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Jiang S, Ma Y, Shi Y, Zou Y, Yang Z, Zhi W, Zhao Z, Shen W, Chen L, Wu Y, Wang L, Hu X, Wu H. Acute exposure of microwave impairs attention process by activating microglial inflammation. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:2. [PMID: 38178181 PMCID: PMC10768366 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention provides the foundation for cognitions, which was shown to be affected by microwave (MW) radiation. With the ubiquitous of microwaves, public concerns regarding the impact of MW radiation on attention has hence been increased. Our study aims to investigate the potential effect and mechanism of acute microwave exposure on attention. RESULTS We identified obvious impairment of attention in mice by the five-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task. Proteomic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed neuroinflammation and microglial activation potentially due to acute MW exposure. Moreover, biochemical analysis further confirmed microglial activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice subjected to acute MW exposure. Finally, minocycline, a commercially available anti-inflammatory compound, attenuated neuroinflammation, inhibited the upregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) including NR2A and NR2B, and also accelerated the attentional recovery after MW exposure. CONCLUSIONS We believe that microglial activation and NMDAR upregulation likely contribute to inattention induced by acute MW exposure, and we found that minocycline may be effective in preventing such process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingping Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqi Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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Wang H, Song L, Zhao L, Wang H, Xu X, Dong J, Zhang J, Yao B, Zhao X, Peng R. The dose-dependent effect of 1.5-GHz microwave exposure on spatial memory and the NMDAR pathway in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37427-37439. [PMID: 36574118 PMCID: PMC9792922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A certain power of microwave radiation could cause changes in the nervous, cardiovascular, and other systems of the body, and the brain was a sensitive target organ of microwave radiation injury. Studies have shown that microwaves can impair cognitive functions in humans and animals, such as learning and memory, attention, and orientation. The dose-dependent effect of microwave radiation is still unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of 1.5-GHz microwaves with different average power densities on locative learning and memory abilities, hippocampal structure, and related N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signalling pathway proteins in rats. A total number of 140 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: S group (sham exposure), L5 group (1.5-GHz microwaves with average power density = 5 mW/cm2), L30 group (1.5-GHz microwaves with average power density = 30 mW/cm2), and L50 group (1.5-GHz microwaves with average power density = 50 mW/cm2). Changes in spatial learning and memory, EEG activity, hippocampal structure, and NMDAR signalling pathway molecules were detected from 6 h to 28 d after microwave exposure. After exposure to 1.5-GHz microwaves, rats in the L30 and L50 groups showed impaired spatial memory, inhibited EEG activity, pyknosis and hyperchromatism of neuron nucleus, and changes in NMDAR subunits and downstream signalling molecules. In conclusion, 1.5-GHz microwaves with an average power density of 5, 30, and 50 mW/cm2 could induce spatial memory dysfunction, hippocampal structure changes, and changes in protein levels in rats, and there was a defined dose-dependent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lequan Song
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Rana JN, Mumtaz S, Choi EH, Han I. ROS production in response to high-power microwave pulses induces p53 activation and DNA damage in brain cells: Radiosensitivity and biological dosimetry evaluation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1067861. [PMID: 36910143 PMCID: PMC9996137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1067861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulsed high-power microwave (HPM) has many applications and is constantly being researched to expand its uses in the future. As the number of applications grows, the biological effects and safety level of pulsed HPM become a serious issue, requiring further research. Objective: The brain is regarded as the most vulnerable organ to radiation, raising concerns about determining an acceptable level of exposure. The effect of nanosecond pulses and the mechanisms underlying HPM on the brain has not been studied. For the first time, we observed the effect of pulsed 3.5 GHz HPM on brain normal astrocytes and cancer U87 MG cells, as well as the likely mechanisms involved. Methods: To generate 3.5 GHz HPM, an axial virtual cathode oscillator was constructed on pulsed power generator "Chundoong". The cells were directly exposed to HPM (10, 25, 40, and 60) pulses (1 mJ/pulse), with each pulse delivered after 1 min of charging time to evaluate the dose dependent effects. Results: A strong electric field (∼23 kV/cm) of HPM irradiation primarily causes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), altering cell viability, mitochondrial activity, and cell death rates in U87 and astrocytes at certain dosages. The ROS generation in response to HPM exposure was primarily responsible for DNA damage and p53 activation. The hazardous dosage of 60 pulses is acknowledged as having damaging effects on brain normal cells. Interestingly, the particular 25 pulses exhibited therapeutic effects on U87 cells via p53, Bax, and Caspase-3 activation. Conclusion: HPM pulses induced apoptosis-related events such as ROS burst and increased oxidative DNA damage at higher dosages in normal cells and specific 25 pulses in cancer U87. These findings are useful to understand the physiological mechanisms driving HPM-induced cell death, as well as the safety threshold range for HPM exposure on normal cells and therapeutic effects on cancer U87. As HPM technology advances, we believe this study is timely and will benefit humanity and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juie Nahushkumar Rana
- Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center (PBRC), Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohail Mumtaz
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center (PBRC), Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center (PBRC), Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihn Han
- Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center (PBRC), Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li M, Zhu Z, Ye Z, Wang H, Liu K. Effect of θ–γ neural oscillation stimulation in hippocampal CA3 area on spatial cognition ability in rats. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021; 50:762-769. [PMID: 35302315 PMCID: PMC8931610 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of θ–γ neural oscillation stimulation in hippocampal CA3 area on spatial cognition ability in rats. Methods: According to the results of Y maze shock avoidance training, the rats were divided into fast avoidance response group and general avoidance response group. Using endogenous θ–γ neural oscillations from the fast avoidance response rats to perform deep brain stimulation in vivo to the left and right hippocampal CA3 region of rats with general avoidance response, then the spatial cognition was tested by Y maze shock avoidance training. The variation of θ oscillation and low-γ neural oscillation phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) in CA3 area was analyzed by wavelet packet extraction technique. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit (NR2B) and postsynaptic density(PSD)-95 in hippocampal tissues of rats to explore its molecular mechanism. Results: Compared with the general avoidance response rats, the days to reach the standard, the training number, the correct response time and the error reaction number in simulated stimulus avoidance response rats were significantly reduced, but the correct response rate was significantly increased (all P<0.01); the θ–γ neural oscillations PAC in the hippocampal CA3 region in the simulated stimulus avoidance response rats (3–5 Hz and 30–34, 38–42, 44–48 Hz; 5–7 Hz and 42–46, 44–48, 54–58 Hz) were significantly higher than that in the general avoidance response rats (all P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein expressions of NR2B and PSD-95 in hippocampal tissues were significantly increased (both P<0.05) in simulated stimulus avoidance response rats. Conclusion: The spatial cognition of normal avoidance response rats can be significantly improved by endogenous θ–γ neural oscillation stimulation to hippocampal CA3 region, which may be caused by the enhancement of synaptic plasticity mediated by NR2B and PSD-95.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Physiology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zaiman Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zheng Ye
- Clinical Medical College, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China
| | - Keyu Liu
- School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China
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5
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Yu XJ, Xiao T, Liu XJ, Li Y, Qi J, Zhang N, Fu LY, Liu KL, Li Y, Kang YM. Effects of Nrf1 in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus on Regulating the Blood Pressure During Hypertension. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:805070. [PMID: 34938159 PMCID: PMC8685333 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.805070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate and mortality of hypertension increase every year. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a critical role on the pathophysiology of hypertension. It has been demonstrated that the imbalance of neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE), glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are closely related to sympathetic overactivity and pathogenesis of hypertension. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), consisting of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, is considered to be a glutamate-gated ion channel, which binds to Glu, and activates neuronal activity. Studies have found that the synthesis of respiratory chain enzyme complex was affected and mitochondrial function was impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), further indicating that mitochondria is associated with hypertension. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) is a transcription factor that modulates mitochondrial respiratory chain and is related to GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B promoters. However, the brain mechanisms underlying PVN Nrf1 modulating sympathoexcitation and blood pressure during the development of hypertension remains unclear. In this study, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying the shRNA targeting rat Nrf1 gene (shNrf1) was injected into bilateral PVN of male rats underwent two kidneys and one clip to explore the role of Nrf1 in mediating the development of hypertension and sympathoexcitation. Administration of shNrf1 knocked down the expression of Nrf1 and reduced the expression of excitatory neurotransmitters, increased the expression of inhibitory neurotransmitters, and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and attenuated sympathoexcitation and hypertension. The results indicate that knocking down Nrf1 suppresses sympathoexcitation in hypertension by reducing PVN transcription of NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B), rebalancing PVN excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, inhibiting PVN neuronal activity and oxidative stress, and attenuating sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Datong University School of Medicine, Datong, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Datong University School of Medicine, Datong, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
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6
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The Role of NMDAR and BDNF in Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Different Microwave Radiation Conditions in Rats. RADIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/radiation1040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the effects of different levels of microwave radiation on learning and memory in Wistar rats and explore the underlying mechanisms of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR/NR) and Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF); Methods: A total of 140 Wistar rats were exposed to microwave radiation levels of 0, 10, 30 or 50 mW/cm2 for 6 min. Morris Water Maze Test, high-performance liquid chromatography, Transmission Electron Microscope and Western blotting were used; Results: The 30 and 50 mW/cm2 groups exhibited longer average escape latencies and fewer platform crossings than the 0 mW/cm2 group from 6 h to 3 d after microwave radiation. Alterations in the amino acid neurotransmitters of the hippocampi were shown at 6 h, 3 d and 7 d after exposure to 10, 30 or 50 mW/cm2 microwave radiation. The length and width of the Postsynaptic density were increased. The expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B increased from day 1 to day 7; Postsynaptic density protein-95 and cortactin expression increased from day 3 to day 7; BDNF and Tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) expression increased between 6 h and 1 d after 30 mW/cm2 microwave radiation exposure, but they decreased after 50mW/cm2 exposure. Conclusions: Microwave exposure (30 or 50 mW/cm2, for 6 min) may cause abnormalities in neurotransmitter release and synaptic structures, resulting in impaired learning and memory; BDNF and NMDAR-related signaling molecules might contribute differently to these alterations.
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7
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Hu C, Zuo H, Li Y. Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Neurotransmitters in the Brain. Front Public Health 2021; 9:691880. [PMID: 34485223 PMCID: PMC8415840 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of electronic information in the past 30 years, technical achievements based on electromagnetism have been widely used in various fields pertaining to human production and life. Consequently, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) has become a substantial new pollution source in modern civilization. The biological effects of EMR have attracted considerable attention worldwide. The possible interaction of EMR with human organs, especially the brain, is currently where the most attention is focused. Many studies have shown that the nervous system is an important target organ system sensitive to EMR. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the neurobiological effects of EMR, including the metabolism and transport of neurotransmitters. As messengers of synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters play critical roles in cognitive and emotional behavior. Here, the effects of EMR on the metabolism and receptors of neurotransmitters in the brain are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Hu
- Anhui Medical University, Academy of Life Sciences, Hefei, China.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Anhui Medical University, Academy of Life Sciences, Hefei, China.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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Lai YF, Wang HY, Peng RY. Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 33597038 PMCID: PMC7890848 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields, such as communication, industry, medical treatment, and military applications. Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs, such as the brain, heart, reproductive organs, and endocrine organs, which endanger human health. Therefore, it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation. The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies. In this article, we review the microwave exposure conditions, subjects used to establish injury models, the methods used for the assessment of the injuries, and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Lai
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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9
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Zhao L, Sun Y, Yu C, Chen J, Xu X, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang H, Dong J, Yao B, Zhou H, Liu S, Peng R. Astragaloside protects rat brain from microwave-induced functional injuries via restoring acetylcholine and normalizing electroencephalogram. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40787-40794. [PMID: 32677014 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies from our group and others have reported that 30 mW/cm2 microwave could damage the structures of rat hippocampus, as well as impair the neuronal functions. The neuroprotective effects of astragaloside, purified from Astragalus membranaceus, have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we found that 30 mW/cm2 microwave impaired spatial learning and memory ability in rats, while astragaloside could significantly alleviate the injuries. The pathological analysis also showed that astragaloside protected neurons from microwave-induced damages, such as mitochondrial swelling and cavitation, rough endoplasmic reticulum swelling and dilation, synaptic gap disappearing, and vesicle aggregation. Moreover, microwave-induced structural damage of synapse resulted in downregulation of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter for information transmission, while astragaloside could protect the structure of synapse, as well as restore the acetylcholine level in rat hippocampus. Furthermore, astragaloside also accelerated the recovery of brain electroencephalogram (EEG) after microwave exposure, indicating that astragaloside could promote the normalization of neuronal functions. In conclusion, astragaloside protected the morphological structures and restored acetylcholine level in rat hippocampus, which could improve brain functions via normalizing brain EEG. Therefore, astragaloside might be a promising candidate to treat microwave-induced injuries of central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunbo Sun
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchen Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Mumtaz S, Bhartiya P, Kaushik N, Adhikari M, Lamichhane P, Lee SJ, Kaushik NK, Choi EH. Pulsed high-power microwaves do not impair the functions of skin normal and cancer cells in vitro: A short-term biological evaluation. J Adv Res 2019; 22:47-55. [PMID: 31956441 PMCID: PMC6961216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed high power microwave (MW) at a frequency 3.5 GHz was generated. MW did not induce cell death in skin fibroblast normal cells and melanoma cells. MW did not alter the morphology of melanoma cells. Gene expression related to ATP synthesis and proliferation can get altered by MW. MW selectively stimulated viability and proliferation of only melanoma cells.
Over the past few decades, microwave (MW) radiation has been widely used, and its biological effects have been extensively investigated. However, the effect of MW radiation on human skin biology is not well understood. We study the effects of pulsed high-power microwaves (HPMs) on melanoma (G361 and SK-Mel-31) and normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells. A pulsed power generator (Chundoong) was used to generate pulsed HPMs (dominant frequency: 3.5 GHz). For treatment 1, 5, 15, and 45 shots are given to cells in which the electromagnetic energy of 0.6 J was delivered to the cells at each trigger shot. Cell viability, proliferation rate, apoptosis, cell death, metabolic activity, and oxygen-free radical regulation were evaluated after the MW exposure at low and high doses. MW exposure increased the viabilities and proliferation rates of both melanoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, while no significant effects on the fibroblast cells were observed. We found an elevated level of ATP and mitochondrial activity in melanoma cells. Also, it was observed that MW exposure did not affect cell death in melanoma and fibroblast cells. A polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the MWs induced dose-dependent proliferation markers without affecting the cell cycle and apoptotic genes in the melanoma cells. Our findings show the differential effects of the MW radiation on the melanoma cells, compared to those on the fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Mumtaz
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep Bhartiya
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep Lamichhane
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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11
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Jang JH, Kim YK, Jung WM, Kim HK, Song EM, Kim HY, Oh JY, Park JY, Ryu Y, Song MY, Park HJ. Acupuncture Improves Comorbid Cognitive Impairments Induced by Neuropathic Pain in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:995. [PMID: 31616240 PMCID: PMC6763606 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that neuropathic pain is frequently accompanied by cognitive impairments, which aggravate the quality of life of chronic pain patients. Here, we investigated whether acupuncture treatments can improve cognitive dysfunction as well as allodynia induced by neuropathic pain in mice. One week after the left partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL), acupuncture treatments on the acupoints GB30-GB34 (AP1), HT7-GV20 (AP2), or control points (CP) were performed for 4 weeks. Notably, the significant attenuations of mechanical allodynia and cognitive impairment were observed in the AP1 group, but not in PSNL, AP2, or CP groups. A random decision forest classifier based on the pain and cognitive functions displayed that the acupuncture group was clearly segregated from the other groups. We also demonstrated that acupuncture restored the reduced field excitatory post-synaptic potentials and was able to elevate the expression levels of glutamate receptors (NR2B and GluR1) in the hippocampus. Moreover, the expressions of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and synaptic proteins (pPSD-95 and pSyn-1) were enhanced by acupuncture treatment. These results suggest that acupuncture can enhance hippocampal long-term action through the regulation of the synaptic efficacy and that acupuncture may provide a viable option for managing both pain and cognitive functions associated with chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Jang
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Korean Medicine Science Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu-Kang Kim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Hyung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mo Song
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Oh
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Korean Medicine Science Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeun Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Song
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Korean Medicine Science Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Sienkiewicz Z, van Rongen E. Can Low-Level Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields Effect Cognitive Behaviour in Laboratory Animals? A Systematic Review of the Literature Related to Spatial Learning and Place Memory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091607. [PMID: 31071933 PMCID: PMC6539921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review considers whether exposure to low-level radiofrequency (RF) fields, mostly associated with mobile phone technology, can influence cognitive behaviour of laboratory animals. Studies were nominated for inclusion using an a priori defined protocol with preselected criteria, and studies were excluded from analysis if they did not include sufficient details about the exposure, dosimetry or experimental protocol, or if they lacked a sham-exposed group. Overall, 62 studies were identified that have investigated the effects of RF fields on spatial memory and place learning and have been published since 1993. Of these, 17 studies were excluded, 20 studies reported no significant field-related effects, 21 studies reported significant impairments or deficits, and four studies reported beneficial consequences. The data do not suggest whether these outcomes are related to specific differences in exposure or testing conditions, or simply represent chance. However, some studies have suggested possible molecular mechanisms for the observed effects, but none of these has been substantiated through independent replication. Further behavioural studies could prove useful to resolve this situation, and it is suggested that these studies should use a consistent animal model with standardized exposure and testing protocols, and with detailed dosimetry provided by heterogeneous, anatomically-realistic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Sienkiewicz
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Eric van Rongen
- Health Council of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 16052, 2500 BB The Hague, The Netherlands.
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13
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Zhou H, Dong G, Zheng W, Wang S, Wang L, Zhi W, Wang C. Radiofrequency radiation at 2.856 GHz does not affect key cellular endpoints in neuron-like PC12 cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 38:102-110. [PMID: 30482060 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1550787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential cytotoxicity of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on central nervous system, rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were exposed to 2.856 GHz RF radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg for 8 h a day for 2 days in 35 mm Petri dishes. During exposure, the real-time variation of the culture medium temperature was monitored in the first hour. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and cell apoptosis rate were assessed immediately after exposure by flow cytometry. The results showed that the medium temperature raised about 0.93 °C, but no significant changes were observed in apoptosis, ROS levels or intracellular Ca2+ concentration after treatment. Although several studies suggested that RF radiation does indeed cause neurological effects, this study presented inconsistent results, indicating that 2.856 GHz RF radiation exposure at a SAR of 4 W/kg does not have a dramatic impact on PC12 cells, and suggests the need for further investigation on the key cellular endpoints of other nerve cells after exposure to RF radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhou
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guofu Dong
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wen Zheng
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shuiming Wang
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
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14
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Karimi N, Bayat M, Haghani M, Saadi HF, Ghazipour GR. 2.45 GHz microwave radiation impairs learning, memory, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the rat. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:873-883. [PMID: 30345889 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718798976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) radiation has a close relationship with neurobehavioral disorders. Due to the widespread usage of MW radiation, especially in our homes, it is essential to investigate the direct effect of MW radiation on the central nervous system. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effect of MW radiation on memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz MW radiation (continuous wave with overall average power density of 0.016 mW/cm2 and overall average whole-body specific absorption rate value of 0.017 W/kg) for 2 h/day over a period of 40 days. Spatial learning and memory were tested by radial maze and passive avoidance tests. We evaluated the synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neuronal cells number by field potential recording and Giemsa staining, respectively. Our results showed that MW radiation exposure decreased the learning and memory performance that was associated with decrement of long-term potentiation induction and excitability of CA1 neurons. However, MW radiation did not have any effects on short-term plasticity and paired-pulse ratio as a good indirect index for measurement of glutamate release probability. The evaluation of hippocampal morphology indicated that the neuronal density in the hippocampal CA1 area was significantly decreased by MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Karimi
- Department of Physiology, The Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Haghani
- Department of Physiology, The Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Fahandezh Saadi
- Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Xu Y, Gu X, Di G. Duration-dependent effect of exposure to static electric field on learning and memory ability in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23864-23874. [PMID: 29881961 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of ultra-high-voltage direct-current (UHVDC) transmission, the strength of environmental static electric field (SEF) around UHVDC transmission lines increased substantially, which has aroused widely public attention on the potential health effects of SEF. In this study, the effect of SEF exposure on learning and memory ability was investigated. Institute of Cancer Research mice were exposed to 56.3 kV/m SEF for a short term (7 days) or long term (49 days). Behaviors in the Morris water maze (MWM) test, hippocampal neurotransmitter contents, and oxidative stress indicators were examined. Results showed that short-term SEF exposure significantly prolonged escape latency and decreased the number of platform-site crossovers, as well as decreased the time spent in the target quadrant in the MWM test. Meanwhile, serotonin level and the ratio of glutamate level to γ-aminobutyric acid level changed significantly. Besides, malondialdehyde content and glutathione peroxidase activity increased significantly, while superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly. After long-term SEF exposure, all indices above showed no significant differences between the SEF and sham exposure groups. These data indicated that short-term exposure to 56.3 kV/m SEF could cause abnormal neurotransmitter levels and oxidative stress in the hippocampus, which led to the decline in learning and memory ability. Under the condition of long-term exposure, the SEF-induced disturbances in neurotransmitter contents and redox balance were offset by the compensatory responses of mice, and thus, the learning and memory ability returned to normal level. The temporary and reversible decline in learning and memory ability was only a common biological effect of SEF rather than a health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Di
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Hao Y, Li W, Wang H, Zhang J, Yu C, Tan S, Wang H, Xu X, Dong J, Yao B, Zhou H, Zhao L, Peng R. Autophagy mediates the degradation of synaptic vesicles: A potential mechanism of synaptic plasticity injury induced by microwave exposure in rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:119-127. [PMID: 29408588 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore how autophagy changes and whether autophagy is involved in the pathophysiological process of synaptic plasticity injury caused by microwave radiation, we established a 30 mW/cm2 microwave-exposure in vivo model, which caused reversible injuries in rat neurons. Microwave radiation induced cognitive impairment in rats and synaptic plasticity injury in rat hippocampal neurons. Autophagy in rat hippocampal neurons was activated following microwave exposure. Additionally, we observed that synaptic vesicles were encapsulated by autophagosomes, a phenomenon more evident in the microwave-exposed group. Colocation of autophagosomes and synaptic vesicles in rat hippocampal neurons increased following microwave exposure. CONCLUSION microwave exposure led to the activation of autophagy in rat hippocampal neurons, and excessive activation of autophagy might damage synaptic plasticity by mediating synaptic vesicle degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Hao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengzhi Tan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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17
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Sage C, Hardell L. Fatal collision? Are wireless headsets a risk in treating patients? Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 37:95-99. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1422261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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18
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Shahin S, Banerjee S, Swarup V, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. From the Cover: 2.45-GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Hippocampal Learning and Spatial Memory: Involvement of Local Stress Mechanism-Induced Suppression of iGluR/ERK/CREB Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:349-374. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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19
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Abstract
This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiang-Jun Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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20
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Tan S, Wang H, Xu X, Zhao L, Zhang J, Dong J, Yao B, Wang H, Zhou H, Gao Y, Peng R. Study on dose-dependent, frequency-dependent, and accumulative effects of 1.5 GHz and 2.856 GHz microwave on cognitive functions in Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10781. [PMID: 28883530 PMCID: PMC5589914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have revealed the cognitive decline induced by microwave radiation. However, the systematic study on dose-dependent, frequency-dependent and accumulative effects of microwave exposure at different frequencies was lacking. Here, we studied the relationship between the effects and the power and frequency of microwave and analyzed the accumulative effects of two different frequency microwaves with the same average power density. After microwave radiation, declines in spatial learning and memory and fluctuations of brain electric activities were found in the 10 mW/cm2 single frequency exposure groups and accumulative exposure groups. Meanwhile, morphological evidences in hippocampus also supported the cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, the decrease of Nissl contents in neurons indicated protein-based metabolic disorders in neurons. By detecting the key functional proteins of cholinergic transmitter metabolism, cytokines, energy metabolism and oxidative stress in the hippocampus, we found that microwave could lead to multiple metabolic disorders. Our results showed that microwave-induced cognitive decline was largely determined by its power rather than frequency. Injury effects were also found in accumulative exposure groups. We particularly concerned about the safety dose, injury effects and accumulative effects of microwaves, which might be very valuable in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Tan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China.
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21
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Wang H, Tan S, Xu X, Zhao L, Zhang J, Yao B, Gao Y, Zhou H, Peng R. Long term impairment of cognitive functions and alterations of NMDAR subunits after continuous microwave exposure. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:1-9. [PMID: 28866028 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long term effects of continuous microwave exposure cannot be ignored for the simulation of the real environment and increasing concerns about the negative cognitive effects of microwave exposure. METHODS In this study, 220 male Wistar rats were exposed by a 2.856GHz radiation source with the average power density of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10mW/cm2 for 6min/day, 5days/week and up to 6weeks. The MWM task, the EEG analysis, the hippocampus structure observation and the western blot were applied until the 12months after microwave exposure to detect the spatial learning and memory abilities, the cortical electrical activity, changes of hippocampal structure and the NMDAR subunits expressions. RESULTS Results found that the rats in the 10mW/cm2 group showed the decline of spatial learning and memory abilities and EEG disorders (the decrease of EEG frequencies, and increase of EEG amplitudes and delta wave powers). Moreover, changes of basic structure and ultrastructure of hippocampus also found in the 10 and 5mW/cm2 groups. The decrease of NR 2A, 2B and p-NR2B might contribute to the impairment of cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that the continuous microwave exposure could cause the dose-dependent long term impairment of spatial learning and memory, the abnormalities of EEG and the hippocampal structure injuries. The decrease of NMDAR key subunits and phosphorylation of NR 2B might contribute to the cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengzhi Tan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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