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Domínguez-López I, López-Yerena A, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Pallàs M, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Pérez M. From the gut to the brain: the long journey of phenolic compounds with neurocognitive effects. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae034. [PMID: 38687609 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a complex community of micro-organisms that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Recent research has shown that gut microbes also have a profound impact on brain function and cognition, leading to the concept of the gut-brain axis. One way in which the gut microbiota can influence the brain is through the bioconversion of polyphenols to other bioactive molecules. Phenolic compounds are a group of natural plant metabolites widely available in the human diet, which have anti-inflammatory and other positive effects on health. Recent studies have also suggested that some gut microbiota-derived phenolic metabolites may have neurocognitive effects, such as improving memory and cognitive function. The specific mechanisms involved are still being studied, but it is believed that phenolic metabolites may modulate neurotransmitter signaling, reduce inflammation, and enhance neural plasticity. Therefore, to exert a protective effect on neurocognition, dietary polyphenols or their metabolites must reach the brain, or act indirectly by producing an increase in bioactive molecules such as neurotransmitters. Once ingested, phenolic compounds are subjected to various processes (eg, metabolization by gut microbiota, absorption, distribution) before they cross the blood-brain barrier, perhaps the most challenging stage of their trajectory. Understanding the role of phenolic compounds in the gut-brain axis has important implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurological and psychiatric disorders. By targeting the gut microbiota and its production of phenolic metabolites, it may be possible to improve brain function and prevent cognitive decline. In this article, the current state of knowledge on the endogenous generation of phenolic metabolites by the gut microbiota and how these compounds can reach the brain and exert neurocognitive effects was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Domínguez-López
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anallely López-Yerena
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pérez
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Iqbal I, Wilairatana P, Saqib F, Nasir B, Wahid M, Latif MF, Iqbal A, Naz R, Mubarak MS. Plant Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits on Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6403. [PMID: 37687232 PMCID: PMC10490098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits, vegetables, and other food items contain phytochemicals or secondary metabolites which may be considered non-essential nutrients but have medicinal importance. These dietary phytochemicals exhibit chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against numerous diseases. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. These compounds exhibit several health benefits such as immune modulators, vasodilators, and antioxidants. This review focuses on recent studies on using dietary polyphenols to treat cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, and vascular endothelium deficits. We focus on exploring the safety of highly effective polyphenols to ensure their maximum impact on cardiac abnormalities and discuss recent epidemiological evidence and intervention trials related to these properties. Kaempferol, quercetin, and resveratrol prevent oxidative stress by regulating proteins that induce oxidation in heart tissues. In addition, polyphenols modulate the tone of the endothelium of vessels by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation to prevent atherosclerosis. In cardiomyocytes, polyphenols suppress the expression of inflammatory markers and inhibit the production of inflammation markers to exert an anti-inflammatory response. Consequently, heart diseases such as strokes, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease could be prevented by dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Bushra Nasir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Muhammad Farhaj Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Ahmar Iqbal
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China;
| | - Rabia Naz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
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Parmenter BH, Shinde S, Croft K, Murray K, Bondonno CP, Genoni A, Christophersen CT, Bindon K, Kay C, Mena P, Del Rio D, Hodgson JM, Bondonno NP. Performance of Urinary Phenyl-γ-Valerolactones as Biomarkers of Dietary Flavan-3-ol Exposure. J Nutr 2023; 153:2193-2204. [PMID: 37394116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs) have been identified as biomarkers of dietary flavan-3-ol exposure, although their utility requires further characterization. OBJECTIVES We investigated the performance of a range of PVLs as biomarkers indicative of flavan-3-ol intake. METHODS We report the results of 2 companion studies: a 5-way randomized crossover trial (RCT) and an observational cross-sectional study. In the RCT (World Health Organization, Universal Trial Number: U1111-1236-7988), 16 healthy participants consumed flavan-3-ol-rich interventions (of apple, cocoa, black tea, green tea, or water [control]) for 1 d each. First morning void samples and 24-h urine samples were collected with diet standardized throughout. For each participant, 1 intervention period was extended (to 2 d) to monitor PVL kinetics after repeat exposure. In the cross-sectional study, 86 healthy participants collected 24-h urine samples, and concurrent weighed food diaries from which flavan-3-ol consumption was estimated using Phenol-Explorer. A panel of 10 urinary PVLs was quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In both studies, 2 urinary PVLs [5-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-4'-sulfate and putatively identified 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3'-glucuronide] were the principal compounds excreted (>75%). In the RCT, the sum of these PVLs was significantly higher than the water (control) after each intervention; individually, there was a shift from sulfation toward glucuronidation as the total excretion of PVLs increased across the different interventions. In the extended RCT intervention period, no accumulation of these PVLs was observed after consecutive days of treatment, and after withdrawal of treatment on the third day, there was a return toward negligible PVL excretion. All results were consistent, whether compounds were measured in 24-h urine or first morning void samples. In the observational study, the sum of the principal PVLs correlated dose dependently (Rs = 0.37; P = 0.0004) with dietary flavan-3-ol intake, with similar associations for each individually. CONCLUSIONS Urinary 5-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-4'-sulfate and putatively identified 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3'-glucuronide are recommended biomarkers for dietary flavan-3-ol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Parmenter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sujata Shinde
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Angela Genoni
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Keren Bindon
- Australian Wine Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Colin Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, United States
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicola P Bondonno
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; The Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Angelino D, Caffrey A, McNulty H, Gill CI, Mena P, Rosi A, Moore K, Hoey L, Clements M, Laird E, Boyd K, Mullen B, Pucci B, Jarrett H, Cunningham C, Ward M, Strain JJ, McCarroll K, Moore AJ, Molloy AM, Del Rio D. Association of dietary flavan-3-ol intakes with plasma phenyl-γ-valerolactones: analysis from the TUDA cohort of healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:476-484. [PMID: 37307990 PMCID: PMC10493433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols (F3O), are associated with better health outcomes. The relationship of plasma phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs), the products of colonic bacterial metabolism of F3O, with dietary intakes is unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether plasma PVLs are associated with self-reported intakes of total F3O and procyanidins+(epi)catechins. DESIGN We measured 9 PVLs by uHPLC-MS-MS in plasma from adults (>60y) in the Trinity-Ulster-Department of Agriculture (TUDA study (2008 to 2012; n=5186) and a follow-up subset (2014 to 2018) with corresponding dietary data (n=557). Dietary (poly)phenols collected by FFQ were analyzed using Phenol-Explorer. RESULTS Mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) intakes were estimated as 2283 (2213, 2352) mg/d for total (poly)phenols, 674 (648, 701) for total F3O, and 152 (146, 158) for procyanidins+(epi)catechins. Two PVL metabolites were detected in plasma from the majority of participants, 5-(hydroxyphenyl)-γ-VL-sulfate (PVL1) and 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-VL-3'-glucuronide (PVL2). The 7 other PVLs were detectable only in 1-32% of samples. Self-reported intakes (mg/d) of F3O (r = 0.113, P = 0.017) and procyanidin+(epi)catechin (r = 0.122, P = 0.010) showed statistically significant correlations with the sum of PVL1 and PVL 2 (PVL1+2). With increasing intake quartiles (Q1-Q4), mean (95% CI) PVL1+2 increased; from 28.3 (20.8, 35.9) nmol/L in Q1 to 45.2 (37.2, 53.2) nmol/L in Q4; P = 0.025, for dietary F3O, and from 27.4 (19.1, 35.8) nmol/L in Q1 to 46.5 (38.2, 54.9) nmol/L in Q4; P = 0.020, for procyanidins+(epi)catechins. CONCLUSIONS Of 9 PVL metabolites investigated, 2 were detected in most samples and were weakly associated with intakes of total F3O and procyanidins+(epi)catechins. Future controlled feeding studies are required to validate plasma PVLs as biomarkers of these dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Angelino
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Aoife Caffrey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chris Ir Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Rosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Katie Moore
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Leane Hoey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michelle Clements
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Eamon Laird
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kerrie Boyd
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Mullen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruna Pucci
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Harry Jarrett
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Conal Cunningham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kevin McCarroll
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian J Moore
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Anne M Molloy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Li Q, Stautemas J, Omondi Onyango S, De Mey M, Duchi D, Tuenter E, Hermans N, Calders P, Van de Wiele T. Human gut microbiota stratified by (+)-catechin metabolism dynamics reveals colon region-dependent metabolic profile. Food Chem 2023; 408:135203. [PMID: 36565551 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Catechins have proven to have several health benefits, yet a huge interindividual variability occurs. The metabolic potency of the colonic microbiota towards catechin is a key determinant of this variability. Microbiota from two donors - previously characterized as a fast and a slow converter- were incubated with (+)-catechin in vitro. The robustness of in vitro metabolic profiles was verified by well-fitted human trials. The colon region-dependent and donor-dependent patterns were reflected in both metabolic features and colonic microbiota composition. Upstream and downstream metabolites were mainly detected in the proximal and distal colons, respectively, and were considered important explanatory variables for microbiota clustering in the corresponding colon regions. Higher abundances of two catechin-metabolizing bacteria, Eggerthella and Flavonifractor were found in the distal colon compared to the proximal colon and in slow converter than fast converter. Additionally, these two bacteria were enriched in treatment samples compared to sham treatment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqiong Li
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Stautemas
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stanley Omondi Onyango
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Center for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Duchi
- Center for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Calders
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Di Pede G, Mena P, Bresciani L, Almutairi TM, Del Rio D, Clifford MN, Crozier A. Human colonic catabolism of dietary flavan-3-ol bioactives. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101107. [PMID: 35931563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fate of ingested polyphenols is crucial in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of a fruit and vegetable-based diet. This review focuses on the colon microbiota-mediated transformation of the flavan-3-ols and the structurally related procyanidins found in dietary plant foods and beverages, plus the flavan-3-ol-derived theaflavins of black tea, and the post-absorption phase II metabolism of the gut microbiota catabolites. Despite significant advances in the last decade major analytical challenges remain. Strategies to address them are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Pede
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Tahani M Almutairi
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11363, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11363, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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Revisiting the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols in humans: A systematic review and comprehensive data analysis. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101146. [PMID: 36207170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review summarizes findings from human studies investigating the different routes of absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion (ADME) of dietary flavan-3-ols and their circulating metabolites in healthy subjects. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science. Human intervention studies using single and/or multiple intake of flavan-3-ols from food, extracts, and pure compounds were included. Forty-nine human intervention studies met inclusion criteria. Up to 180 metabolites were quantified from blood and urine samples following intake of flavan-3-ols, mainly as phase 2 conjugates of microbial catabolites (n = 97), with phenyl-γ-valerolactones being the most representative ones (n = 34). Phase 2 conjugates of monomers and phenyl-γ-valerolactones, the main compounds in both plasma and urine, reached two peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 260 and 88 nmol/L at 1.8 and 5.3 h (Tmax) after flavan-3-ol intake. They contributed to the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols for over 20%. Mean bioavailability for flavan-3-ols was moderate (31 ± 23%, n bioavailability values = 20), and it seems to be scarcely affected by the amount of ingested compounds. While intra- and inter-source differences in flavan-3-ol bioavailability emerged, mean flavan-3-ol bioavailability was 82% (n = 1) and 63% (n = 2) after (-)-epicatechin and nut (hazelnuts, almonds) intake, respectively, followed by 25% after consumption of tea (n = 7), cocoa (n = 5), apples (n = 3) and grape (n = 2). This highlights the need to better clarify the metabolic yield with which monomer flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins are metabolized in humans. This work clarified in a comprehensive way for the first time the ADME of a (poly)phenol family, highlighting the pool of circulating compounds that might be determinants of the putative beneficial effects linked to flavan-3-ol intake. Lastly, methodological inputs for implementing well-designed human and experimental model studies were provided.
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Sahadevan R, Singh S, Binoy A, Sadhukhan S. Chemico-biological aspects of (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-gallate (EGCG) to improve its stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability: Current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10382-10411. [PMID: 35491671 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2068500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been a bedrock for drug discovery for decades. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the widely studied natural polyphenolic compounds derived from green tea. It is the key component believed to be responsible for the medicinal value of green tea. Significant studies implemented in in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo models have suggested its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective activities etc. Despite having such a wide array of therapeutic potential and promising results in preclinical studies, its applicability to humans has encountered with rather limited success largely due to the poor bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolic clearance and lack of stability of EGCG. Therefore, novel techniques are warranted to address those limitations so that EGCG or its modified analogs can be used in the clinical setup. This review comprehensively covers different strategies such as structural modifications, nano-carriers as efficient drug delivery systems, synergistic studies with other bioactivities to improve the chemico-biological aspects (e.g., stability, bioavailability, permeability, etc.) of EGCG for its enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties, eventually enhancing its therapeutic potentials. We think this review article will serve as a strong platform with comprehensive literature on the development of novel techniques to improve the bioavailability of EGCG so that it can be translated to the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Satyam Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
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Wang M, Li J, Hu T, Zhao H. Metabolic fate of tea polyphenols and their crosstalk with gut microbiota. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ma H, Hu Y, Zhang B, Shao Z, Roura E, Wang S. Tea polyphenol – gut microbiota interactions: hints on improving the metabolic syndrome in a multi-element and multi-target manner. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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An Overview on How Exercise with Green Tea Consumption Can Prevent the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Improve Sports Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010218. [PMID: 35010479 PMCID: PMC8750450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals are reactive products that have multiple effects on the human body. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants manage the overproduction of free radicals. However, an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant factors causes oxidative stress. Exercise and physical activity are factors that increase oxidative stress and disrupts the body’s homeostasis. Intensity and duration of training, training characteristics, and fitness level can have positive or negative effects on oxidative stress. Green tea consumption is recommended for the prevention of a variety of diseases, health maintenance, and weight loss. The effectiveness of green tea is primarily due to the presence of catechins and polyphenols, specifically (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties based on clinical and animal studies. This review investigates the effect of green tea exercise and their interactive effects on free radicals and sports improvement.
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The Donor-Dependent and Colon-Region-Dependent Metabolism of (+)-Catechin by Colonic Microbiota in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010073. [PMID: 35011305 PMCID: PMC8746996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of dietary catechins is quite low, resulting in most of them being metabolized by gut microbiota in the colon. It has been hypothesized that microbiota-derived metabolites may be partly responsible for the association between catechin consumption and beneficial cardiometabolic effects. Given the profound differences in gut microbiota composition and microbial load between individuals and across different colon regions, this study examined how microbial (+)-catechin metabolite profiles differ between colon regions and individuals. Batch exploration of the interindividual variability in (+)-catechin microbial metabolism resulted in a stratification based on metabolic efficiency: from the 12 tested donor microbiota, we identified a fast- and a slow-converting microbiota that was subsequently inoculated to SHIME, a dynamic model of the human gut. Monitoring of microbial (+)-catechin metabolites from proximal and distal colon compartments with UHPLC-MS and UPLC-IMS-Q-TOF-MS revealed profound donor-dependent and colon-region-dependent metabolite profiles with 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone being the largest contributor to differences between the fast- and slow-converting microbiota and the distal colon being a more important region for (+)-catechin metabolism than the proximal colon. Our findings may contribute to further understanding the role of the gut microbiota as a determinant of interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics upon (+)-catechin ingestion.
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Li Q, Van de Wiele T. Gut microbiota as a driver of the interindividual variability of cardiometabolic effects from tea polyphenols. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1500-1526. [PMID: 34515591 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1965536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tea polyphenols have been extensively studied for their preventive properties against cardiometabolic diseases. Nevertheless, the evidence of these effects from human intervention studies is not always consistent, mainly because of a large interindividual variability. The bioavailability of tea polyphenols is low, and metabolism of tea polyphenols highly depends on individual gut microbiota. The accompanying reciprocal relationship between tea polyphenols and gut microbiota may result in alterations in the cardiometabolic effects, however, the underlying mechanism of which is little explored. This review summarizes tea polyphenols-microbiota interaction and its contribution to interindividual variability in cardiometabolic effects. Currently, only a few bacteria that can biodegrade tea polyphenols have been identified and generated metabolites and their bioactivities in metabolic pathways are not fully elucidated. A deeper understanding of the role of complex interaction necessitates fully individualized data, the ntegration of multiple-omics platforms and development of polyphenol-centered databases. Knowledge of this microbial contribution will enable the functional stratification of individuals in the gut microbiota profile (metabotypes) to clarify interindividual variability in the health effects of tea polyphenols. This could be used to predict individual responses to tea polyphenols consumption, hence bringing us closer to personalized nutrition with optimal dose and additional supplementation of specific microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqiong Li
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Zwolak I. Epigallocatechin Gallate for Management of Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Concerns. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4027. [PMID: 33919748 PMCID: PMC8070748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against toxicities induced by heavy metals (HMs). This most active green tea polyphenol was demonstrated to reduce HM toxicity in such cells and tissues as testis, liver, kidney, and neural cells. Several protective mechanisms that seem to play a pivotal role in EGCG-induced effects, including reactive oxygen species scavenging, HM chelation, activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), anti-inflammatory effects, and protection of mitochondria, are described. However, some studies, especially in vitro experiments, reported potentiation of harmful HM actions in the presence of EGCG. The adverse impact of EGCG on HM toxicity may be explained by such events as autooxidation of EGCG, EGCG-mediated iron (Fe3+) reduction, depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and disruption of mitochondrial functions. Furthermore, challenges hampering the potential EGCG application related to its low bioavailability and proper dosing are also discussed. Overall, in this review, we point out insights into mechanisms that might account for both the beneficial and adverse effects of EGCG in HM poisoning, which may have a bearing on the design of new therapeutics for HM intoxication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zwolak
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Ave. 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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15
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Kim S, Park TH, Kim WI, Park S, Kim JH, Cho MK. The effects of green tea on acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytother Res 2020; 35:374-383. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Dermatology Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Tae H. Park
- Department of Dermatology Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Woo I. Kim
- Department of Dermatology Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Suyeon Park
- Department of Biostatistics Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Jae H. Kim
- Department of Urology Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Sooonchunhyang University Medical College Seoul South Korea
- Urological Biomedicine Research Institute Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Moon K. Cho
- Department of Dermatology Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul South Korea
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16
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Hodges JK, Sasaki GY, Bruno RS. Anti-inflammatory activities of green tea catechins along the gut-liver axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: lessons learned from preclinical and human studies. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108478. [PMID: 32801031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most prevalent hepatic disorder worldwide, affecting 25% of the general population, describes a spectrum of progressive liver conditions ranging from relatively benign liver steatosis and advancing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Hallmark features of NASH are fatty hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltrates in association with increased activation of hepatic nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) that exacerbates liver injury. Because no pharmacological treatments exist for NAFLD, emphasis has been placed on dietary approaches to manage NASH risk. Anti-inflammatory bioactivities of catechin-rich green tea extract (GTE) have been well-studied, especially in preclinical models that have detailed its effects on inflammatory responses downstream of NFκB activation. This review will therefore discuss the experimental evidence that has advanced an understanding of the mechanisms by which GTE, either directly through its catechins or potentially indirectly through microbiota-derived metabolites, limits NFκB activation and NASH-associated liver injury. Specifically, it will describe the hepatic-level benefits of GTE that attenuate intracellular redox distress and pro-inflammatory signaling from extracellular receptors that otherwise activate NFκB. In addition, it will discuss the anti-inflammatory activities of GTE on gut barrier function as well as prebiotic and antimicrobial effects on gut microbial ecology that help to limit the translocation of gut-derived endotoxins (e.g. lipopolysaccharides) to the liver where they otherwise upregulate NFκB activation by Toll-like receptor-4 signaling. This summary is therefore expected to advance research translation of the hepatic- and intestinal-level benefits of GTE and its catechins to help manage NAFLD-associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Hodges
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Geoffrey Y Sasaki
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
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17
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Angelino D, Caffrey A, Moore K, Laird E, Moore AJ, Gill CIR, Mena P, Westley K, Pucci B, Boyd K, Mullen B, McCarroll K, Ward M, Strain JJ, Cunningham C, Molloy AM, McNulty H, Del Rio D. Phenyl‐γ‐valerolactones and healthy ageing: Linking dietary factors, nutrient biomarkers, metabolic status and inflammation with cognition in older adults (the VALID project). NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Angelino
- Human Nutrition Unit Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Parma Italy
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment University of Teramo Teramo Italy
| | - A. Caffrey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - K. Moore
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - E. Laird
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine Trinity College DublinTrinity Centre for Health Sciences Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - A. J. Moore
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - C. I. R. Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - P. Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit Department of Food and Drug University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - K. Westley
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - B. Pucci
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - K. Boyd
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine Trinity College DublinTrinity Centre for Health Sciences Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - B. Mullen
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine Trinity College DublinTrinity Centre for Health Sciences Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - K. McCarroll
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine Trinity College DublinTrinity Centre for Health Sciences Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - M. Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - J. J. Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - C. Cunningham
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine Trinity College DublinTrinity Centre for Health Sciences Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - A. M. Molloy
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine Trinity College DublinTrinity Centre for Health Sciences Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - H. McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences Ulster University Coleraine UK
| | - D. Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Parma Italy
- School of Advanced Studies on Food and Nutrition University of Parma Parma Italy
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18
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Mena P, Bresciani L, Brindani N, Ludwig IA, Pereira-Caro G, Angelino D, Llorach R, Calani L, Brighenti F, Clifford MN, Gill CIR, Crozier A, Curti C, Del Rio D. Phenyl-γ-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:714-752. [PMID: 30468210 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1958 to June 2018 Phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs) and their related phenylvaleric acids (PVAs) are the main metabolites of flavan-3-ols, the major class of flavonoids in the human diet. Despite their presumed importance, these gut microbiota-derived compounds have, to date, in terms of biological activity, been considered subordinate to their parent dietary compounds, the flavan-3-ol monomers and proanthocyanidins. In this review, the role and prospects of PVLs and PVAs as key metabolites in the understanding of the health features of flavan-3-ols have been critically assessed. Among the topics covered, are proposals for a standardised nomenclature for PVLs and PVAs. The formation, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PVLs and PVAs from different types of flavan-3-ols are discussed, taking into account in vitro and animal studies, as well as inter-individual differences and the existence of putative flavan-3-ol metabotypes. Synthetic strategies used for the preparation of PVLs are considered and the methodologies for their identification and quantification assessed. Metabolomic approaches unravelling the role of PVLs and PVAs as biomarkers of intake are also described. Finally, the biological activity of these microbial catabolites in different experimental models is summarised. Knowledge gaps and future research are considered in this key area of dietary (poly)phenol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena
- Department of Food & Drugs, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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19
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Tang GY, Meng X, Gan RY, Zhao CN, Liu Q, Feng YB, Li S, Wei XL, Atanasov AG, Corke H, Li HB. Health Functions and Related Molecular Mechanisms of Tea Components: An Update Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6196. [PMID: 31817990 PMCID: PMC6941079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is widely consumed all over the world. Generally, tea is divided into six categories: White, green, yellow, oolong, black, and dark teas, based on the fermentation degree. Tea contains abundant phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, free amino acids, and saponins. However, the bioavailability of tea phytochemicals is relatively low. Thus, some novel technologies like nanotechnology have been developed to improve the bioavailability of tea bioactive components and consequently enhance the bioactivity. So far, many studies have demonstrated that tea shows various health functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-regulatory, anticancer, cardiovascular-protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and hepato-protective effects. Moreover, it is also considered that drinking tea is safe to humans, since reports about the severe adverse effects of tea consumption are rare. In order to provide a better understanding of tea and its health potential, this review summarizes and discusses recent literature on the bioactive components, bioavailability, health functions, and safety issues of tea, with special attention paid to the related molecular mechanisms of tea health functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiao Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Cai-Ning Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yi-Bin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Xin-Lin Wei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
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20
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Sasaki GY, Li J, Cichon MJ, Riedl KM, Kopec RE, Bruno RS. Green Tea Extract Treatment in Obese Mice with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Restores the Hepatic Metabolome in Association with Limiting Endotoxemia-TLR4-NFκB-Mediated Inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900811. [PMID: 31574193 PMCID: PMC7293799 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Catechin-rich green tea extract (GTE) alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by lowering endotoxin-TLR4 (Toll-like receptor-4)-NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-B) inflammation. This study aimed to define altered MS-metabolomic responses during high-fat (HF)-induced NASH that are restored by GTE utilizing livers from an earlier study in which GTE decreased endotoxin-TLR4-NFκB liver injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice are fed a low-fat (LF) or HF diet for 12 weeks and then randomized to LF or HF diets containing 0% or 2% GTE for an additional 8 weeks. Global MS-based metabolomics and targeted metabolite profiling of catechins/catechin metabolites are evaluated. GTE in HF mice restores hepatic metabolites implicated in dyslipidemia insulin resistance, and inflammation. These include 122 metabolites: amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, vitamins, bile acids, flavonoids, xenobiotics, and carbohydrates. Hepatic amino acids, B-vitamins, and bile acids are inversely correlated with biomarkers of insulin resistance, liver injury, steatosis, and inflammation. Further, phosphatidylcholine metabolites are positively correlated with biomarkers of liver injury and NFκB inflammation. Thirteen catechin metabolites are identified in livers of GTE-treated mice, mostly as phase II conjugates of parental catechins or microbial-derived valerolactones. CONCLUSION The defined anti-inflammatory/metabolic interactions advance an understanding of the mechanism by which GTE catechins protect against NFκB-mediated liver injury in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Y Sasaki
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jinhui Li
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Morgan J Cichon
- Personalized Food and Nutritional Metabolomics for Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Nutrient and Phytochemical Analytics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Personalized Food and Nutritional Metabolomics for Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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21
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Mocciaro G, Bresciani L, Tsiountsioura M, Martini D, Mena P, Charron M, Brighenti F, Bentley S, Harvey M, Collins D, Del Rio D, Ray S. Dietary absorption profile, bioavailability of (poly)phenolic compounds, and acute modulation of vascular/endothelial function by hazelnut skin drink. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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22
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Marhuenda-Muñoz M, Laveriano-Santos EP, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Martínez-Huélamo M, Vallverdú-Queralt A. Microbial Phenolic Metabolites: Which Molecules Actually Have an Effect on Human Health? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112725. [PMID: 31717653 PMCID: PMC6893422 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in human health has been investigated extensively in recent years. The association of dysbiosis, detrimental changes in the colonic population, with several health conditions has led to the development of pro-, pre- and symbiotic foods. If not absorbed in the small intestine or secreted in bile, polyphenols and other food components can reach the large intestine where they are susceptible to modification by the microbial population, resulting in molecules with potentially beneficial health effects. This review provides an overview of studies that have detected and/or quantified microbial phenolic metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography as the separation technique, followed by detection through mass spectrometry. Both in vitro experimental studies and human clinical trials are covered. Although many of the microbial phenolic metabolites (MPM) reported in in vitro studies were identified in human samples, further research is needed to associate them with clinical health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Marhuenda-Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Emily P. Laveriano-Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
| | - Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43002 Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miriam Martínez-Huélamo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-510
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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23
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Chen T, Yang CS. Biological fates of tea polyphenols and their interactions with microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract: implications on health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2691-2709. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1654430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- School of Food Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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24
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Pervin M, Unno K, Takagaki A, Isemura M, Nakamura Y. Function of Green Tea Catechins in the Brain: Epigallocatechin Gallate and its Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153630. [PMID: 31349535 PMCID: PMC6696481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, green tea has been studied for its beneficial effects, including anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. At present, a number of studies that have employed animal, human and cell cultures support the potential neuroprotective effects of green tea catechins against neurological disorders. However, the concentration of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in systemic circulation is very low and EGCG disappears within several hours. EGCG undergoes microbial degradation in the small intestine and later in the large intestine, resulting in the formation of various microbial ring-fission metabolites which are detectable in the plasma and urine as free and conjugated forms. Recently, in vitro experiments suggested that EGCG and its metabolites could reach the brain parenchyma through the blood–brain barrier and induce neuritogenesis. These results suggest that metabolites of EGCG may play an important role, alongside the beneficial activities of EGCG, in reducing neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the function of EGCG and its microbial ring-fission metabolites in the brain in suppressing brain dysfunction. Other possible actions of EGCG metabolites will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monira Pervin
- Tea Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Keiko Unno
- Tea Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Akiko Takagaki
- R&D group, Mitsui Norin Co. Ltd., Shizuoka 426-0133, Japan
| | - Mamoru Isemura
- Tea Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoriyuki Nakamura
- Tea Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Flavanol Bioavailability in Two Cocoa Products with Different Phenolic Content. A Comparative Study in Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071441. [PMID: 31247980 PMCID: PMC6683251 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa has beneficial health effects partly due to its high flavanol content. This study was aimed at assessing the absorption and metabolism of polyphenols in two soluble cocoa products: a conventional (CC) and a flavanol-rich product (CC-PP). A crossover, randomized, blind study was performed in 13 healthy men and women. On two different days, after an overnight fast, volunteers consumed one serving of CC (15 g) or CC-PP (25 g) in 200 mL of semi-skimmed milk containing 19.80 mg and 68.25 mg of flavanols, respectively. Blood and urine samples were taken, before and after CC and CC-PP consumption, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QToF-MS). Up to 10 and 30 metabolites were identified in plasma and urine, respectively. Phase II derivatives of epicatechin were identified with kinetics compatible with small intestine absorption, although the most abundant groups of metabolites were phase II derivatives of phenyl-γ-valerolactone and phenylvaleric acid, formed at colonic level. 5-(4′-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-sulfate could be a sensitive biomarker of cocoa flavanol intake. CC and CC-PP flavanols showed a dose-dependent absorption with a recovery of 35%. In conclusion, cocoa flavanols are moderately bioavailable and extensively metabolized, mainly by the colonic microbiota.
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Madrid-Gambin F, Garcia-Aloy M, Vázquez-Fresno R, Vegas-Lozano E, Sánchez-Pla A, Misawa K, Hase T, Shimotoyodome A, Andres-Lacueva C. Metabolic Signature of a Functional High-Catechin Tea after Acute and Sustained Consumption in Healthy Volunteers through 1H NMR Based Metabolomics Analysis of Urine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3118-3124. [PMID: 30574780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional tea beverages have emerged as a novel approach to achieving health benefits associated with tea. The use of metabolomics may improve the evaluation of their consumption and their effects. The current study aimed at exploring the urinary signature of exposure to a functional high-catechin tea (HCT) using untargeted NMR-based metabolomics. Ten volunteers participated in a crossover intervention study. Individuals consumed an HCT or a control beverage over a period of 28 days. Multilevel partial least-squares discriminant analysis (ML-PLS-DA) was used for paired comparisons. A further crossover model was performed to assess the significant changes. The consumption of the HCT resulted in the excretion of theanine, epicatechin, pyrogallol sulfate, and higher levels of 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and succinate, as well as unknown compounds. In conclusion, the present work established novel urinary signatures of a functional drink. Such signatures may be potential biomarkers and/or reflect certain benefits of functional tea beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Madrid-Gambin
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rosa Vázquez-Fresno
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | | | - Alex Sánchez-Pla
- Department of Statistics , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Koichi Misawa
- Biological Science Laboratories , Kao Corporation , 2606 Akabane , Ichikai, Haga , Tochigi 321-3497 , Japan
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Biological Science Laboratories , Kao Corporation , 2606 Akabane , Ichikai, Haga , Tochigi 321-3497 , Japan
| | - Akira Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Laboratories , Kao Corporation , 2606 Akabane , Ichikai, Haga , Tochigi 321-3497 , Japan
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
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27
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Montagnana M, Danese E, Angelino D, Mena P, Rosi A, Benati M, Gelati M, Salvagno GL, Favaloro EJ, Del Rio D, Lippi G. Dark chocolate modulates platelet function with a mechanism mediated by flavan-3-ol metabolites. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13432. [PMID: 30544424 PMCID: PMC6310571 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a rich source bioactive compounds, i.e., flavan-3-ols, and its consumption has been associated with several beneficial effects, such as the positive modulation of the hemostasis targeted by the platelet function. However, these phenolic compounds have a very low bioavailability and extensively undergo phase I and II metabolism, with the appearing into the bloodstream of (epi)catechin conjugates and phenyl-γ-valerolactones and their conjugates, at different times.The aims of this study were to explore the effect of dark chocolate on platelet function and to investigate the relationship between this interplay and flavan-3-ol derived metabolites.Eighteen healthy male volunteers ingested 50 g of 90% cocoa chocolate within 5 minutes. Blood samples were collected immediately before chocolate ingestion (T0) and 4 hours afterwards (T1). Platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100 closure time was assessed using collagen/adenosine-5'-diphosphate (COL/ADP) and collagen/epinephrine (COL/EPI) cartridges. Plasma flavan-3-ol metabolites were identified and quantified by means of liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS).Results evidenced a significant increase of COL/ADP-induced PFA-100 closure time, but not COL/EPI, 4 hours after ingestion of dark chocolate. Total plasma structurally-related (epi)catechin metabolite (SREM) concentration significantly increased at T1, together with 4 out of the 6 detected metabolites. Total phenyl-γ-valerolactone concentrations remained unchanged. Spearman correlations evidenced a strong correlation between COL/ADP closure time and SREMs, mainly led by (epi)catechin-sulfate isomers.These data confirm that the potential beneficial effect of dark chocolate on primary hemostasis may be mediated by flavan-3-ol circulating metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montagnana
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona
| | - Elisa Danese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona
| | - Donato Angelino
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food & Drug
| | - Pedro Mena
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food & Drug
| | - Alice Rosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Benati
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona
| | - Matteo Gelati
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona
| | - Gian Luca Salvagno
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona
| | - Emmanuel J. Favaloro
- Haematology,Sydney Centres for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food & Drug
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona
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Rothwell JA, Madrid-Gambin F, Garcia-Aloy M, Andres-Lacueva C, Logue C, Gallagher AM, Mack C, Kulling SE, Gao Q, Praticò G, Dragsted LO, Scalbert A. Biomarkers of intake for coffee, tea, and sweetened beverages. GENES & NUTRITION 2018; 13:15. [PMID: 29997698 PMCID: PMC6030755 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic beverages are important sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds that may influence human health and increase or decrease the risk of chronic diseases. A wide variety of beverage constituents are absorbed in the gut, found in the systemic circulation and excreted in urine. They may be used as compliance markers in intervention studies or as biomarkers of intake to improve measurements of beverage consumption in cohort studies and reveal new associations with disease outcomes that may have been overlooked when using dietary questionnaires. Here, biomarkers of intake of some major non-alcoholic beverages-coffee, tea, sugar-sweetened beverages, and low-calorie-sweetened beverages-are reviewed. Results from dietary intervention studies and observational studies are reviewed and analyzed, and respective strengths and weaknesses of the various identified biomarkers discussed. A variety of compounds derived from phenolic acids, alkaloids, and terpenes were shown to be associated with coffee intake and trigonelline and cyclo(isoleucylprolyl) showed a particularly high specificity for coffee intake. Epigallocatechin and 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin appear to be the most sensitive and specific biomarkers for green or black tea, while 4-O-methylgallic acid may be used to assess black tea consumption. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages has been assessed through the measurement of carbon-13 enrichment of whole blood or of blood alanine in North America where sugar from sugarcane or corn is used as a main ingredient. The most useful biomarkers for low-calorie-sweetened beverages are the low-calorie sweeteners themselves. Further studies are needed to validate these biomarkers in larger and independent populations and to further evaluate their specificity, reproducibility over time, and fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Rothwell
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Francisco Madrid-Gambin
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caomhan Logue
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Alison M. Gallagher
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Carina Mack
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E. Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giulia Praticò
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars O. Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
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29
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Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Andrade RJ, Fortes C, Mosesso P, Restani P, Arcella D, Pizzo F, Smeraldi C, Wright M. Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05239. [PMID: 32625874 PMCID: PMC7009618 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA ANS Panel was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins from dietary sources including preparations such as food supplements and infusions. Green tea is produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, without fermentation, which prevents the oxidation of polyphenolic components. Most of the polyphenols in green tea are catechins. The Panel considered the possible association between the consumption of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most relevant catechin in green tea, and hepatotoxicity. This scientific opinion is based on published scientific literature, including interventional studies, monographs and reports by national and international authorities and data received following a public 'Call for data'. The mean daily intake of EGCG resulting from the consumption of green tea infusions ranges from 90 to 300 mg/day while exposure by high-level consumers is estimated to be up to 866 mg EGCG/day, in the adult population in the EU. Food supplements containing green tea catechins provide a daily dose of EGCG in the range of 5-1,000 mg/day, for adult population. The Panel concluded that catechins from green tea infusion, prepared in a traditional way, and reconstituted drinks with an equivalent composition to traditional green tea infusions, are in general considered to be safe according to the presumption of safety approach provided the intake corresponds to reported intakes in European Member States. However, rare cases of liver injury have been reported after consumption of green tea infusions, most probably due to an idiosyncratic reaction. Based on the available data on the potential adverse effects of green tea catechins on the liver, the Panel concluded that there is evidence from interventional clinical trials that intake of doses equal or above 800 mg EGCG/day taken as a food supplement has been shown to induce a statistically significant increase of serum transaminases in treated subjects compared to control.
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30
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Santhakumar AB, Battino M, Alvarez-Suarez JM. Dietary polyphenols: Structures, bioavailability and protective effects against atherosclerosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Megow I, Darvin ME, Meinke MC, Lademann J. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Green Tea Beverages on the in vivo Radical Scavenging Activity in Human Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 30:225-233. [PMID: 28723689 DOI: 10.1159/000477355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various skin diseases. Thus, the antioxidant network of the skin relies on the uptake of exogenous antioxidants to ensure cell protection against radical formation. Green tea is one of the main sources of polyphenolic antioxidant compounds, but only few data are available on its cutaneous antioxidant effects. METHODS The radical scavenging properties of Benifuuki and Yabukita green tea were investigated in the human skin. Thirty-two participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomized to consume 3 cups per day of either Benifuuki tea, Yabukita tea, or water (control group) for 2 weeks. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was applied to measure the radical scavenging capacity of the skin in vivo before and after the intervention. RESULTS Both Yabukita and Benifuuki tea led to an increase in the radical scavenging activity of the skin by 28 and 29%, respectively, and the difference was significant when compared to the control group. Benifuuki tea, previously reported to be superior in bioavailability due to a highly absorbable methylated catechin, did not prove to be more effective than the common Yabukita tea. CONCLUSION The results show that green tea enhances the radical scavenging capacity of the skin and support the hypothesis that green tea may offer protection against cutaneous oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Megow
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Department of Dermatology, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Nieman DC, Ramamoorthy S, Kay CD, Goodman CL, Capps CR, Shue ZL, Heyl N, Grace MH, Lila MA. Influence of Ingesting a Flavonoid-Rich Supplement on the Metabolome and Concentration of Urine Phenolics in Overweight/Obese Women. J Proteome Res 2017. [PMID: 28631923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of ingesting a flavonoid-rich supplement (329 mg/d) on total urine phenolics and shifts in plasma metabolites in overweight/obese female adults using untargeted metabolomics procedures. Participants (N = 103, 18-65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were randomized to flavonoid (F) or placebo (P) groups for 12 weeks with blood and 24 h urine samples collected prestudy and after 4 and 12 weeks in a parallel design. Supplements were prepared as chewable tablets and included vitamin C, wild bilberry fruit extract, green tea leaf extract, quercetin, caffeine, and omega 3 fatty acids. At 4 weeks, urine total phenolics increased 24% in F versus P with similar changes at 12 weeks (interaction effect, P = 0.041). Groups did not differ in markers of inflammation (IL-6, MCP-1, CRP) or oxidative stress (oxLDL, FRAP). Metabolomics data indicated shifts in 63 biochemicals in F versus P with 70% from the lipid and xenobiotics superpathways. The largest fold changes in F were measured for three gut-derived phenolics including 3-methoxycatechol sulfate, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid sulfate, and 1,2,3-benzenetriol sulfate (interaction effects, p ≤ 0.050). This randomized clinical trial of overweight/obese women showed that 12 weeks ingestion of a mixed flavonoid nutrient supplement was associated with a corresponding increase in urine total phenolics and gut-derived phenolic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | | | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Courtney L Goodman
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Christopher R Capps
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Zack L Shue
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Nicole Heyl
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Mary A Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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Brindani N, Mena P, Calani L, Benzie I, Choi SW, Brighenti F, Zanardi F, Curti C, Del Rio D. Synthetic and analytical strategies for the quantification of phenyl-γ-valerolactone conjugated metabolites in human urine. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Brindani
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
- Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Luca Calani
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Iris Benzie
- The Department of Health Technology and Informatics; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Wai Choi
- The Department of Health Technology and Informatics; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Franca Zanardi
- Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Claudio Curti
- Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
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Bresciani L, Martini D, Mena P, Tassotti M, Calani L, Brigati G, Brighenti F, Holasek S, Malliga DE, Lamprecht M, Del Rio D. Absorption Profile of (Poly)Phenolic Compounds after Consumption of Three Food Supplements Containing 36 Different Fruits, Vegetables, and Berries. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030194. [PMID: 28245627 PMCID: PMC5372857 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The market of plant-based nutraceuticals and food supplements is continuously growing due to the increased consumer demand. The introduction of new products with relevant nutritional characteristics represents a new way of providing bioactive compounds and (poly)phenols to consumers, becoming a strategy to ideally guarantee the health benefits attributed to plant foodstuffs and allowing the increase of daily bioactive compound intake. A paramount step in the study of nutraceuticals is the evaluation of the bioavailability and metabolism of their putatively active components. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the absorption profile of the (poly)phenolic compounds contained in three different plant-based food supplements, made of 36 different plant matrices, which were consumed by 20 subjects in an open one-arm study design. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 1, 2, 5, and 10 h after capsule intake. Twenty quantifiable metabolites deriving from different (poly)phenolic compounds were identified. Results showed that the consumption of the three capsules allowed the effective absorption of several (poly)phenolic compounds and metabolites appearing at different times in plasma, thereby indicating different absorption profiles. The capsules thus ensured potential health-promoting molecules to be potentially available to target tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Bresciani
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniela Martini
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Pedro Mena
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Michele Tassotti
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Calani
- Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Brigati
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Furio Brighenti
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Daniela-Eugenia Malliga
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Manfred Lamprecht
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
- Green Beat-Institute of Nutrient Research and Sport Nutrition, 8042 Graz, Austria.
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
- The Need for Nutrition Education/Innovation Programme (NNEdPro), Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK.
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Mena P, González de Llano D, Brindani N, Esteban-Fernández A, Curti C, Moreno-Arribas MV, Del Rio D, Bartolomé B. 5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone and its sulphate conjugates, representative circulating metabolites of flavan-3-ols, exhibit anti-adhesive activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli in bladder epithelial cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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36
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Li D, Ho CT, Li J, Wan X. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of procyanidins. Food Funct 2016; 7:1273-81. [PMID: 26814915 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Procyanidins (PAs) are polyphenols in plant food that have many health benefits, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular protection and diabetes prevention. PAs have been known to have low oral bioavailability. In this review, we summarize the published results on the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) of PAs in vivo and in vitro. After oral administration, in the stomach the decomposition of PAs is highly dependent on the pH value of gastric juice, which is also affected by food intake. In the small intestine, PA polymers and oligomers with DP > 4 are not directly absorbed in vivo, but minor PA monomers and dimers could be detected in the plasma. Methylated and glucuronidated PA dimers and monomers are the main metabolites of PAs in plasma. In the colon, PAs are catabolized by colonic microflora into a series of low molecular weight phenolic acids, such as phenyl valerolactone, phenylacetic acids and phenylpropionic acids. We reviewed the degradation of PAs in gastric digestion, the absorption of PAs in the small intestine and the metabolic pathway of PAs by colonic microflora. To clearly explain the in vivo pharmacokinetics of PAs, a systematic comparative analysis on previously published data on PAs was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Daxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Junsong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Bresciani L, Calani L, Cossu M, Mena P, Sayegh M, Ray S, Del Rio D. (Poly)phenolic characterization of three food supplements containing 36 different fruits, vegetables and berries. PHARMANUTRITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zanotti I, Dall'Asta M, Mena P, Mele L, Bruni R, Ray S, Del Rio D. Atheroprotective effects of (poly)phenols: a focus on cell cholesterol metabolism. Food Funct 2014; 6:13-31. [PMID: 25367393 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00670d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Collated observations from several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that dietary intake of (poly)phenols from nuts, coffee, cocoa, grapes, and berries may protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Whereas this beneficial activity has previously been linked mainly to antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties, recently emerging data suggest mechanisms by which (poly)phenolic substances can modulate cellular lipid metabolism, thereby mitigating atherosclerotic plaque formation. In this review, both experimental studies and clinical trials investigating the atheroprotective effects of the most relevant dietary (poly)phenols are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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39
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Bioavailability, bioactivity and impact on health of dietary flavonoids and related compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1803-53. [PMID: 25182418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial interest in the role of plant secondary metabolites as protective dietary agents. In particular, the involvement of flavonoids and related compounds has become a major topic in human nutrition research. Evidence from epidemiological and human intervention studies is emerging regarding the protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against several chronic diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, the use of HPLC-MS for the analysis of flavonoids and related compounds in foods and biological samples has significantly enhanced our understanding of (poly)phenol bioavailability. These advancements have also led to improvements in the available food composition and metabolomic databases, and consequently in the development of biomarkers of (poly)phenol intake to use in epidemiological studies. Efforts to create adequate standardised materials and well-matched controls to use in randomised controlled trials have also improved the quality of the available data. In vitro investigations using physiologically achievable concentrations of (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites with appropriate model test systems have provided new and interesting insights on potential mechanisms of actions. This article will summarise recent findings on the bioavailability and biological activity of (poly)phenols, focusing on the epidemiological and clinical evidence of beneficial effects of flavonoids and related compounds on urinary tract infections, cognitive function and age-related cognitive decline, cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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40
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Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Knab AM, Shanely RA, Pappan KL, Jin F, Lila MA. Influence of a polyphenol-enriched protein powder on exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in athletes: a randomized trial using a metabolomics approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72215. [PMID: 23967286 PMCID: PMC3744465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Polyphenol supplementation was tested as a countermeasure to inflammation and oxidative stress induced by 3-d intensified training. Methods Water soluble polyphenols from blueberry and green tea extracts were captured onto a polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC). Subjects were recruited, and included 38 long-distance runners ages 19–45 years who regularly competed in road races. Runners successfully completing orientation and baseline testing (N = 35) were randomized to 40 g/d PSPC (N = 17) (2,136 mg/d gallic acid equivalents) or placebo (N = 18) for 17 d using double-blinded methods and a parallel group design, with a 3-d running period inserted at day 14 (2.5 h/d, 70% VO2max). Blood samples were collected pre- and post-14 d supplementation, and immediately and 14 h after the third day of running in subjects completing all aspects of the study (N = 16 PSPC, N = 15 placebo), and analyzed using a metabolomics platform with GC-MS and LC-MS. Results Metabolites characteristic of gut bacteria metabolism of polyphenols were increased with PSPC and 3 d running (e.g., hippurate, 4-hydroxyhippurate, 4-methylcatechol sulfate, 1.8-, 1.9-, 2.5-fold, respectively, P<0.05), an effect which persisted for 14-h post-exercise. Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis were induced by exercise in both groups, with more ketones at 14-h post-exercise in PSPC (3-hydroxybutyrate, 1.8-fold, P<0.05). Established biomarkers for inflammation (CRP, cytokines) and oxidative stress (protein carbonyls) did not differ between groups. Conclusions PSPC supplementation over a 17-d period did not alter established biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress but was linked to an enhanced gut-derived phenolic signature and ketogenesis in runners during recovery from 3-d heavy exertion. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, identifier:
NCT01775384
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JPE, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1818-92. [PMID: 22794138 PMCID: PMC3619154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1545] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Dall'Erta A, Cirlini M, Dall'Asta M, Del Rio D, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C. Masked mycotoxins are efficiently hydrolyzed by human colonic microbiota releasing their aglycones. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:305-12. [PMID: 23347206 DOI: 10.1021/tx300438c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. in cereals. Among them, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are widespread worldwide contaminants of cereal commodities and are ranked as the most important chronic dietary risk factors. Their conjugates, known as masked mycotoxins, have been described but are still not accounted for in risk assessment studies. This study demonstrates for the first time that DON and ZEN are effectively deconjugated by the human colonic microbiota, releasing their toxic aglycones and generating yet unidentified catabolites. For this reason, masked mycotoxins should be considered when evaluating population exposure.
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Comparison of catechin profiles in human plasma and urine after single dosing and regular intake of green tea (Camellia sinensis). Br J Nutr 2012; 109:2199-207. [PMID: 23110850 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechin profiles in plasma and urine following single dosing and regular ingestion of green tea are not clear. We performed a placebo-controlled intervention study with sixteen healthy volunteers to determine changes in total and free catechins after a single dose and following 1 week of twice-daily green tea. Blood and urine samples were collected before (fasting) and after (60 and 120 min for blood; 90 and 180 min for urine) drinking 200 ml of 1.5% (w/v) green tea or water (n 8 each), and fasting samples were again collected after 7 d of 150 ml of 1% (w/v) supplemental green tea or water twice daily. After a 4-week washout, subjects were crossed onto the other treatment and procedures repeated. Plasma results at 1 h post-ingestion showed elevated (P < 0.05) mean epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 310 (SD 117) nmol/l; all in free form), epigallocatechin (EGC; 192 (SD 67) nmol/l; 30% free) and epicatechin gallate (ECG; 134 (SD 51) nmol/l; 75% free). Fasting plasma after 7 d of regular intake showed increased (P < 0.05) EGCG (80 v. 15 nmol/l at baseline) and ECG (120 v. 40 nmol/l), with > or =90% of both in their conjugated forms. Total EGC was < 10 nmol/l. Post-ingestion conjugation and renal loss of EGC and epicatechin were rapid and high, but were negligible for EGCG and ECG. In the green tea consumed, the content was EGCG > EGC > ECG, and the acute plasma response mirrored this. However, after chronic consumption there was almost no EGC found in fasting plasma, some EGCG was present, but a rather high level of ECG was maintained.
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Tognolini M, Giorgio C, Hassan Mohamed I, Barocelli E, Calani L, Reynaud E, Dangles O, Borges G, Crozier A, Brighenti F, Del Rio D. Perturbation of the EphA2-EphrinA1 system in human prostate cancer cells by colonic (poly)phenol catabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8877-8884. [PMID: 22409255 DOI: 10.1021/jf205305m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands play a central role in human cancer as their deregulated expression induces tumorigenesis with aggressive phenotypes. To evaluate their potential contribution to EphA2-ephrinA1 modulation, several colonic catabolites of dietary (poly)phenolics, known to be generated in vivo, were screened using an ELISA-based binding assay. Some of the catabolites inhibited the binding in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50) values from 0.26 to 43 μM). Functional studies on prostate adenocarcinoma cells revealed that pyrogallol and protocatechuic acid specifically antagonized ephrinA1-Fc-induced EphA2 phosphorylation at concentrations that were not cytotoxic. The active concentrations of pyrogallol appear to be close to what can be reached in vivo under physiological conditions. Finally, because of the roles played by the Eph-ephrin system not only in cancer development but also in neurodegeneration and diabetes, pyrogallol and protocatechuic acid are candidates for more detailed functional studies to elucidate their role in these pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tognolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Biologiche e Chimiche Applicate, Università di Parma , Viale delle Scienze 27a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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