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Okada K, Shimatani K. Effect of olfactory stimulation from aromatherapy on the autonomic nervous activity during aerobic exercises. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11198. [PMID: 38755393 PMCID: PMC11099183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Variations in the autonomic nervous system activity during exercise therapy in patients with cardiovascular diseases may lead to adverse events. Aromatherapy may reduce these adverse events by enhancing parasympathetic nervous activity (PNA). However, the effects of aromatherapy during exercise remain relatively unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aromatherapy on autonomic nervous activity during exercise and recovery. This randomized crossover study included 20 healthy men subjected to both aroma and placebo conditions which involved rest and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer, followed by recovery. Blood pressure, heart rate variability indices, and SpO2 were measured during the rest, exercise, and recovery phases. Moreover, aroma preferences and emotional changes in response to the aroma were assessed. Under the placebo condition, high frequency (HF), root mean square of successive differences indices, and heart rate showed delayed recovery (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a moderate positive correlation was identified between aroma preference, pleasant emotions induced by aromatherapy, and the HF index (P < 0.05). These results indicate that aromatherapy facilitates the recovery of PNA after exercise. Furthermore, these effects were more pronounced among individuals who exhibited a stronger preference for and more positive emotions toward aromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Okada
- Ehime Prefectural Imabari Hospital, Imabari, Ehime, 794-0006, Japan
| | - Koji Shimatani
- Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Mihara, Hiroshima, 723-0053, Japan.
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Liou JW, Wang PS, Wu YT, Lee SK, Chang SD, Liou M. ECG Approximate Entropy in the Elderly during Cycling Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5255. [PMID: 35890935 PMCID: PMC9324578 DOI: 10.3390/s22145255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximate entropy (ApEn) is used as a nonlinear measure of heart-rate variability (HRV) in the analysis of ECG time-series recordings. Previous studies have reported that HRV can differentiate between frail and pre-frail people. In this study, EEGs and ECGs were recorded from 38 elderly adults while performing a three-stage cycling routine. Before and after cycling stages, 5-min resting-state EEGs (rs-EEGs) and ECGs were also recorded under the eyes-open condition. Applying the K-mean classifier to pre-exercise rs-ECG ApEn values and body weights revealed nine females with EEG power which was far higher than that of the other subjects in all cycling stages. The breathing of those females was more rapid than that of other subjects and their average heart rate was faster. Those females also presented higher degrees of asymmetry in the alpha and theta bands (stronger power levels in the right frontal electrode), indicating stressful responses during the experiment. It appears that EEG delta activity could be used in conjunction with a very low ECG frequency power as a predictor of bursts in the heart rate to facilitate the monitoring of elderly adults at risk of heart failure. A resting ECG ApEn index in conjunction with the subject's weight or BMI is recommended for screening high-risk candidates prior to exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Wei Liou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Shan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Gandau Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Kai Lee
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng-Kung University & Academia Sinica, Taipei 701, Taiwan;
| | - Shen-Da Chang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Michelle Liou
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
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Prolonged heart rate recovery time after 6-minute walk test is an independent risk factor for cardiac events in heart failure: A prospective cohort study. Physiotherapy 2021; 114:77-84. [PMID: 34563383 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the time for peak exercise heart rate to return to resting heart rate after the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) can predict cardiac events in patients with heart failure (HF) within 2 years. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING HF outpatient facility at a tertiary teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-six patients with HF, New York Heart Association functional classification II and III, and left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patients used a heart rate monitor to measure the time for peak exercise heart rate to return to resting heart rate after the 6MWT. Data were analysed using Polar Pro-Trainer 5 software (Kempele, Finland). Patients were followed for >2 years for cardiac events (hospitalisations and death). RESULTS Thirty-four patients had cardiac events during the 2-year follow-up period. However, there was a significant difference in the time to return to resting heart rate between the groups with and without cardiac events {with 3.6 (SD 1.1) vs without 2.8 (SD 1.1) minutes; mean difference of 0.79 (95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference 0.28 to 1.28; P=0.003}. No significant differences between patients with and without cardiac events were found for mean walking distance, mean heart rate recovery at 1minute and mean heart rate recovery at 2minutes. The receiver operating curve discriminated between patients with and without cardiac events (área under the curve 0.71, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.81; P<0.001). Using logistic regression analysis, prolonged time to return to resting heart rate (≥3minutes) independently increased the risk for cardiac events 6.9-fold (95% CI 2.34 to 20.12; P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed more cardiac events in patients with prolonged time to return to resting heart rate (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged time to return to resting heart rate (≥3minutes) after the 6MWT was an independent predictor of cardiac events in patients with HF.
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Wu Q, Liu L, Jiang X, Hu YY, Liang QS, He ZS, Xue Y, Zhu W, Tang ZX, Hou YY, Zhao Q, Wang XH. Effect of voluntary breathing exercises on stable coronary artery disease in heart rate variability and rate-pressure product: a study protocol for a single-blind, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:602. [PMID: 32611442 PMCID: PMC7330950 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, China has more than 11 million patients with stable coronary heart disease and this is becoming a major public health problem. The pathological changes of coronary heart disease can lead to dysfunction of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, which increases the risk of complications such as malignant arrhythmia (ventricular flutter, ventricular fibrillation, etc.), heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and rate-pressure product (RPP), which is highly correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption and indirectly reflects myocardial blood supply and oxygen consumption. Although the guidelines recommend that such patients take drugs to reduce heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption, the clinical control of heart rate is still not ideal. Thus, in this trial, we will use voluntary breathing exercises as the strategy of exercise rehabilitation for patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD), in order to increase the vagus nerve activity and/or reduce the sympathetic nervous activity, help maintain or rebuild the balance of plant nerve system, improve the time-domain index of heart rate variability, reduce the burden on the heart, and relieve patients’ anxiety and other negative emotions. Methods This is a 6-month single-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial that will be conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. A total of 140 patients who fill out the Informed Consent Form are registered and randomized 1:1 into the Voluntary Breathing Exercises (VBE)-based clinical trial monitoring group (n = 70) or the Routine follow-up group (n = 70). The VBE-based clinical trial monitoring group is given VBE training on the basis of conventional treatment and health education, while the control group received conventional health education and follow-up. The primary outcomes will be measured heart rate variability and RPP. Secondary outcomes will include changes in Self-rating Anxiety Scale, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, weight, and body mass index. Discussion This trial will carry out scientific respiratory exercise for patients with SCAD, which belongs to the category of active secondary prevention for patients, and changes from remedial to pre-protective. VBE is easy to operate and is not limited by time and place. It is important and meaningful to carry out VBE for patients with SCAD. This study will provide considerable evidence for further large-scale trials and alternative strategies for the rehabilitation nursing of patients with SCAD. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trials Registry, 1900024043. Registered on 23 June 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Nursing Department, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yao-Yao Hu
- School of nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Liang
- School of nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Song He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- School of nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Electrocardiographic room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zai-Xiang Tang
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun-Ying Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Braga LM, Prado GF, Umeda IIK, Kawauchi TS, Taboada AMF, Azevedo RS, Pereira Filho HG, Grupi CJ, Souza HCC, Moreira DAR, Nakagawa NK. Reproducibility for Heart Rate Variability Analysis during 6-Min Walk Test in Patients with Heart Failure and Agreement between Devices. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167407. [PMID: 27936043 PMCID: PMC5147870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a useful method to assess abnormal functioning in the autonomic nervous system and to predict cardiac events in patients with heart failure (HF). HRV measurements with heart rate monitors have been validated with an electrocardiograph in healthy subjects but not in patients with HF. We explored the reproducibility of HRV in two consecutive six-minute walk tests (6MW), 60-minute apart, using a heart rate monitor (PolarS810i) and a portable electrocardiograph (called Holter) in 50 HF patients (mean age 59 years, NYHA II, left ventricular ejection fraction ~35%). The reproducibility for each device was analysed using a paired t-test or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Additionally, we assessed the agreement between the two devices based on the HRV indices at rest, during the 6MW and during recovery using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC), 95% confidence intervals and Bland-Altman plots. The test-retest for the HRV analyses was reproducible using Holter and PolarS810i at rest but not during recovery. In the second 6MW, patients showed significant increases in rMSSD and walking distance. The PolarS810i measurements had remarkably high concordance correlation [0.86
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Affiliation(s)
- Lays Magalhães Braga
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Faibischew Prado
- Pulmonary Division of Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Satie Kawauchi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Horacio Gomes Pereira Filho
- Cardiology Division of Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César José Grupi
- Cardiology Division of Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Naomi Kondo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Athilingam P, Labrador MA, Remo EFJ, Mack L, San Juan AB, Elliott AF. Features and usability assessment of a patient-centered mobile application (HeartMapp) for self-management of heart failure. Appl Nurs Res 2016; 32:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Caruso FCR, Simões RP, Reis MS, Guizilini S, Alves VLDS, Papa V, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A. High-Intensity Inspiratory Protocol Increases Heart Rate Variability in Myocardial Revascularization Patients. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 31:38-44. [PMID: 27074273 PMCID: PMC5062699 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate heart rate variability during an inspiratory muscle endurance
protocol at three different load levels [30%, 60% and 80% of maximal
inspiratory pressure], in patients who had previously undergone
coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: Nineteen late postoperative myocardial revascularization patients
participating in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program were studied.
Maximal inspiratory pressure maneuvers were performed. An inspiratory muscle
endurance protocol at 30%, 60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure was
applied for four minutes each, in random order. Heart rate and RR intervals
were recorded and heart rate variability was analyzed by time (RMSSD-the
mean of the standard deviations for all R-R intervals, and RMSM-root-mean
square differences of successive R-R intervals) and frequency domains
indices (high and low frequency) in normalized units. ANOVA for repeated
measurements was used to compare heart rate variability indices and Student
t-test was used to compare the maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal
expiratory pressure values. Results: Heart rate increased during performance of maximal respiratory pressures
maneuvers, and the maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory
pressure mean values were significantly lower than predicted values
(P<0.05). RMSSD increased significantly at 80% in
relation to rest and 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure and RMSM decreased
at 30% and 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure in relation to rest
(P<0.05). Additionally, there was significant and
progressive decrease in low frequency and increase in high frequency at 30%,
60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure in relation to the resting
condition. Conclusion: These results suggest that respiratory muscle training at high intensities
can promote greater parasympathetic activity and it may confer important
benefits during a rehabilitation program in post-coronary artery bypass
grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Polaquini Simões
- Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel Silva Reis
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Solange Guizilini
- Department of Sciences of Human Movement, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Valeria Papa
- Hospital São Francisco of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Borghi-Silva A, Trimer R, Mendes RG, Arena RA, Schwartzmann PV. Rehabilitation practice patterns for patients with heart failure: the South American perspective. Heart Fail Clin 2014; 11:73-82. [PMID: 25432475 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is an important public health issue in South America. Economic impacts are substantial. Chagas heart disease is a prevalent HF etiology; it is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an integral component of HF care. The benefits of CR in HF patients need to be assessed. The effectiveness and safety of CR delivery, such as home-based interventions, should be explored. Strategies to improve adherence in CR are imperative. We describe past and current CR trends for HF patients and discuss the future of this important intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod Washington Luis Km 235 - SP - 310, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-90, Brazil.
| | - Renata Trimer
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod Washington Luis Km 235 - SP - 310, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-90, Brazil
| | - Renata G Mendes
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod Washington Luis Km 235 - SP - 310, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-90, Brazil
| | - Ross A Arena
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1918 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pedro V Schwartzmann
- Clinical Hospital, Rehabilitation Institute Lucy Montoro, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo 14048-900, Brazil
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