can detect alterations in DNA repair due to various mechanisms. Moreover, they provide a global measurement of DDR network function without needing to know the identities of all the components, many of which remain unknown. Foci assays are thus expected to yield functional insight that may complement or supersede genomic information, thereby giving radiation oncologists unique opportunities to individualize cancer treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Liliana Gheorghiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lori J Wirth
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mechthild Krause
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Germany
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Sánchez-Flores M, Pásaro E, Bonassi S, Laffon B, Valdiglesias V. γH2AX Assay as DNA Damage Biomarker for Human Population Studies: Defining Experimental Conditions. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:406-13. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Shields L, Vega-Carrascal I, Singleton S, Lyng FM, McClean B. Cell Survival and DNA Damage in Normal Prostate Cells Irradiated Out-of-Field. Radiat Res 2014; 182:499-506. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13777.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Chua MLK, Horn S, Somaiah N, Davies S, Gothard L, A'Hern R, Yarnold J, Rothkamm K. DNA double-strand break repair and induction of apoptosis in ex vivo irradiated blood lymphocytes in relation to late normal tissue reactions following breast radiotherapy. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:355-64. [PMID: 24622963 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test whether induction of apoptosis following ex vivo X-irradiation of unstimulated blood lymphocytes correlated with clinical radiosensitivity and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in breast radiotherapy patients and healthy volunteers. Using small molecule inhibitors, the relationship between DSB repair and radiation-induced apoptosis was examined. Sixteen breast cancer patients with minimal (controls, n = 8) or extremely marked late radiation-induced change (cases, n = 8) and eight healthy volunteers were selected. DSBs were quantified by γH2AX/53BP1 immunofluorescence, and apoptosis was measured using a fluorogenic inhibitor of caspases assay. Mean γH2AX/53BP1 focus levels 24 h after exposure to 4 Gy were higher in cases (12.7 foci per cell) than in controls (10.3 foci per cell, p = 0.002). In contrast, the mean apoptotic fraction 48 h after 8 Gy was comparable, 37.2 % in cases and 34.7 % in controls (p = 0.442). Residual focus and apoptosis levels were not correlated within individuals (Spearman's R = -0.0059, p = 0.785). However, cells treated with DNA-PK inhibitor Nu7441 had higher focus and apoptosis levels 48 h after 1 Gy compared to mock-treated cells, suggesting that apoptosis induction following irradiation is modulated by DSB repair. This effect required functional ATM since cells treated simultaneously with Nu7441 and the ATM inhibitor Ku55933 were resistant to apoptosis despite high levels of residual foci. One clinical case displayed an impaired DNA-PK-dependent end-joining cellular phenotype. In summary, clinical radiosensitivity may be associated with impaired DSB repair in some patients. Although pharmaceutical inhibition of ATM and DNA-PK affected apoptosis induction and DSB repair, no association was observed between apoptosis and residual focus levels in patients and volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Lee Kiang Chua
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
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28
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Pouliliou S, Koukourakis MI. Gamma histone 2AX (γ-H2AX)as a predictive tool in radiation oncology. Biomarkers 2014; 19:167-80. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.898099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Pouliliou
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Radiobiology and Radiopathology Unit, Democritus University of Thrace
AlexandroupolisGreece
| | - Michael I. Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Radiobiology and Radiopathology Unit, Democritus University of Thrace
AlexandroupolisGreece
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29
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Mumbrekar KD, Fernandes DJ, Goutham HV, Sharan K, Vadhiraja BM, Satyamoorthy K, Bola Sadashiva SR. Influence of Double-Strand Break Repair on Radiation Therapy-Induced Acute Skin Reactions in Breast Cancer Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:671-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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30
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Charoen KM, Fallica B, Colson YL, Zaman MH, Grinstaff MW. Embedded multicellular spheroids as a biomimetic 3D cancer model for evaluating drug and drug-device combinations. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2264-71. [PMID: 24360576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular aggregates of cells, termed spheroids, are of interest for studying tumor behavior and for evaluating the response of pharmacologically active agents. Spheroids more faithfully reproduce the tumor macrostructure found in vivo compared to classical 2D monolayers. We present a method for embedding spheroids within collagen gels followed by quantitative and qualitative whole spheroid and single cell analyses enabling characterization over the length scales from molecular to macroscopic. Spheroid producing and embedding capabilities are demonstrated for U2OS and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, of osteosarcoma and breast adenocarcinoma origin, respectively. Finally, using the MDA-MB-231 tumor model, the chemotherapeutic response between paclitaxel delivery as a bolus dose, as practiced in the clinic, is compared to delivery within an expansile nanoparticle. The expansile nanoparticle delivery route provides a superior outcome and the results mirror those observed in a murine xenograft model. These findings highlight the synergistic beneficial results that may arise from the use of a drug delivery system, and the need to evaluate both drug candidates and delivery systems in the research and preclinical screening phases of a new cancer therapy development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie M Charoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian Fallica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yolonda L Colson
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Muhammad H Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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31
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Prisecaru A, McKee V, Howe O, Rochford G, McCann M, Colleran J, Pour M, Barron N, Gathergood N, Kellett A. Regulating Bioactivity of Cu2+ Bis-1,10-phenanthroline Artificial Metallonucleases with Sterically Functionalized Pendant Carboxylates. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8599-615. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401465m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Prisecaru
- School
of Chemical Sciences and the National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vickie McKee
- Chemistry
Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Orla Howe
- School of Biological Sciences & Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Garret Rochford
- School of Biological Sciences & Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Malachy McCann
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John Colleran
- School
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Milan Pour
- Department
of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 400 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Niall Barron
- School
of Chemical Sciences and the National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Gathergood
- School
of Chemical Sciences and the National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School
of Chemical Sciences and the National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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32
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Schmitz S, Brzozowska K, Pinkawa M, Eble M, Kriehuber R. Chromosomal Radiosensitivity Analyzed by FISH in Lymphocytes of Prostate Cancer Patients and Healthy Donors. Radiat Res 2013; 180:465-73. [DOI: 10.1667/rr3239.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schmitz
- a Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; and
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Correlation of dynamic changes in γ-H2AX expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from head and neck cancer patients with radiation-induced oral mucositis. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:155. [PMID: 23803252 PMCID: PMC3707835 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the role of γ-H2AX in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) as a predictive biomarker of the severity of oral mucositis (OM) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients with receiving radiotherapy. Methods In vitro assays for evaluating DNA damage and repair kinetics were performed on blood samples withdrawn from 25 HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before radiotherapy. As for the in vivo study, blood samples were also withdrawn before radiotherapy, and 1 hour after radiotherapy on the fourth and last days. Flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of γ-H2AX in PBLs. OM was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) scores twice a week and correlated with the expression of γ-H2AX. Results The in vitro assay results showed that patients with severe OM had higher γ-H2AX-specific relative fluorescence at various irradiation doses in the damage kinetics assay, with significantly higher γ-H2AX expression at 8 Gy (p = 0.039), and also at 24 hours after irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy in the repair kinetics assay, compared to the patients with mild OM (p = 0.008). The optimal cutoff value for relative fluorescence of γ-H2AX was 0.960, 24 hours post-irradiation. However, there were no significant differences in γ-H2AX expression at different times between the two groups, as assessed with the in vivo assay. Conclusions These results suggest that the damage and repair kinetics of γ-H2AX from PBLs in the in vitro study may have predictive value for identifying the grades of OM among HNC patients prior to radiotherapy.
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Djuzenova CS, Elsner I, Katzer A, Worschech E, Distel LV, Flentje M, Polat B. Radiosensitivity in breast cancer assessed by the histone γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:98. [PMID: 23617930 PMCID: PMC3653697 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High expression of constitutive histone γ-H2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA damage, might be indicative of defective DNA repair pathway or genomic instability. 53BP1 (p53-binding protein 1) is a conserved checkpoint protein with properties of a DNA double-strand breaks sensor. This study explores the relationship between the clinical radiosensitivity of tumor patients and the expression/induction of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 in vitro. METHODS Using immunostaining, we assessed spontaneous and radiation-induced foci of γ-H2AX and 53 BP1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from unselected breast cancer (BC) patients (n=57) undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Cells from apparently healthy donors (n=12) served as references. RESULTS Non-irradiated cells from controls and unselected BC patients exhibited similar baseline levels of DNA damage assessed by γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci. At the same time, the γ-H2AX assay of in vitro irradiated cells revealed significant differences between the control group and the group of unselected BC patients with respect to the initial (0.5 Gy, 30 min) and residual (2 Gy, 24 h post-radiation) DNA damage. The numbers of 53BP1 foci analyzed in 35 BC patients were significantly higher than in controls only in case of residual DNA damage. A weak correlation was found between residual foci of both proteins tested. In addition, cells from cancer patients with an adverse acute skin reaction (grade 3) to RT showed significantly increased radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci and their protracted disappearance compared to the group of BC patients with normal skin reaction (grade 0-1). The mean number of γ-H2AX foci after 5 clinical fractions was significantly higher than that before RT, especially in clinically radiosensitive patients. CONCLUSIONS The γ-H2AX assay may have potential for screening individual radiosensitivity of breast cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.krebshilfe.de/wir-foerdern.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str, 11, Würzburg D-97080, Germany.
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Valdiglesias V, Giunta S, Fenech M, Neri M, Bonassi S. γH2AX as a marker of DNA double strand breaks and genomic instability in human population studies. Mutat Res 2013; 753:24-40. [PMID: 23416207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are the gravest form of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Failure to detect DSB and activate appropriate DNA damage responses can cause genomic instability, leading to tumorigenesis and possibly accelerated aging. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) is used as a biomarker of cellular response to DSB and its potential for monitoring DNA damage and repair in human populations has been explored in this review. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed for articles, in English, on human studies reporting γH2AX as a biomarker of either DNA repair or DNA damage. A total of 68 publications were identified. Thirty-four studies (50.0%) evaluated the effect of medical procedures or treatments on γH2AX levels; 20 (29.4%) monitored γH2AX in specific pathological conditions with a case/control or case/case design; 5 studies (7.4%) evaluated the effect of environmental genotoxic exposures, and 9 (13.2%) were descriptive studies on cancer and aging. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (44.6%) or biopsies/tissue specimens (24.3%) were the most commonly used samples. γH2AX was scored by optical microscopy as immunostained foci (78%), or by flow cytometry (16%). Critical features affecting the reliability of the assay, including protocols heterogeneity, specimen, cell cycle, kinetics, study design, and statistical analysis, are hereby discussed. Because of its sensitivity, efficiency and mechanistic relevance, the γH2AX assay has great potential as a DNA damage biomarker; however, the technical and epidemiological heterogeneity highlighted in this review infer a necessity for experimental standardization of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Giunta
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Monica Neri
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy.
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Comparative analysis of three functional predictive assays in lymphocytes of patients with breast and gynaecological cancer treated by radiotherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2012; 4:219-26. [PMID: 23378851 PMCID: PMC3561604 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2012.32556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is a need to develop predictive tests that would allow identifying cancer patients with a high risk of developing side effects to radiotherapy. We compared the predictive value of three functional assays: the G0 aberration assay, the G2 aberration assay and the alkaline comet assay in lymphocytes of breast cancer and gynaecological cancer patients. Material and methods Peripheral blood was collected from 35 patients with breast cancer and 34 patients with gynaecological cancer before the onset of therapy. Chromosomal aberrations were scored in lymphocytes irradiated in the G0 or G2 phase of the cell cycle. DNA repair kinetics was performed with the alkaline comet assay following irradiation of unstimulated lymphocytes. The results were compared with the severity of early and late side effects to radiotherapy. Results No correlation was observed between the results of the assays and the severity of side effects. Moreover, each assay identified different patients as radiosensitive. Conclusions There is no simple correlation between the in vitro sensitivity of lymphocytes and the risk of developing early and late side effects.
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Kellett A, Howe O, O'Connor M, McCann M, Creaven BS, McClean S, Foltyn-Arfa Kia A, Casey A, Devereux M. Radical-induced DNA damage by cytotoxic square-planar copper(II) complexes incorporating o-phthalate and 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2'-dipyridyl. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:564-76. [PMID: 22659117 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-targeting copper(II) reagents have emerged as suitable drug candidates owing to the clinical success of the copper-activated, natural chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin. This agent and the synthetic chemical nuclease copper(II) bis-1,10-phenanthroline represent important templates for inorganic drug design owing to their ability to initiate free radical DNA scission. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological properties of 1:1:1 square-planar copper(II) complexes incorporating the dicarboxylate o-phthalate and 1,10-phenanthroline (1) or 2,2'-dipyridyl (2) ligands. Their broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic potential has been assessed at 24- and 96-h intervals, along with that of the clinical agent cisplatin, using breast (MCF-7), prostate (DU145), colon (HT29), and intrinsically cisplatin-resistant ovarian (SK-OV-3) human cancer cells. 1 represents a potent cytotoxic agent with IC(50) values ranging from 5.6 to 3.4μM across all cell lines, including SK-OV-3. The production of endogenous reactive oxygen species within SK-OV-3 cancer cells was monitored using the fluorophore 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate, and results indicate a concentration-dependent propensity toward ROS generation by 1 and 2 that mirrors their antitumoral behavior. DNA interaction studies, using fluorescence and viscosity measurements, were conducted in tandem with the DNA-targeting drugs actinomycin D and pentamidine, using calf thymus DNA, poly[d(A-T)(2)], and poly[d(G-C)(2)], with intercalation of 1 and 2 at the minor groove appearing to be the likely interaction mode. DNA cleavage reactions using superhelical plasmid DNA, in the presence of exogenous reductant, l-ascorbic acid, revealed excellent agreement between double-stranded DNA scission capability and antitumoral IC(50) concentration. The presence of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) was confirmed within SK-OV-3 cancer cells using immunodetection of γ-H2AX foci by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, with complex 1 quantitatively producing superior numbers of DSBs compared with complex 2. Superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic activity assays were conducted, and these activities are related to the ability of both complexes to cleave DNA through free radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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