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Baylor C, Darling-White M. Achieving Participation-Focused Intervention Through Shared Decision Making: Proposal of an Age- and Disorder-Generic Framework. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2020; 29:1335-1360. [PMID: 32463702 PMCID: PMC7893522 DOI: 10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health calls on speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to provide care that impacts all aspects of an individual's experience with a communication disorder, including their participation in valued life situations. However, SLPs often report feeling unprepared to implement and document interventions that target life participation. The purpose of this article is to propose a framework to guide participation-focused intervention practices. This age- and disorder-generic framework is designed to be applicable with clients across the variety of settings in which SLPs work. Method In this clinical focus article, we draw on past research and clinical experience to propose a restructuring of World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health components such that participation is the primary focus and outcomes indicator for intervention. In this framework, a specific communicative participation situation is identified and assessed quantitatively, and a corresponding participation-focused goal is established through shared decision making. Following that, assessments are conducted and goals are established in the areas of communication skills, physical and social environments, and personal perspectives. Results The proposed framework provides a concrete organizational structure as well as assessment, goal-writing, and intervention examples to assist SLPs in translating theoretical biopsychosocial frameworks into clinical practices. Conclusions SLPs can and do provide holistic communication services to clients to help them achieve their life participation goals. This article provides an example as to how we can document the need for, as well as the value and impact of our important work, meeting the diverse life participation needs of clients. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12360758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Baylor
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Meghan Darling-White
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson
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Purdy SC. Communication research in the context of te whare tapa whā model of health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2020; 22:281-289. [PMID: 32686594 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2020.1768288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Te whare tapa whā represents a Māori view of health and wellness in four dimensions: taha wairua (spiritual health), taha hinengaro (mental health), taha tinana (physical health) and taha whānau (family health). This model of health focuses on indigenous Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand but has relevance for all people. Speech-language pathologists, including those not familiar with this model, recognise that all four dimensions are needed to support health and wellbeing. Taha wairua includes the importance of culture and heritage to personal identity, an area that speech-language pathology (SLP) recognises as key to clinical competency. Taha hinengaro includes the need to express thoughts and feelings, another area particularly salient to SLP. The other two dimensions taha tinana (physical health) and taha whānau (family health) are arguably more familiar in the day-to-day work of speech-language pathologists.Method: Two broad strands of research are examined within this model of health exploring the challenges faced by vulnerable populations namely: (1) two community based groups (a Choir and a Gavel Club) for people with acquired neurological conditions such as stroke and Parkinson's disease, and (2) diagnosis and management of hearing loss and auditory processing disorder.Result: Community based groups, explored through the CeleBRation Choir and the Gavel Club, highlighted the application of all aspects of te whare tapa whā to the experiences of people with neurological conditions participating in these community therapies. In the area of hearing loss and auditory processing disorder, gaps across all four dimensions of taha wairua, taha hinengaro, taha tinana and taha whānau were identified in the available literature and in examination of clinical provision for participants.Conclusion: Te whare tapa whā provides a framework to consider all the elements that contribute to people living well while experiencing communication challenges within their whānau (extended family). This approach relies on strong partnerships between clinicians, extended family, researchers, communities, organisations and other professionals. Clinicians and researchers are encouraged to consider how their beliefs, practices and impact could improve through consideration of Indigenous health models such as te whare tapa whā.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Purdy
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Engel-Yeger B, Tse T, Josman N, Baum C, Carey LM. Scoping Review: The Trajectory of Recovery of Participation Outcomes following Stroke. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:5472018. [PMID: 30271506 PMCID: PMC6151208 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5472018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation is a central concept in health and well-being and healthcare, yet operationalizing this concept has been difficult. Its definition, uses in healthcare, and impacts on recovery require ongoing research. Our review question goes like this: from the longitudinal evidence investigating participation among stroke survivors, what are the patterns of participation recovery in stroke survivors over time, and what interventions are used to improve participation? To fully understand these questions, we also ask, how is participation defined in the stroke literature, and what are the measures of participation used in the stroke literature? A systematic scoping review was undertaken using the search terms "stroke," "longitudinal," "participation," and "outcome" in seven databases. Articles included were published until April 2017, written in English, and had at least two longitudinal assessments of participation. Fifty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health was the most frequent definition of participation used (34%). There were 22 different measures of participation. Eight of ten studies demonstrated significant improvements in participation up to 12 months poststroke. Efficacy of interventions and their impact on participation varied. The various definitions, measures, and intervention efficacies of participation highlight the need for further research worldwide into achieving meaningful participation and quality of life among stroke survivors. Future practice should include participation as a main outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batya Engel-Yeger
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamara Tse
- Occupational Therapy, Department of Community and Clinical Allied Health, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Occupational Therapy Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Naomi Josman
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Carolyn Baum
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leeanne M. Carey
- Occupational Therapy, Department of Community and Clinical Allied Health, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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What do clinicians consider when assessing chronic low back pain? A content analysis of multidisciplinary pain centre team assessments of functioning, disability, and health. Pain 2018; 159:2128-2136. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Esmail A, Poncet F, Rochette A, Auger C, Billebaud C, de Guise É, Ducharme I, Kehayia E, Labbé D, Dahan-Oliel N, Lessard I, Vermeersch O, Swaine B. The role of clothing in participation of persons with a physical disability: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020299. [PMID: 29523570 PMCID: PMC5855208 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clothing is an important aspect of nearly all human societies from performing social and cultural functions to indicating social status, a form of protection and a way for self-expression. It can help or hinder the ability to fulfil everyday activities and social roles and with the rising industry of wearable technologies, smart textiles are adding health-monitoring functions to clothing. The influence that clothing can have on the life of someone with a physical disability is significant, and further research is needed to understand it better. To achieve this, a scoping review will be performed with the aim of understanding the role of clothing in participation (ie, at home, in the community, etc) of individuals with a physical disability. This article presents the protocol and procedure to be adopted. METHODS AND ANALYSIS An in-depth iterative analysis of the scientific literature from six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO and ERIC) as well as a hand search of grey literature and reference lists will be performed. After an abstract and full-text review of references by three reviewers independently, data from the selected articles will be tabulated and synthesised with a qualitative and quantitative approach using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a unifying conceptual framework. A multidisciplinary consultation group of experts from various stakeholder groups will be involved in multiple steps to ensure validation and relevance of the data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION As this is a review involving analysis of data available in the public domain and does not involve human participants, ethical approval was not required. Results will be presented in a co-constructed format with the expert consultation group to ensure validity and maximise its practicality moving forward. Our dissemination plan includes peer-reviewed publications, presentations and stakeholder meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Esmail
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lucie-Bruneau Rehabilitation Center, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédérique Poncet
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut Nazareth et Louis-Braille, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Rochette
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lucie-Bruneau Rehabilitation Center, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudine Auger
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lucie-Bruneau Rehabilitation Center, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Billebaud
- Rhizome Strategies, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- La Piscine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Élaine de Guise
- Lucie-Bruneau Rehabilitation Center, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Eva Kehayia
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delphine Labbé
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noémi Dahan-Oliel
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Bonnie Swaine
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lucie-Bruneau Rehabilitation Center, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Wallace SJ, Worrall L, Rose T, Le Dorze G. Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health to identify outcome domains for a core outcome set for aphasia: a comparison of stakeholder perspectives. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 41:564-573. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1400593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Wallace
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda Worrall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tanya Rose
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Guylaine Le Dorze
- School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Brandenburg C, Worrall L, Copland D, Rodriguez A. An exploratory investigation of the daily talk time of people with non-fluent aphasia and non-aphasic peers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2017; 19:418-429. [PMID: 27467660 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2016.1209558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper presents an exploratory investigation of the talk time of people with non-fluent aphasia, as measured by the CommFit™ app. Aims were to compare the talk time of people with aphasia with non-aphasic peers and measures of impairment, activity and participation. The variability of talk time over weeks and days of the week was also investigated. METHOD Twelve people with post-stroke, non-fluent aphasia and seven non-aphasic controls measured their talk time using the CommFit™ app for 6 h/day for 14 days. RESULT People with aphasia talked for a mean of 4.5 min/h and non-aphasic controls 7.2 min/h, which was not a significant difference (p = 0.056). Talk time of people with aphasia was not significantly correlated with WAB-R AQ or CADL-2 scores, but a moderate-high positive relationship between talk time and SIPSO scores was found (r = 0.648, p = 0.015). Talk time was not significantly different between the first and second weeks of recording for either group, and days of the week were not significantly different except for Saturdays, in which talk time was higher. CONCLUSION This study provides some preliminary data on talk time in people with aphasia, suggesting that talk time is an indicator of participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Brandenburg
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
- b NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Aphasia Rehabilitation , St Lucia , QLD , Australia , and
| | - Linda Worrall
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
- b NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Aphasia Rehabilitation , St Lucia , QLD , Australia , and
| | - David Copland
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
- b NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Aphasia Rehabilitation , St Lucia , QLD , Australia , and
- c UQ Centre for Clinical Research , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Amy Rodriguez
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
- b NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Aphasia Rehabilitation , St Lucia , QLD , Australia , and
- c UQ Centre for Clinical Research , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
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Baylor C, Oelke M, Bamer A, Hunsaker E, Off C, Wallace SE, Pennington S, Kendall D, Yorkston K. Validating the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) for use with people with aphasia: an analysis of Differential Item Function (DIF). APHASIOLOGY 2017; 31:861-878. [PMID: 30918415 PMCID: PMC6433404 DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2016.1225274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term 'communicative participation' refers to participation in the communication aspects of life roles at home, at work, and in social and leisure situations. Participation in life roles is a key element in biopsychosocial frameworks of health such as the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and the Aphasia Framework for Outcomes Measurement (AFROM). The Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) was developed as a patient-reported measure of communicative participation for adults. Initial validation focused on adults with motor speech or voice disorders. No prior studies have conducted quantitative validation analyses for the CPIB for persons with aphasia (PWA). AIMS The primary purpose of this study was to begin validation of the CPIB for PWA by conducting an analysis of differential item functioning (DIF). A DIF analysis was used to identify whether item parameters of the CPIB differed between PWA and the populations used in prior CPIB calibration. Secondary analyses evaluated the level of assistance needed by PWA to complete the CPIB, relationships between the CPIB and a gold-standard patient-reported instrument for PWA - American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Quality of Communication Life Scale (ASHA-QCL), and relationships between PWA and family proxy report on the CPIB. METHODS AND PROCEDURES This study included 110 PWA and 90 proxy raters. PWA completed a battery of patient-reported questionnaires in one face-to-face session. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) provided communication support. Data on aphasia severity from the Western Aphasia Battery - Revised (WAB-R) and demographic data either existed from prior research or were collected during the session. Proxy raters completed a similar battery of self-report questionnaires. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Results of the DIF analysis suggested statistically significant DIF on two of the 46 items in the CPIB, but the DIF had essentially no impact on CPIB scores. PWA with WAB-R Aphasia Quotient scores above 80 appeared comfortable reading the CPIB items, although required occasional assistance. Most participants who were unable to complete the CPIB had WAB-R Aphasia Quotient scores lower than 50. Correlation between the CPIB and ASHA-QCL was moderate; and correlation between PWA and proxy scores was low. CONCLUSIONS Most PWA were able to respond to CPIB items, although most required or requested support. Although these results are preliminary due to a small sample size, the data support that the CPIB may be valid for PWA. Caution is warranted regarding proxy report because of low correlation between PWA and proxy ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Baylor
- University of Washington, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Box 356490, Seattle, WA 98195, 206-221-3563
| | - Megan Oelke
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Puget Sound, University of Washington, Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences; Box 354875, Seattle, WA 98105, 206-685-2140
| | - Alyssa Bamer
- University of Washington Box 354237, Seattle, WA 98195, 303-953-8085
| | - Eileen Hunsaker
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, 36 1 Ave, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, MA 02129, 617-724-6847
| | - Catherine Off
- University of Montana, Curry Health Center/CSD/LL, 32 Campus Drive, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59802, 406-243-2104
| | - Sarah E Wallace
- Duquesne University, 410 Fisher Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, 412-396-4129
| | - Suzanne Pennington
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, 36 1 Ave, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, MA 02129, 617-724-7926
| | - Diane Kendall
- University of Washington, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Puget Sound, Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences; Box 354875, Seattle, WA 98105, 206-616-0537
| | - Kathryn Yorkston
- University of Washington, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Box 356490, Seattle, WA 98195, 206-543-3345
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Purdy SC, Wanigasekara I, Cañete OM, Moore C, McCann CM. Aphasia and Auditory Processing after Stroke through an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Lens. Semin Hear 2016; 37:233-46. [PMID: 27489401 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphasia is an acquired language impairment affecting speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Aphasia occurs in about a third of patients who have ischemic stroke and significantly affects functional recovery and return to work. Stroke is more common in older individuals but also occurs in young adults and children. Because people experiencing a stroke are typically aged between 65 and 84 years, hearing loss is common and can potentially interfere with rehabilitation. There is some evidence for increased risk and greater severity of sensorineural hearing loss in the stroke population and hence it has been recommended that all people surviving a stroke should have a hearing test. Auditory processing difficulties have also been reported poststroke. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) can be used as a basis for describing the effect of aphasia, hearing loss, and auditory processing difficulties on activities and participation. Effects include reduced participation in activities outside the home such as work and recreation and difficulty engaging in social interaction and communicating needs. A case example of a young man (M) in his 30s who experienced a left-hemisphere ischemic stroke is presented. M has normal hearing sensitivity but has aphasia and auditory processing difficulties based on behavioral and cortical evoked potential measures. His principal goal is to return to work. Although auditory processing difficulties (and hearing loss) are acknowledged in the literature, clinical protocols typically do not specify routine assessment. The literature and the case example presented here suggest a need for further research in this area and a possible change in practice toward more routine assessment of auditory function post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Purdy
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Iruni Wanigasekara
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Oscar M Cañete
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Celia Moore
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare M McCann
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wallace SJ, Worrall L, Rose T, Le Dorze G, Cruice M, Isaksen J, Kong APH, Simmons-Mackie N, Scarinci N, Gauvreau CA. Which outcomes are most important to people with aphasia and their families? an international nominal group technique study framed within the ICF. Disabil Rehabil 2016; 39:1364-1379. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1194899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Wallace
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda Worrall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tanya Rose
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Guylaine Le Dorze
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Montreal, School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Madeline Cruice
- School of Health Sciences, City University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jytte Isaksen
- Department of Language and Communication, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anthony Pak Hin Kong
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nina Simmons-Mackie
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA
| | - Nerina Scarinci
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christine Alary Gauvreau
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Montreal, School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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