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Liu L, Huang B, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Tang X, Shi Y. Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and biological systems. iScience 2024; 27:109201. [PMID: 38433903 PMCID: PMC10906530 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been extensively investigated during the past several decades, our understandings of the bioeffects of EMR and the mechanisms of the interactions between the biological systems and the EMRs are still far from satisfactory. In this article, we introduce and summarize the consensus, controversy, limitations, and unsolved issues. The published works have investigated the EMR effects on different biological systems including humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions. Alternative methodologies also include dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. In many studies, the thermal effects of the EMR are not properly controlled or considered. The frequency of the EMR investigated is limited to the commonly used bands, particularly the frequencies of the power line and the wireless communications; far fewer studies were performed for other EMR frequencies. In addition, the bioeffects of the complex EM environment were rarely discussed. In summary, our understanding of the bioeffects of the EMR is quite restrictive and further investigations are needed to answer the unsolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin-Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yingxian Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaping Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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Sun A, Zhao X, Li Z, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhou H, Dong G, Wang C. Effects of Long-Term and Multigeneration Exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to 9.4 GHz Microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:336-346. [PMID: 35544783 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies on the biological effects of microwaves are carried out using rodents and cells, but the conditions are difficult to control, and the irradiation period is short; the results obtained have always been controversial and difficult to reproduce. In this study, we expose nematodes to an electromagnetic environment for a long-term and multigeneration period to explore the possible biological effects. Wild-type N2 strains of Caenorhabditis elegans are exposed to 9.4 GHz microwaves at a specific adsorption rate of 4 W/kg for 10 h per day from L1 larvae to adults. Then, adult worms are washed off, and the laid eggs are kept to hatch L1 larvae, which are continuously exposed to microwaves until passing through 20 generations. The worms of the 10th, 15th, and 20th generations are collected for index detection. Interestingly, we found that the fecundity of C. elegans decreased significantly in the exposed group from the 15th generation. At the same time, we found that the growth of C. elegans decreased, motility decreased, and oxidative stress occurred in the exposed group from the 10th generation, which may play roles in the decreased spawning in worms. We preliminarily believe that the microwave energy received by worms leads to oxidative stress, which causes a decrease in the spawning rate, and the underlying mechanism needs to be further studied. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Sun
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guofu Dong
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
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Sun A, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou H, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhou S, Zhang C, Dong G, Wang C. Pulsed High-Peak Power Microwaves at 9.4 GHz Do Not Affect Basic Endpoints in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 43:5-13. [PMID: 34962293 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Because of the extensive application of electromagnetic technology, its health impact on humans has attracted widespread attention. Due to the lack of a model organism with a stable response to electromagnetic waves, the research conclusions on the biological effects of electromagnetic waves have been vague. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of irradiation by pulsed 9.4 GHz high-power microwaves with a peak power density of 2126 W/cm2 using Caenorhabditis elegans. The development, movement, egg production, ROS, and lifespan of C. elegans were detected at different times after irradiation with different repetitive frequencies of 10, 20, and 50 Hz for 30 min. The results indicated that no obvious changes in basic life indices were induced compared with the sham radiation group, but the survival rate of positive control was significantly decreased compared with other groups, which is of interest for microwave protection research based on C. elegans and provides data for updating safety standards with respect to pulsed high-peak power microwave. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Sun
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guofu Dong
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
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Magnetic Fields and Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102175. [PMID: 29057846 PMCID: PMC5666856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) ubiquitously exist in mammalian cells to participate in various cellular signaling pathways. The intracellular ROS levels are dependent on the dynamic balance between ROS generation and elimination. In this review, we summarize reported studies about the influences of magnetic fields (MFs) on ROS levels. Although in most cases, MFs increased ROS levels in human, mouse, rat cells, and tissues, there are also studies showing that ROS levels were decreased or not affected by MFs. Multiple factors could cause these discrepancies, including but not limited to MF type/intensity/frequency, exposure time and assay time-point, as well as different biological samples examined. It will be necessary to investigate the influences of different MFs on ROS in various biological samples systematically and mechanistically, which will be helpful for people to get a more complete understanding about MF-induced biological effects. In addition, reviewing the roles of MFs in ROS modulation may open up new scenarios of MF application, which could be further and more widely adopted into clinical applications, particularly in diseases that ROS have documented pathophysiological roles.
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