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Duranti E, Cordani N, Villa C. Edaravone: A Novel Possible Drug for Cancer Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1633. [PMID: 38338912 PMCID: PMC10855093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in understanding the causes and progression of tumors, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In light of advances in cancer therapy, there has been a growing interest in drug repurposing, which involves exploring new uses for medications that are already approved for clinical use. One such medication is edaravone, which is currently used to manage patients with cerebral infarction and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, edaravone has also been investigated for its potential activities in treating cancer, notably as an anti-proliferative and cytoprotective drug against side effects induced by traditional cancer therapies. This comprehensive review aims to provide updates on the various applications of edaravone in cancer therapy. It explores its potential as a standalone antitumor drug, either used alone or in combination with other medications, as well as its role as an adjuvant to mitigate the side effects of conventional anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.D.); (N.C.)
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Jaylet T, Quintens R, Benotmane MA, Luukkonen J, Tanaka IB, Ibanez C, Durand C, Sachana M, Azimzadeh O, Adam-Guillermin C, Tollefsen KE, Laurent O, Audouze K, Armant O. Development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway for radiation-induced microcephaly via expert consultation and machine learning. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1752-1762. [PMID: 35947014 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain development during embryogenesis and in early postnatal life is particularly complex and involves the interplay of many cellular processes and molecular mechanisms, making it extremely vulnerable to exogenous insults, including ionizing radiation (IR). Microcephaly is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental abnormalities that is characterized by small brain size, and is often associated with intellectual deficiency. Decades of research span from epidemiological data on in utero exposure of the A-bomb survivors, to studies on animal and cellular models that allowed deciphering the most prominent molecular mechanisms leading to microcephaly. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is used to organize, evaluate and portray the scientific knowledge of toxicological effects spanning different biological levels of organizations, from the initial interaction with molecular targets to the occurrence of a disease or adversity. In the present study, the framework was used in an attempt to organize the current scientific knowledge on microcephaly progression in the context of ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. This work was performed by a group of experts formed during a recent workshop organized jointly by the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) associations to present the AOP approach and tools. Here we report on the development of a putative AOP for congenital microcephaly resulting from IR exposure based on discussions of the working group and we emphasize the use of a novel machine-learning approach to assist in the screening of the available literature to develop AOPs. CONCLUSION The expert consultation led to the identification of crucial biological events for the progression of microcephaly upon exposure to IR, and highlighted current knowledge gaps. The machine learning approach was successfully used to screen the existing knowledge and helped to rapidly screen the body of evidence and in particular the epidemiological data. This systematic review approach also ensured that the analysis was sufficiently comprehensive to identify the most relevant data and facilitate rapid and consistent AOP development. We anticipate that as machine learning approaches become more user-friendly through easy-to-use web interface, this would allow AOP development to become more efficient and less time consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jaylet
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMRS 1124, Paris, France
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Jukka Luukkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ignacia Braga Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 lenomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Chrystelle Ibanez
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTOX Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Durand
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTOX Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Health and Safety Division, 75775 CEDEX 16 Paris, France
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bfs), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, N-0579, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Olivier Laurent
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LEPID, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Audouze
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMRS 1124, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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Bertolet A, Ramos-Méndez J, Paganetti H, Schuemann J. The relation between microdosimetry and induction of direct damage to DNA by alpha particles. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34280910 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac15a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In radiopharmaceutical treatmentsα-particles are employed to treat tumor cells. However, the mechanism that drives the biological effect induced is not well known. Being ionizing radiation,α-particles can affect biological organisms by producing damage to the DNA, either directly or indirectly. Following the principle that microdosimetry theory accounts for the stochastic way in which radiation deposits energy in sub-cellular sized volumes via physical collisions, we postulate that microdosimetry represents a reasonable framework to characterize the statistical nature of direct damage induction byα-particles to DNA. We used the TOPAS-nBio Monte Carlo package to simulate direct damage produced by monoenergetic alpha particles to different DNA structures. In separate simulations, we obtained the frequency-mean lineal energy (yF) and dose-mean lineal energy (yD) of microdosimetric distributions sampled with spherical sites of different sizes. The total number of DNA strand breaks, double strand breaks (DSBs) and complex strand breaks per track were quantified and presented as a function of eitheryForyD.The probability of interaction between a track and the DNA depends on how the base pairs are compacted. To characterize this variability on compactness, spherical sites of different size were used to match these probabilities of interaction, correlating the size-dependent specific energy (z) with the damage induced. The total number of DNA strand breaks per track was found to linearly correlate withyFandzFwhen using what we defined an effective volume as microdosimetric site, while the yield of DSB per unit dose linearly correlated withyDorzD,being larger for compacted than for unfolded DNA structures. The yield of complex breaks per unit dose exhibited a quadratic behavior with respect toyDand a greater difference among DNA compactness levels. Microdosimetric quantities correlate with the direct damage imparted on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bertolet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - José Ramos-Méndez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States of America
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Takagi M, Demizu Y, Fujii O, Terashima K, Niwa Y, Daimon T, Tokumaru S, Fuwa N, Hareyama M, Okimoto T. Proton Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Results From a Single-Center Experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 109:964-974. [PMID: 33186616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although proton therapy is controversial, it has been used to treat localized prostate cancer over the past 2 decades. The purpose of this study is to examine the long-term efficacy and toxicity of proton therapy for localized prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS This was a retrospective observational study of 2021 patients from 2003 to 2014 at a single institution. Patients were classified using the risk groups defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, version 4.2019. Ninety-eight percent of the patients received 74 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) in 37 fractions. Fifty-one and 6% of the patients received neoadjuvant and adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy, respectively. The outcomes were the time of freedom from biochemical relapse and the time to late toxicity by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. The outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and were analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS The median follow-up period was 84 months (interquartile range, 60-110). The 5- and 10-year freedom from biochemical relapse rates were 100% and 100%, 99% and 88%, 93% and 86%, 90% and 79%, 88% and 68%, and 76% and 63% for the very low, low, favorable intermediate, unfavorable intermediate, high, and very high-risk groups, respectively. Patients with higher risk experienced biochemical relapse after shorter periods. The 5-year rates of grade 2 or higher late genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity were 2.2% and 4.0%, respectively. The results of multivariable analyses indicate that younger patients more often experienced biochemical relapse. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the favorable biochemical controls of proton therapy even in advanced localized prostate cancer patients with a low incidence of late toxicities, supporting the feasibility of conducting prospective clinical trials. The risk groups defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, version 4.2019, are useful to classify patients with localized prostate cancer. Our findings might suggest the necessity to develop a treatment strategy that accounts for the patient's age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Takagi
- Proton Therapy Center, Sapporo Teishinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Demizu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center Kobe Proton Center, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Osamu Fujii
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuki Terashima
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasue Niwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tsuyama Chuo Hospital, Tsuyama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Daimon
- Department of Biostatistics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sunao Tokumaru
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Fuwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Hareyama
- Proton Therapy Center, Sapporo Teishinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Okimoto
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
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Potential use of edaravone to reduce specific side effects of chemo-, radio- and immuno-therapy of cancers. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Matsumoto Y, Ando K, Kato TA, Sekino Y, Ishikawa H, Sakae T, Tsuboi K, Sakurai H. DIFFERENCE IN DEGREE OF SUB-LETHAL DAMAGE RECOVERY BETWEEN CLINICAL PROTON BEAMS AND X-RAYS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 183:93-97. [PMID: 30576477 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fractionated proton beam radiotherapy is spreading worldwide these days. However, biological data of sub-lethal damage recovery (SLDR) after proton irradiation is not known yet. We here conducted split-dose experiments (20-360 min intervals) to clarify SLDR kinetics, and also compared the kinetics between cells with different repairability of DNA double-strand breaks. CHO and 51D1 cell lines but not V3 cell line showed significant SLDR, which reached plateau in 4-6 h. The recovery rates and recovery halftime of SLDR after X-rays were significantly higher and shorter than proton beams for CHO and 51D1 cells, respectively. Additionally, the frequency of remaining gamma-H2AX foci after two fractions was remarkably higher for X-rays than proton beams. These data suggest that there is a difference between proton beam and X-rays in SLDR and the retained DNA double-strand breaks after split-dose irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Radiation Biology, Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Ando
- Medicine & Biology Division, Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takamitsu A Kato
- Radiation Cancer Biology and Oncology, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yuta Sekino
- Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Radiation Biology, Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishikawa
- Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Radiation Biology, Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeji Sakae
- Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Radiation Biology, Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuboi
- Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Radiation Biology, Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakurai
- Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Radiation Biology, Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Recovery from sublethal damage and potentially lethal damage : Proton beam irradiation vs. X‑ray irradiation. Strahlenther Onkol 2017; 194:343-351. [PMID: 29038831 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-017-1223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to clarify the biological response of tumor cells to proton beam irradiation, sublethal damage recovery (SLDR) and potentially lethal damage recovery (PLDR) induced after proton beam irradiation at the center of a 10 cm spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) were compared with those seen after X‑ray irradiation. METHODS Cell survival was determined by a colony assay using EMT6 and human salivary gland tumor (HSG) cells. First, two doses of 4 Gy/GyE (Gray equivalents, GyE) were given at an interfraction interval of 0-6 h. Second, five fractions of 1.6 Gy/GyE were administered at interfraction intervals of 0-5 min. Third, a delayed-plating assay involving cells in plateau-phase cultures was conducted. The cells were plated in plastic dishes immediately or 2-24 h after being irradiated with 8 Gy/GyE of X‑rays or proton beams. Furthermore, we investigated the degree of protection from the effects of X‑rays or proton beams afforded by the radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide to estimate the contribution of the indirect effect of radiation. RESULTS In both the first and second experiments, SLDR was more suppressed after proton beam irradiation than after X‑ray irradiation. In the third experiment, there was no difference in PLDR between the proton beam and X‑ray irradiation conditions. The degree of protection tended to be higher after X‑ray irradiation than after proton beam irradiation. CONCLUSION Compared with that seen after X‑ray irradiation, SLDR might take place to a lesser extent after proton beam irradiation at the center of a 10 cm SOBP, while the extent of PLDR does not differ significantly between these two conditions.
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Iwata H, Ogino H, Hashimoto S, Yamada M, Shibata H, Yasui K, Toshito T, Omachi C, Tatekawa K, Manabe Y, Mizoe JE, Shibamoto Y. Spot Scanning and Passive Scattering Proton Therapy: Relative Biological Effectiveness and Oxygen Enhancement Ratio in Cultured Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 95:95-102. [PMID: 27084632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), and contribution of the indirect effect of spot scanning proton beams, passive scattering proton beams, or both in cultured cells in comparison with clinically used photons. METHODS AND MATERIALS The RBE of passive scattering proton beams at the center of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) was determined from dose-survival curves in 4 cell lines using 6-MV X rays as controls. Survival of 2 cell lines after spot scanning and passive scattering proton irradiation was then compared. Biological effects at the distal end region of the SOBP were also investigated. The OER of passive scattering proton beams and 6 MX X rays were investigated in 2 cell lines. The RBE and OER values were estimated at a 10% cell survival level. The maximum degree of protection of radiation effects by dimethyl sulfoxide was determined to estimate the contribution of the indirect effect against DNA damage. All experiments comparing protons and X rays were made under the same biological conditions. RESULTS The RBE values of passive scattering proton beams in the 4 cell lines examined were 1.01 to 1.22 (average, 1.14) and were almost identical to those of spot scanning beams. Biological effects increased at the distal end of the SOBP. In the 2 cell lines examined, the OER was 2.74 (95% confidence interval, 2.56-2.80) and 3.08 (2.84-3.11), respectively, for X rays, and 2.39 (2.38-2.43) and 2.72 (2.69-2.75), respectively, for protons (P<.05 for both cells between X rays and protons). The maximum degree of protection was significantly higher for X rays than for proton beams (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The RBE values of spot scanning and passive scattering proton beams were almost identical. The OER was lower for protons than for X rays. The lower contribution of the indirect effect may partly account for the lower OER of protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maho Yamada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yasui
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kotoha Tatekawa
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Manabe
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Etsu Mizoe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Gerelchuluun A, Manabe E, Ishikawa T, Sun L, Itoh K, Sakae T, Suzuki K, Hirayama R, Asaithamby A, Chen DJ, Tsuboi K. The major DNA repair pathway after both proton and carbon-ion radiation is NHEJ, but the HR pathway is more relevant in carbon ions. Radiat Res 2015; 183:345-56. [PMID: 25738894 DOI: 10.1667/rr13904.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the roles of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) pathways in repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by exposure to high-energy protons and carbon ions (C ions) versus gamma rays in Chinese hamster cells. Two Chinese hamster cell lines, ovary AA8 and lung fibroblast V79, as well as various mutant sublines lacking DNA-PKcs (V3), X-ray repair cross-complementing protein-4 [XRCC4 (XR1), XRCC3 (irs1SF) and XRCC2 (irs1)] were exposed to gamma rays ((137)Cs), protons (200 MeV; 2.2 keV/μm) and C ions (290 MeV; 50 keV/μm). V3 and XR1 cells lack the NHEJ pathway, whereas irs1 and irs1SF cells lack the HR pathway. After each exposure, survival was measured using a clonogenic survival assay, in situ DSB induction was evaluated by immunocytochemical analysis of histone H2AX phosphorylation at serine 139 (γ-H2AX foci) and chromosome aberrations were examined using solid staining. The findings from this study showed that clonogenic survival clearly depended on the NHEJ and HR pathway statuses, and that the DNA-PKcs(-/-) cells (V3) were the most sensitive to all radiation types. While protons and γ rays yielded almost the same biological effects, C-ion exposure greatly enhanced the sensitivity of wild-type and HR-deficient cells. However, no significant enhancement of sensitivity in cell killing was seen after C-ion irradiation of NHEJ deficient cells. Decreases in the number of γ-H2AX foci after irradiation occurred more slowly in the NHEJ deficient cells. In particular, V3 cells had the highest number of residual γ-H2AX foci at 24 h after C-ion irradiation. Chromosomal aberrations were significantly higher in both the NHEJ- and HR-deficient cell lines than in wild-type cell lines in response to all radiation types. Protons and gamma rays induced the same aberration levels in each cell line, whereas C ions introduced higher but not significantly different aberration levels. Our results suggest that the NHEJ pathway plays an important role in repairing DSBs induced by both clinical proton and C-ion beams. Furthermore, in C ions the HR pathway appears to be involved in the repair of DSBs to a greater extent compared to gamma rays and protons.
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JIAO YANG, LIU CHANG, CUI FENGMEI, XU JIAYING, TONG JIAN, QI XIAOFEI, WANG LILI, ZHU WEI. Long intergenic non-coding RNA induced by X-ray irradiation regulates DNA damage response signaling in the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:169-176. [PMID: 25435953 PMCID: PMC4247013 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been regarded as the primary genetic regulators of several important biological processes. However, the biological functions of lncRNAs in radiation-induced lung damage remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effects of lncRNAs on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 12 Gy single doses of total body irradiation (TBI). LncRNA microarray screening was conducted at 24 h post-irradiation (IR) to investigate the differentially-expressed lncRNAs during RILI. Following the subsequent bioinformatics analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) validation, one of the verified differentially-expressed long intergenic radiation-responsive ncRNAs (LIRRs), LIRR1, was selected for further functional study. The normal human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line was used as the cell model. The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector for the lncRNA was designed, constructed and transfected using lipofectamine. RT-PCR, clonogenic and flow cytometry assays, immunofluorescence detection and western blot analysis were performed to reveal the role of the lncRNA in the radiosensitivity regulation of the RILI target cells. In lung tissues 24 h after 12 Gy TBI, six of the identified differentially-expressed LIRRs near the coding genes were validated using quantitative (q)PCR. The upregulation of two LIRRs was observed and confirmed using qPCR. LIRR1 was chosen for further functional study. Following the stable transfection of LIRR1, identified through G418 screening, increased radiosensitivity, evident cell cycle G1 phase arrest and increased γ-H2AX foci formation were observed in the bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line subsequent to IR. LIRR1 overexpression also led to decreased expression of the KU70, KU80 and RAD50 DNA repair proteins, marked activation of p53, decreased mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) expression, and substantially induced p21 and suppressed cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in BEAS-2B following IR. Subsequent to the use of Pifithrin-α, a specific inhibitor of p53 activation, increased MDM2 expression was observed in the LIRR1-overexpressing cells, suggesting that LIRR1 could mediate the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling in a p53-dependent manner. The present study provides a novel mechanism for RILI, using the concept of lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- YANG JIAO
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - CHANG LIU
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - FENG-MEI CUI
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - JIA-YING XU
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - JIAN TONG
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - XIAO-FEI QI
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - LI-LI WANG
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - WEI ZHU
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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