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Kandouz M. Cell Death, by Any Other Name…. Cells 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38391938 PMCID: PMC10886887 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies trying to understand cell death, this ultimate biological process, can be traced back to a century ago. Yet, unlike many other fashionable research interests, research on cell death is more alive than ever. New modes of cell death are discovered in specific contexts, as are new molecular pathways. But what is "cell death", really? This question has not found a definitive answer yet. Nevertheless, part of the answer is irreversibility, whereby cells can no longer recover from stress or injury. Here, we identify the most distinctive features of different modes of cell death, focusing on the executive final stages. In addition to the final stages, these modes can differ in their triggering stimulus, thus referring to the initial stages. Within this framework, we use a few illustrative examples to examine how intercellular communication factors in the demise of cells. First, we discuss the interplay between cell-cell communication and cell death during a few steps in the early development of multicellular organisms. Next, we will discuss this interplay in a fully developed and functional tissue, the gut, which is among the most rapidly renewing tissues in the body and, therefore, makes extensive use of cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss how the balance between cell death and communication is modified during a pathological condition, i.e., colon tumorigenesis, and how it could shed light on resistance to cancer therapy. Finally, we briefly review data on the role of cell-cell communication modes in the propagation of cell death signals and how this has been considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Far from vainly trying to provide a comprehensive review, we launch an invitation to ponder over the significance of cell death diversity and how it provides multiple opportunities for the contribution of various modes of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Wang X, Guo L, Qin T, Lai P, Jing Y, Zhang Z, Zhou G, Gao P, Ding G. Effects of X-ray cranial irradiation on metabolomics and intestinal flora in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115898. [PMID: 38171101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy is an important treatment for intracranial and head and neck tumors. To investigate the effects of cranial irradiation (C-irradiation) on gut microbiota and metabolomic profile, the feces, plasma and cerebral cortex were isolated after exposing mice to cranial X-ray irradiation at a dose rate of 2.33 Gy/min (5 Gy/d for 4 d consecutively). The gut microorganisms and metabolites were detected by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing method and LC-MS method, respectively. We found that compared with sham group, the gut microbiota composition changed at 2 W and 4 W after C-irradiation at the genus level. The fecal metabolomics showed that compared with Sham group, 44 and 66 differential metabolites were found to be annotated into metabolism pathways at 2 W and 4 W after C-irradiation, which were significantly enriched in the arginine and proline metabolism. Metabolome analysis of serum and cerebral cortex showed that, at 4 W after C-irradiation, the expression pattern of metabolites in serum samples of mice was similar to that of sham group, and the cerebral cortex metabolites of the two groups were completely separated. KEGG functional analysis showed that serum and brain tissue differential metabolites were respectively enriched in tryptophan metabolism, and arginine proline metabolism. The correlation analysis showed that the changes of gut microbiota genera were significantly correlated with the changes of metabolism, especially Helicobacter, which was significantly correlated with many different metabolites at 4 W after C-irradiation. These data suggested that C-irradiation could affect the gut microbiota and metabolism profile, even at relatively long times after C-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tongzhou Qin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
| | - Panpan Lai
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yuntao Jing
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhaowen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
| | - Guiqiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China; Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of public health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Guirong Ding
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
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Zhang K, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Li F, Chen Q, Cui F. LC3 Accelerated Brain-Lung Axis Abscopal Effects after Fractionated Whole-Brain Radiation by Promoting Motoneurons to Secrete Periostin. Radiat Res 2023; 200:462-473. [PMID: 37796808 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00075.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of autophagy on the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) in vivo is unclear. Here, the whole brains of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and C57BL/6 (B6) mice were irradiated once (10 Gy)(IR1), given 3 fractions in three weeks (IR3), or 6 fractions in six weeks (IR6). The median survival of LC3 mice was 56.5 days, and that of B6 mice was 65 days after IR6. LC3 mice showed more congestion and fibrosis in the lung after the IR3 and IR6 irradiation protocols than B6 mice. Quantitative proteomics of serum samples and lung RNA sequencing of the LC3 group showed that the common most clustered pathway of the IR3 group was the elastic fiber formation pathway, which contained Periostin (POSTN). POSTN in the motoneurons increased with increasing number of radiation fractions in LC3 mice. A 1 μg/g POSTN neutralizing antibody reduced the lung fibrosis of LC3 mice exposed to IR3 by one-third, and significantly prolonged the survival time of LC3 mice exposed to IR6. LDN-214117 and LRRK2-in-1 were the best two of sixteen transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β) receptor and autophagy mediators to decrease Postn mRNA. These data led us to conclude that LC3 accelerated motoneuron secretion of POSTN and aggravated the RIBE in the lung after brain irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
- Qidong People's Hospital/Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong 226200, P R China
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education 215123, P R China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education 215123, P R China
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education 215123, P R China
| | - Fang Li
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Qiu Chen
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education 215123, P R China
| | - Fengmei Cui
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education 215123, P R China
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Wan D, Zhu Z, Zhou J, Deng Z, Lei P, Liu Q, Sun X, Huang B. Astragaloside IV protects LO2 cells from oxidative damage caused by radiation-induced bystander effect through Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:635-647. [PMID: 37663802 PMCID: PMC10470369 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protective effects of astragaloside IV (ASIV) on various diseases are well known, but its potential impact on radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) has remained unclear. Objective This study aimed to explore the protective mechanism of ASIV against oxidative damage caused by RIBE in LO2 cells. Methods To construct the RIBE model, the conditioned medium from HepG2 cells irradiated with radiation was transferred to nonirradiated LO2 cells. LY294002, a commonly used phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway inhibitor, was added to LO2 cells 1 h before exposing HepG2 cells to radiation. LO2 cells were then collected for analyses after RIBE exposure. Results The study found that ASIV significantly improved cell proliferation and promoted the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential while reducing the rate of apoptosis. Western blot analyses demonstrated that ASIV upregulated B-cell lymphoma 2 and downregulated B-cell lymphoma 2-related X protein and cleaved-caspase 3. Measurement of reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde levels showed that ASIV effectively restored the oxidative stress state induced by RIBE. Additionally, immunofluorescence and western blots analyses confirmed that ASIV enhanced the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus and activated downstream nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate: quinine oxidoreductase 1 and heme oxygenase 1. Importantly, Akt pathway inhibitor repressed ASIV-induced activation of Nrf2 and its protective effect against RIBE. Conclusion This study demonstrates that ASIV protects LO2 cells against oxidative damage caused by RIBE through activation of the Akt/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zihao Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhengzheng Deng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Pengyuan Lei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, China
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Yang Z, Zhong W, Yang L, Wen P, Luo Y, Wu C. The emerging role of exosomes in radiotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:171. [PMCID: PMC9620591 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, more than half of cancer patients receive radiotherapy to cure localized cancer, palliate symptoms, or control the progression of cancer. However, radioresistance and radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBEs) are still challenging problems in cancer treatment. Exosomes, as a kind of extracellular vesicle, have a significant function in mediating and regulating intercellular signaling pathways. An increasing number of studies have shown that radiotherapy can increase exosome secretion and alter exosome cargo. Furthermore, radiation-induced exosomes are involved in the mechanism of radioresistance and RIBEs. Therefore, exosomes hold great promise for clinical application in radiotherapy. In this review, we not only focus on the influence of radiation on exosome biogenesis, secretion and cargoes but also on the mechanism of radiation-induced exosomes in radioresistance and RIBEs, which may expand our insight into the cooperative function of exosomes in radiotherapy.
Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Yang
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Yang
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Wen
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Yixuan Luo
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
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Roy A, Bera S, Saso L, Dwarakanath BS. Role of autophagy in tumor response to radiation: Implications for improving radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:957373. [PMID: 36172166 PMCID: PMC9510974 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.957373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved, lysosome-involved cellular process that facilitates the recycling of damaged macromolecules, cellular structures, and organelles, thereby generating precursors for macromolecular biosynthesis through the salvage pathway. It plays an important role in mediating biological responses toward various stress, including those caused by ionizing radiation at the cellular, tissue, and systemic levels thereby implying an instrumental role in shaping the tumor responses to radiotherapy. While a successful execution of autophagy appears to facilitate cell survival, abortive or interruptions in the completion of autophagy drive cell death in a context-dependent manner. Pre-clinical studies establishing its ubiquitous role in cells and tissues, and the systemic response to focal irradiation of tumors have prompted the initiation of clinical trials using pharmacologic modifiers of autophagy for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. However, the outcome from the Phase I/II trials in many human malignancies has so far been equivocal. Such observations have not only precluded the advancement of these autophagy modifiers in the Phase III trial but have also raised concerns regarding their introduction as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. This warrants a thorough understanding of the biology of the cancer cells, including its spatio-temporal context, as well as its microenvironment all of which might be the crucial factors that determine the success of an autophagy modifier as an anticancer agent. This review captures the current understanding of the interplay between radiation induced autophagy and the biological responses to radiation damage as well as provides insight into the potentials and limitations of targeting autophagy for improving the radiotherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Academy Degree College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Soumen Bera
- B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Bilikere S. Dwarakanath
- Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Institute, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
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Transcriptomes of Wet Skin Biopsies Predict Outcomes after Ionizing Radiation Exposure with Potential Dosimetric Applications in a Mouse Model. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3711-3734. [PMID: 36005150 PMCID: PMC9406351 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Countermeasures for radiation diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are trailing behind the proliferation of nuclear energy and weaponry. Radiation injury mechanisms at the systems biology level are not fully understood. Here, mice skin biopsies at h2, d4, d7, d21, and d28 after exposure to 1, 3, 6, or 20 Gy whole-body ionizing radiation were evaluated for the potential application of transcriptional alterations in radiation diagnosis and prognosis. Exposure to 20 Gy was lethal by d7, while mice who received 1, 3, or 6 Gy survived the 28-day time course. A Sammon plot separated samples based on survival and time points (TPs) within lethal (20 Gy) and sublethal doses. The differences in the numbers, regulation mode, and fold change of significantly differentially transcribed genes (SDTGs, p < 0.05 and FC > 2) were identified between lethal and sublethal doses, and down and upregulation dominated transcriptomes during the first post-exposure week, respectively. The numbers of SDTGs and the percentages of upregulated ones revealed stationary downregulation post-lethal dose in contrast to responses to sublethal doses which were dynamic and largely upregulated. Longitudinal up/downregulated SDTGs ratios suggested delayed and extended responses with increasing IR doses in the sublethal range and lethal-like responses in late TPs. This was supported by the distributions of common and unique genes across TPs within each dose. Several genes with potential dosimetric marker applications were identified. Immune, fibrosis, detoxification, hematological, neurological, gastric, cell survival, migration, and proliferation radiation response pathways were identified, with the majority predicted to be activated after sublethal and inactivated after lethal exposures, particularly during the first post-exposure week.
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Mukherjee S, Dutta A, Chakraborty A. The interaction of oxidative stress with MAPK, PI3/AKT, NF-κB, and DNA damage kinases influences the fate of γ-radiation-induced bystander cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 725:109302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Mukherjee S, Dutta A, Chakraborty A. The cross-talk between Bax, Bcl2, caspases, and DNA damage in bystander HepG2 cells is regulated by γ-radiation dose and time of conditioned media transfer. Apoptosis 2022; 27:184-205. [PMID: 35076828 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although radiation-induced bystander effects have been broadly explored in various biological systems, the molecular mechanisms and the consequences of different regulatory factors (dose, time, cell type) on bystander responses are not clearly understood. This study investigates the effects of irradiated cell-conditioned media (ICCM) collected at different times post-irradiation on bystander cancer cells regarding DNA damage and apoptosis induction. Human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were exposed to γ-ray doses of 2 Gy, 5 Gy, and 8 Gy. In the early and late stages (1 h, 2 h, and 24 h) after irradiation, the ICCM was collected and transferred to unirradiated cells. Compared to control, bystander cells showed an increased level of H2AX phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and elevation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway mediators such as p53, Bax, cas9, cas-3, and PARP cleavage. These results were confirmed by phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and scanning electron microscopic observations, suggesting a rise in bystander HepG2 cell apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2-level and viability were lower in bystander cells compared to control. The highest effects were observed in 8 Gy γ radiation-induced bystander cells. Even though the bystander effect was persistent at all time points of the study, ICCM at the early time points (1 or 2 h) had the most significant impact on the apoptosis markers in bystander cells. Nevertheless, 24 h ICCM induced the highest increase in H2AX and p53 phosphorylation and Bax levels. The effects of ICCM of irradiated HepG2 cells were additionally studied in normal liver cells BRL-3A to simulate actual radiotherapy conditions. The outcomes suggest that the expression of the signaling mediators in bystander cells is highly dynamic. A cross-talk between those signaling mediators regulates bystander responses depending on the radiation dose and time of incubation post-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmi Mukherjee
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Block-LB, Plot-8, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 106, India.
| | - Anindita Dutta
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Block-LB, Plot-8, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 106, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Block-LB, Plot-8, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 106, India
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Montesinos CA, Khalid R, Cristea O, Greenberger JS, Epperly MW, Lemon JA, Boreham DR, Popov D, Gorthi G, Ramkumar N, Jones JA. Space Radiation Protection Countermeasures in Microgravity and Planetary Exploration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080829. [PMID: 34440577 PMCID: PMC8398261 DOI: 10.3390/life11080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space radiation is one of the principal environmental factors limiting the human tolerance for space travel, and therefore a primary risk in need of mitigation strategies to enable crewed exploration of the solar system. METHODS We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding potential means to reduce the biological effects of space radiation. New countermeasure strategies for exploration-class missions are proposed, based on recent advances in nutrition, pharmacologic, and immune science. RESULTS Radiation protection can be categorized into (1) exposure-limiting: shielding and mission duration; (2) countermeasures: radioprotectors, radiomodulators, radiomitigators, and immune-modulation, and; (3) treatment and supportive care for the effects of radiation. Vehicle and mission design can augment the overall exposure. Testing in terrestrial laboratories and earth-based exposure facilities, as well as on the International Space Station (ISS), has demonstrated that dietary and pharmacologic countermeasures can be safe and effective. Immune system modulators are less robustly tested but show promise. Therapies for radiation prodromal syndrome may include pharmacologic agents; and autologous marrow for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). CONCLUSIONS Current radiation protection technology is not yet optimized, but nevertheless offers substantial protection to crews based on Lunar or Mars design reference missions. With additional research and human testing, the space radiation risk can be further mitigated to allow for long-duration exploration of the solar system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radina Khalid
- School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Octav Cristea
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (J.S.G.); (M.W.E.)
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (J.S.G.); (M.W.E.)
| | - Jennifer A. Lemon
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.A.L.); (D.R.B.)
| | - Douglas R. Boreham
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.A.L.); (D.R.B.)
| | - Dmitri Popov
- Advanced Medical Technologies and Systems Inc., Richmond Hill, ON L4B 1N1, Canada;
| | | | - Nandita Ramkumar
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jeffrey A. Jones
- Center for Space Medicine, Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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Apilan AG, Mothersill C. Targeted and Non-Targeted Mechanisms for Killing Hypoxic Tumour Cells-Are There New Avenues for Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168651. [PMID: 34445354 PMCID: PMC8395506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A major issue in radiotherapy is the relative resistance of hypoxic cells to radiation. Historic approaches to this problem include the use of oxygen mimetic compounds to sensitize tumour cells, which were unsuccessful. This review looks at modern approaches aimed at increasing the efficacy of targeting and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissues and asks the question of whether non-targeted effects in radiobiology may provide a new “target”. Novel techniques involve the integration of recent technological advancements such as nanotechnology, cell manipulation, and medical imaging. Particularly, the major areas of research discussed in this review include tumour hypoxia imaging through PET imaging to guide carbogen breathing, gold nanoparticles, macrophage-mediated drug delivery systems used for hypoxia-activate prodrugs, and autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, this review outlines several features of these methods, including the mechanisms of action to induce radiosensitization, the increased accuracy in targeting hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue, preclinical/clinical trials, and future considerations. Conclusions: This review suggests that the four novel tumour hypoxia therapeutics demonstrate compelling evidence that these techniques can serve as powerful tools to increase targeting efficacy and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue. Each technique uses a different way to manipulate the therapeutic ratio, which we have labelled “oxygenate, target, use, and digest”. In addition, by focusing on emerging non-targeted and out-of-field effects, new umbrella targets are identified, which instead of sensitizing hypoxic cells, seek to reduce the radiosensitivity of normal tissues.
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Radiation-Induced Metabolic Shifts in the Hepatic Parenchyma: Findings from 18F-FDG PET Imaging and Tissue NMR Metabolomics in a Mouse Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092573. [PMID: 33925109 PMCID: PMC8125521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: By taking advantage of 18F-FDG PET imaging and tissue nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, we examined the dynamic metabolic alterations induced by liver irradiation in a mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: After orthotopic implantation with the mouse liver cancer BNL cells in the right hepatic lobe, animals were divided into two experimental groups. The first received irradiation (RT) at 15 Gy, while the second (no-RT) did not. Intergroup comparisons over time were performed, in terms of 18F-FDG PET findings, NMR metabolomics results, and the expression of genes involved in inflammation and glucose metabolism. Results: As of day one post-irradiation, mice in the RT group showed an increased 18F-FDG uptake in the right liver parenchyma compared with the no-RT group. However, the difference reached statistical significance only on the third post-irradiation day. NMR metabolomics revealed that glucose concentrations peaked on day one post-irradiation both, in the right and left lobes—the latter reflecting a bystander effect. Increased pyruvate and glutamate levels were also evident in the right liver on the third post-irradiation day. The expression levels of the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) genes were down-regulated on the first and third post-irradiation days, respectively. Therefore, liver irradiation was associated with a metabolic shift from an impaired gluconeogenesis to an enhanced glycolysis from the first to the third post-irradiation day. Conclusion: Radiation-induced metabolic alterations in the liver parenchyma occur as early as the first post-irradiation day and show dynamic changes over time.
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13
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Saga R, Matsuya Y, Takahashi R, Hasegawa K, Date H, Hosokawa Y. 4-Methylumbelliferone administration enhances radiosensitivity of human fibrosarcoma by intercellular communication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8258. [PMID: 33859324 PMCID: PMC8050271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) is a candidate of radiosensitizers which enables both anti-tumour and anti-metastasis effects in X-ray therapy. The curative effects under such 4-MU administration have been investigated in vitro; however, the radiosensitizing mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the radiosensitizing effects under 4-MU treatment from cell experiments and model estimations. We generated experimental surviving fractions of human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080) after 4-MU treatment combined with X-ray irradiation. Meanwhilst, we also modelled the pharmacological effects of 4-MU treatment and theoretically analyzed the synergetic effects between 4-MU treatment and X-ray irradiation. The results show that the enhancement of cell killing by 4-MU treatment is the greatest in the intermediate dose range of around 4 Gy, which can be reproduced by considering intercellular communication (so called non-targeted effects) through the model analysis. As supposed to be the involvement of intercellular communication in radiosensitization, the oxidative stress level associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to DNA damage induction, is significantly higher by the combination of 4-MU treatment and irradiation than only by X-ray irradiation, and the radiosensitization by 4-MU can be suppressed by the ROS inhibitors. These findings suggest that the synergetic effects between 4-MU treatment and irradiation are predominantly attributed to intercellular communication and provide more efficient tumour control than conventional X-ray therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Saga
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Rei Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hasegawa
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Date
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hosokawa
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
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14
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Jia S, Ge S, Fan X, Leong KW, Ruan J. Promoting reactive oxygen species generation: a key strategy in nanosensitizer-mediated radiotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:759-778. [PMID: 33856241 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiotherapy enhancement effect of numerous nanosensitizers is based on the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and only a few systematic reviews have focused on the key strategy in nanosensitizer-mediated radiotherapy. To clarify the mechanism underlying this effect, it is necessary to understand the role of ROS in radiosensitization before clinical application. Thus, the source of ROS and their principle of tumor inhibition are first introduced. Then, nanomaterial-mediated ROS generation in radiotherapy is reviewed. The double-edged sword effect of ROS and the potential dangers they may pose to cancer patients are subsequently addressed. Finally, future perspectives regarding ROS-regulated nanosensitizer applications and development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichong Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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15
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Du Y, Du S, Liu L, Gan F, Jiang X, Wangrao K, Lyu P, Gong P, Yao Y. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect can be Transmitted Through Exosomes Using miRNAs as Effector Molecules. Radiat Res 2020; 194:89-100. [PMID: 32343639 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is a destructive reaction in nonirradiated cells and is one primary factor in determining the efficacy and success of radiation therapy in the field of cancer treatment. Previously reported studies have shown that the RIBE can be mediated by exosomes that carry miRNA components within. Exosomes, which are one type of cell-derived vesicle, exist in different biological conditions and serve as an important additional pathway for signal exchange between cells. In addition, exosome-derived miRNAs are confirmed to play an important role in RIBE, activating the bystander effect and genomic instability after radiotherapy. After investigating the field of RIBE, it is important to understand the mechanisms and consequences of biological effects as well as the role of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs therein, from different sources and under different circumstances, respectively. More discoveries could help to establish early interventions against RIBE while improving the efficacy of radiotherapy. Meanwhile, measures that would alleviate or even inhibit RIBE to some extent may exist in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shufang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feihong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoge Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaijuan Wangrao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Zou H, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Bian J, Liu Z. Gap Junction Intercellular Communication Negatively Regulates Cadmium-Induced Autophagy and Inhibition of Autophagic Flux in Buffalo Rat Liver 3A Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:596046. [PMID: 33390984 PMCID: PMC7774522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.596046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is an important environmental pollutant that poses a serious threat to the health of humans and animals. A large number of studies have shown that the liver is one of the important target organs of cadmium. Stimulation of cells can lead to rapid changes in gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) and autophagy. Previous studies have shown that cadmium can inhibit GJIC and induce autophagy. In order to understand the dynamic changes of GJIC and autophagy in the process of cadmium-induced hepatotoxic injury and the effects of GJIC on autophagy, a time-gradient model of cadmium cytotoxicity was established. The results showed that within 24 h of cadmium exposure, 5 μmol/L cadmium inhibited GJIC by down regulating the expression levels of connexin 43 (Cx43) and disturbing the localization of Cx43 in Buffalo rat liver 3A (BRL 3A) cells. In addition, cadmium induced autophagy and then inhibited autophagic flux in the later stage. During this process, inhibiting of GJIC could exacerbate the cytotoxic damage of cadmium and induce autophagy, but further blocked autophagic flux, promoting GJIC in order to obtain the opposite results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junzhao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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17
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Heeran AB, Berrigan HP, Buckley CE, Bottu HM, Prendiville O, Buckley AM, Clarke N, Donlon NE, Nugent TS, Durand M, Dunne C, Larkin JO, Mehigan B, McCormick P, Brennan L, Lynam-Lennon N, O'Sullivan J. Radiation-induced Bystander Effect (RIBE) alters mitochondrial metabolism using a human rectal cancer ex vivo explant model. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100882. [PMID: 33129115 PMCID: PMC7586242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced rectal cancer is treated with neoadjuvant-chemoradiotherapy, however only 22% of patients achieve a complete response. Resistance mechanisms are poorly understood. Radiation-induced Bystander Effect (RIBE) describes the effect of radiation on neighbouring unirradiated cells. We investigated the effects of ex vivo RIBE-induction from normal and rectal cancer tissue on bystander cell metabolism, mitochondrial function and metabolomic profiling. We correlated bystander events to patient clinical characteristics. Ex vivo RIBE-induction caused metabolic alterations in bystander cells, specifically reductions in OXPHOS following RIBE-induction in normal (p = 0.01) and cancer tissue (p = 0.03) and reduced glycolysis following RIBE-induction in cancer tissue (p = 0.01). Visceral fat area correlated with glycolysis (p = 0.02) and ATP production (p = 0.03) following exposure of cells to TCM from irradiated cancer biopsies. Leucine levels were reduced in the irradiated cancer compared to the irradiated normal secretome (p = 0.04). ROS levels were higher in cells exposed to the cancer compared to the normal secretome (p = 0.04). RIBE-induction ex vivo causes alterations in the metabolome in normal and malignant rectal tissue along with metabolic alterations in bystander cellular metabolism. This may offer greater understanding of the effects of RIBE on metabolism, mitochondrial function and the secreted metabolome. RIBE induction ex vivo alters mitochondrial metabolism in bystander cells. Rectal cancer secretome increases ROS in bystander cells. Higher leucine levels in the irradiated normal rectal secretome compared to the irradiated rectal cancer secretome Glycolysis and ATP levels in bystander cells correlate with patient's visceral fat area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling B Heeran
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Helen P Berrigan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Croí E Buckley
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Heleena Moni Bottu
- Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla Prendiville
- Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Amy M Buckley
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Niamh Clarke
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Noel E Donlon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Timothy S Nugent
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | - Cara Dunne
- GEMS, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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18
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Jia R, Chen Y, Jia C, Hu B, Du Y. Suppression of innate immune signaling molecule, MAVS, reduces radiation-induced bystander effect. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:102-110. [PMID: 32776819 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1807642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, located in the mitochondrial out-membrane, is necessary for IFN-beta induction and IFN-stimulated gene expression in response to external stress such as viral invasion and ionizing radiation (IR). Although the involvement of radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE) has been investigated for decades for secondary cancer risk related to radiotherapy, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear, especially the roles played by the immune factors such as MAVS. MATERIAL AND METHODS MAVS gene knockout cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology were used as donor cells or recipient cells to assess the role of MAVS in RIBE by means of co-cultured system. The micronucleus and γH2AX foci in the recipient cells were counted to demonstrate the degree of RIBE. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the recipient was measured using the fluorescent dye 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein. RESULTS Firstly, we found that MAVS expression level was different in A549, BEAS-2B, U937 and HepG2 cells. Cell co-culture experiments showed that MAVS participate in RIBE. Interestingly, the RIBE response was more significant in recipient cells with higher level of MAVS (i.e. A549) than that in recipient cells showing lower level of MAVS (i.e. BEAS-2B). Further, the bystander response was dramatically suppressed in MAVS-silenced A549 and BEAS-2B recipient cells. MAVS-silenced recipient cells exhibited lower level of ROS induced by IR. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the innate immune signaling molecule MAVS in recipient cells participate in RIBE. ROS is an important factor in RIBE via MAVS pathway and MAVS may be a potential target for the precise radiotherapy and radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jia
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiong Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cong Jia
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Burong Hu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yarong Du
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Zainudin Nh M, R A, W N R. Bystander Effect Induced in Breast Cancer (MCF-7) and Human Osteoblast Cell Lines (hFOB 1.19) with HDR-Brachytherapy. J Biomed Phys Eng 2020; 10:319-328. [PMID: 32637376 PMCID: PMC7321397 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Radiation induced bystander effects (RIBEs) occurs in unirradiated cells exhibiting indirect biological effect as a consequence of signals from other irradiated cells in the population. Objective: In this study, bystander effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and hFOB 1.19 normal osteoblast cells irradiated with gamma emitting HDR Brachytherapy Ir-192 source were investigated. Material and Methods: In this in-vitro study, bystander effect stimulation was conducted using medium transfer technique of irradiated cells to the non-irradiated bystander cells. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and colony forming assay was employed to evaluate the effect. Results: Results indicate that the exposure to the medium irradiated MCF-7 induced significant bystander killing and decreased the survival fraction of bystander MCF-7 and hFOB from 1.19 to 81.70 % and 65.44 %, respectively. A significant decrease in survival fraction was observed for hFOB 1.19 bystander cells (p < 0.05). We found that the rate of hFOB 1.19 cell growth significantly decreases to 85.5% when added with media from irradiated cells. The ROS levels of bystander cells for both cell lines were observed to have an increase even after 4 h of treatment. Our results suggest the presence of bystander effects in unirradiated cells exposed to the irradiated medium. Conclusion: These data provide evidence that irradiated MCF-7 breast cancer cells can induce bystander death in unirradiated MCF-7 and hFOB 1.19 bystander cells. Increase in cell death could also be mediated by the ROS generation during the irradiation with HDR brachytherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zainudin Nh
- PhD student, Medical Radiation Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- PhD student, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah R
- PhD, Medical Radiation Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahman W N
- PhD, Medical Radiation Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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20
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Hu S, Shao C. Research progress of radiation induced bystander and abscopal effects in normal tissue. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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21
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The Reduced Oligomerization of MAVS Mediated by ROS Enhances the Cellular Radioresistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2167129. [PMID: 32190169 PMCID: PMC7073501 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2167129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), located in the mitochondrial outmembrane, is believed to be a signaling adaptor with antiviral feature firstly, it has been shown that suppression of MAVS enhanced radioresistance. The mechanisms underlying this radioresistance remain unclear. Our current study demonstrated that knockdown of MAVS alleviated the radiation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and ATP production), downregulated the expressions of proapoptotic proteins, and reduced the generation of ROS in cells after irradiation. Furthermore, inhibition of mitochondrial ROS by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ reduced amounts of oligomerized MAVS after irradiation compared with the control group and also prevented the incidence of MN and increased the survival fraction of normal A549 cells after irradiation. To our knowledge, it is the first report to indicate that MAVS, an innate immune signaling molecule, is involved in radiation response via its oligomerization mediated by radiation-induced ROS, which may be a potential target for the precise radiotherapy or radioprotection.
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22
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Heeran AB, Berrigan HP, O'Sullivan J. The Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect (RIBE) and its Connections with the Hallmarks of Cancer. Radiat Res 2019; 192:668-679. [PMID: 31618121 DOI: 10.1667/rr15489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the pillars of cancer treatment, with approximately one half of all cancer patients receiving it as part of their standard of care. Emerging evidence indicates that the biological effects of radiation are not limited to targeted cells. The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) refers to the plethora of biological phenomena occurring in nonirradiated cells as a result of signal transmission from an irradiated cell. Experimental evidence has linked RIBE to numerous hallmarks of cancer including resisting cell death, tumor immune evasion, genomic instability, deregulated cellular energetics, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling as well as enhanced radioresistance, thus highlighting the potential role of RIBE events in patient treatment response. The mechanisms underlying RIBE events in vivo are poorly understood. However, elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in their manifestation may reveal novel therapeutic targets to improve radiation response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling B Heeran
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Helen P Berrigan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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23
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Zhang LY, Yong WX, Wang L, Zhang LX, Zhang YM, Gong HX, He JP, Liu YQ. Astragalus Polysaccharide Eases G1 Phase-Correlative Bystander Effects through Mediation of TGF-βR/MAPK/ROS Signal Pathway After Carbon Ion Irradiation in BMSCs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:595-612. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has been shown to have various pharmacological effects, there have been no studies concerning the inhibitory effects of APS on the radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE). The aim of this study was to investigate whether APS could suppress RIBE damage by inhibiting cell growth, micronucleus (MN) formation and 53BP1 foci number increased in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), named bystander cells, as well as to explore its mechanism. In this study, APS decreased proliferation and colony rate of bystander cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at G1 phase via extrinsic and intrinsic DNA damage. Regarding mechanism, APS inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway by down-regulating the expression of the key proteins, phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) but not phosphorylated P38 (p-P38), and down-regulating their downstream function protein and molecule, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, in bystander cells, APS inhibits expression of transforming growth factor [Formula: see text] receptor II (TGF-[Formula: see text]R II), a cell membrane receptor, resulting in lower ROS production and secretion via TGF-[Formula: see text]R-JNK/ERK-COX-2/ROS not P38 signaling. They gave a hint that the decreased RIBE damage induced by APS treatment involved TGF-[Formula: see text]R-JNK/ERK-COX-2/ROS down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xing Yong
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xin Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xia Gong
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Peng He
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qi Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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Mukherjee S, Chakraborty A. Radiation-induced bystander phenomenon: insight and implications in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:243-263. [PMID: 30496010 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1547440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmi Mukherjee
- Stress biology Lab, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Stress biology Lab, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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25
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Jella KK, Moriarty R, McClean B, Byrne HJ, Lyng FM. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signaling in bystander cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195371. [PMID: 29621312 PMCID: PMC5886541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that radiation induced bystander effects can occur in cells exposed to media from irradiated cells. The aim of this study was to follow the bystander cells in real time following addition of media from irradiated cells and to determine the effect of inhibiting these signals. A human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT cells, was irradiated (0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 Gy) with γ irradiation, conditioned medium was harvested after one hour and added to recipient bystander cells. Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, Glutathione levels, caspase activation, cytotoxicity and cell viability was measured after the addition of irradiated cell conditioned media to bystander cells. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide levels in bystander cells treated with 0.5Gy ICCM were analysed in real time using time lapse fluorescence microscopy. The levels of reactive oxygen species were also measured in real time after the addition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase pathway inhibitors. ROS and glutathione levels were observed to increase after the addition of irradiated cell conditioned media (0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 Gy ICCM). Caspase activation was found to increase 4 hours after irradiated cell conditioned media treatment (0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 Gy ICCM) and this increase was observed up to 8 hours and there after a reduction in caspase activation was observed. A decrease in cell viability was observed but no major change in cytotoxicity was found in HaCaT cells after treatment with irradiated cell conditioned media (0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 Gy ICCM). This study involved the identification of key signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, glutathione and caspases generated in bystander cells. These results suggest a clear connection between reactive oxygen species and cell survival pathways with persistent production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in bystander cells following exposure to irradiated cell conditioned media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kumar Jella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Roisin Moriarty
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Hugh J. Byrne
- Focas Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Physics, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Kong EY, Cheng SH, Yu KN. Induction of autophagy and interleukin 6 secretion in bystander cells: metabolic cooperation for radiation-induced rescue effect? JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:129-140. [PMID: 29385614 PMCID: PMC5951087 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that radiation-induced rescue effect (RIRE) shared similar mechanisms with 'metabolic cooperation', in which nutrient-deprived cancer cells prompted normal cells to provide nutrients. Our data demonstrated that X-ray irradiation induced autophagy in HeLa cells, which could last at least 18 h, and proved that the irradiated cells (IRCs) resorted to breaking down their own intracellular components to supply the molecules required for cell-repair enhancement (e.g. to activate the NF-κB pathway) in the absence of support from bystander unirradiated cells (UICs). Furthermore, autophagy accumulation in IRCs was significantly reduced when they were partnered with UICs, and more so with UICs with pre-induced autophagy before partnering (through starvation using Earle's Balanced Salt Solution), which showed that the autophagy induced in UICs supported the IRCs. Our results also showed that interleukin 6 (IL-6) was secreted by bystander UICs, particularly the UICs with pre-induced autophagy, when they were cultured in the medium having previously conditioned irradiated HeLa cells. It was established that autophagy could activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that was required for the IL-6 production in the autophagy process. Taken together, the metabolic cooperation of RIRE was likely initiated by the bystander factors released from IRCs, which induced autophagy and activated STAT3 to produce IL-6 in bystander UICs, and was finally manifested in the activation of the NF-κB pathway in IRCs by the IL-6 secreted by the UICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Yi Kong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Shuk Han Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Ngok Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Corresponding author: Tel: +852-344-27812; Fax: +852-344-20538;
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27
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Cai S, Shi GS, Cheng HY, Zeng YN, Li G, Zhang M, Song M, Zhou PK, Tian Y, Cui FM, Chen Q. Exosomal miR-7 Mediates Bystander Autophagy in Lung after Focal Brain Irradiation in Mice. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1287-1296. [PMID: 29104495 PMCID: PMC5666527 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.18890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether exosomal microRNA-7 (miR-7) mediates lung bystander autophagy after focal brain irradiation in mice. After 10 Gy or sham irradiation of mice brains, lung tissues were extracted for the detection of autophagy markers by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), meanwhile the brains were dissociated, the neuron/astrocyte/microglia/oligodendrocyte were isolated, and the miR-7 expression in each population were detected, respectively. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was developed to identify whether Bcl-2 is a target gene of miR-7. After 10 Gy or sham irradiation of astrocytes, exosomes were extracted, stained with Dil (1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate), and added into non-irradiated astrocytes. Meanwhile, Dil-stained exosomes released from 10 Gy or sham irradiated astrocytes were injected into LC3B-GFP mice via the tail vein. Lung tissues were then extracted for western blotting and qRT-PCR. Irradiation of mouse brains increased the LC3B-II/I ratio, Beclin-1 and miR-7 levels, while decreased the Bcl-2 level in non-irradiated lung tissue. Interestingly, brain irradiation remarkably increased the miR-7 expression in astrocyte and oligodendrocyte. MiR-7 significantly inhibited the luciferase activity of the wild-type Bcl-2-3′-untranslated regions (UTR) reporter vector, but not that of the Bcl-2-3′-UTR mutant vector, indicating that Bcl-2 is directly targeted by miR-7. In in vitro study, the addition of irradiated astrocyte-secreted exosomes increased the LC3B-II/I ratio, Beclin-1 and miR-7 levels, while decreased the Bcl-2 level in non-irradiated astrocytes. Further, the injection of irradiated astrocyte-secreted exosomes through the tail vein increased the lung LC3B-II/I ratio, Beclin-1 and miR-7 level, but decreased the Bcl-2 level in vivo. We concluded that exosomal miR-7 targets Bcl-2 to mediate distant bystander autophagy in the lungs after brain irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Geng-Sheng Shi
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, P R China
| | - Hui-Ying Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Ya-Nan Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Gen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Man Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Feng-Mei Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China
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28
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Zhou J, Yao W, Li C, Wu W, Li Q, Liu H. Administration of follicle-stimulating hormone induces autophagy via upregulation of HIF-1α in mouse granulosa cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3001. [PMID: 28817115 PMCID: PMC5596559 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported the important role of autophagy in follicular development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on mouse granulosa cells (MGCs). Results indicated that autophagy was induced by FSH, which is known to be the dominant hormone regulating follicular development and granulosa cell (GC) proliferation. The activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of autophagy, was inhibited during the process of MGC autophagy. Moreover, MHY1485 (an agonist of mTOR) significantly suppressed autophagy signaling by activating mTOR. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) was increased after FSH treatment. Blocking hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha attenuated autophagy signaling. In vitro, CoCl2-induced hypoxia enhanced cell autophagy and affected the expression of beclin1 and BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) in the presence of FSH. Knockdown of beclin1 and Bnip3 suppressed autophagy signaling in MGCs. Furthermore, our in vivo study demonstrated that the FSH-induced increase in weight was significantly reduced after effectively inhibiting autophagy with chloroquine, which was correlated with incomplete mitophagy process through the PINK1-Parkin pathway, delayed cell cycle, and reduced cell proliferation rate. In addition, chloroquine treatment decreased inhibin alpha subunit, but enhanced the expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Blocking autophagy resulted in a significantly lower percentage of antral and preovulatory follicles after FSH stimulation. In conclusion, our results indicate that FSH induces autophagy signaling in MGCs via HIF-1α. In addition, our results provide evidence that autophagy induced by FSH is related to follicle development and atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wangjun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qifa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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29
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Decrock E, Hoorelbeke D, Ramadan R, Delvaeye T, De Bock M, Wang N, Krysko DV, Baatout S, Bultynck G, Aerts A, Vinken M, Leybaert L. Calcium, oxidative stress and connexin channels, a harmonious orchestra directing the response to radiotherapy treatment? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1099-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Fu J, Jiang M, Zhang M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xiang S, Xu X, Ye Q, Song H. MiR-495 functions as an adjuvant to radiation therapy by reducing the radiation-induced bystander effect. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:1026-1033. [PMID: 27697751 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is an important factor in tumor radiation therapy because it may increase the probability of normal cellular injury and the likelihood of secondary cancers after radiotherapy. Here, we identified the role of miR-495 in alleviating RIBEs during radiotherapy. Luciferase reporter assay results confirmed that miR-495 regulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by targeting the Sp1 3'-untranslated region. Consequently, after radiation, tumor cells expressed less eNOS and Sp1 than controls. In vitro cell irradiation data based on flow-cytometric analysis and enzymed linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that nitric oxide (NO) and its downstream product transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) were critical signaling factors contributing to RIBEs. Fewer normal LO2 liver cells were injured and fewer micronuclei were observed when treated with the medium of the miR-495 overexpressing HepG2 and ZR75-1 tumor cells. Accordingly, treatment with the miR-495 antagomir led to higher NO and TGF-β1 levels and more injured LO2 cells. In vivo experiments indicated that local irradiation of tumors overexpressing miR-495 produced fewer necrotic foci in non-irradiated liver tissue compared with controls. miR-495 was upregulated in clinical cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and radiation significantly reduced the expression level of miR-495 in carcinoma cell lines. In summary, miR-495 may have promise as an adjuvant for tumor radiation therapy to decrease RIBEs involving the Sp1/eNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shensi Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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31
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Song M, Wang Y, Shang ZF, Liu XD, Xie DF, Wang Q, Guan H, Zhou PK. Bystander autophagy mediated by radiation-induced exosomal miR-7-5p in non-targeted human bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30165. [PMID: 27417393 PMCID: PMC4945935 DOI: 10.1038/srep30165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) describes a set of biological effects in non-targeted cells that receive bystander signals from the irradiated cells. RIBE brings potential hazards to adjacent normal tissues in radiotherapy, and imparts a higher risk than previously thought. Excessive release of some substances from irradiated cells into extracellular microenvironment has a deleterious effect. For example, cytokines and reactive oxygen species have been confirmed to be involved in RIBE process via extracellular medium or gap junctions. However, RIBE-mediating signals and intercellular communication pathways are incompletely characterized. Here, we first identified a set of differentially expressed miRNAs in the exosomes collected from 2 Gy irradiated human bronchial epithelial BEP2D cells, from which miR-7-5p was found to induce autophagy in recipient cells. This exosome-mediated autophagy was significantly attenuated by miR-7-5p inhibitor. Moreover, our data demonstrated that autophagy induced by exosomal miR-7-5p was associated with EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Together, our results support the involvement of secretive exosomes in propagation of RIBE signals to bystander cells. The exosomes-containing miR-7-5p is a crucial mediator of bystander autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Song
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Da-Fei Xie
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
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32
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Singh VK, Newman VL, Romaine PL, Hauer-Jensen M, Pollard HB. Use of biomarkers for assessing radiation injury and efficacy of countermeasures. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 16:65-81. [PMID: 26568096 PMCID: PMC4732464 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several candidate drugs for acute radiation syndrome (ARS) have been identified that have low toxicity and significant radioprotective and radiomitigative efficacy. Inasmuch as exposing healthy human volunteers to injurious levels of radiation is unethical, development and approval of new radiation countermeasures for ARS are therefore presently based on animal studies and Phase I safety study in healthy volunteers. The Animal Efficacy Rule, which underlies the Food and Drug Administration approval pathway, requires a sound understanding of the mechanisms of injury, drug efficacy, and efficacy biomarkers. In this context, it is important to identify biomarkers for radiation injury and drug efficacy that can extrapolate animal efficacy results, and can be used to convert drug doses deduced from animal studies to those that can be efficacious when used in humans. Here, we summarize the progress of studies to identify candidate biomarkers for the extent of radiation injury and for evaluation of countermeasure efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Victoria L Newman
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Patricia Lp Romaine
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- c Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Surgery, and Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Systems , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Harvey B Pollard
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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33
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Surolia R, Karki S, Kim H, Yu Z, Kulkarni T, Mirov SB, Carter AB, Rowe SM, Matalon S, Thannickal VJ, Agarwal A, Antony VB. Heme oxygenase-1-mediated autophagy protects against pulmonary endothelial cell death and development of emphysema in cadmium-treated mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L280-92. [PMID: 26071551 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00097.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary exposure to cadmium, a major component of cigarette smoke, has a dramatic impact on lung function and the development of emphysema. Cigarette smoke exposure induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme. In this study, we employed a truncated mouse model of emphysema by intratracheal instillation of cadmium (CdCl2) solution (0.025% per 1 mg/kg body wt) in HO-1(+/+), HO-1(-/-), and overexpressing humanized HO-1 bacterial artificial chromosome (hHO-1BAC) mice. We evaluated the role of HO-1 in cadmium-induced emphysema in mice by analyzing histopathology, micro-computed tomography scans, and lung function tests. CdCl2-exposed HO-1(-/-) mice exhibited more severe emphysema compared with HO-1(+/+) or hHO-1BAC mice. Loss of pulmonary endothelial cells (PECs) from the alveolar capillary membrane is recognized to be a target in emphysema. PECs from HO-1(+/+), HO-1(-/-), and hHO-1BAC were employed to define the underlying molecular mechanism for the protection from emphysema by HO-1. Electron microscopy, expression of autophagic markers (microtubule-associated protein 1B-light chain 3 II, autophagy protein 5, and Beclin1) and apoptotic marker (cleaved caspase 3) suggested induction of autophagy and apoptosis in PECs after CdCl2 treatment. CdCl2-treated HO-1(-/-) PECs exhibited downregulation of autophagic markers and significantly increased cleaved caspase 3 expression and activity (∼4-fold higher). Moreover, hHO-1BAC PECs demonstrated upregulated autophagy and absence of cleaved caspase 3 expression or activity. Pretreatment of HO-1(+/+) PECs with rapamycin induced autophagy and resulted in reduced cell death upon cadmium treatment. Induction of autophagy following CdCl2 treatment was found to be protective from apoptotic cell death. HO-1 induced protective autophagy in PECs and mitigated cadmium-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Surolia
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Suman Karki
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tejaswini Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sergey B Mirov
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - A Brent Carter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Cell Development and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama;
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