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Less Polar Compounds and Targeted Antioxidant Potential (In Vitro and In Vivo) of Codium adhaerens C. Agardh 1822. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090944. [PMID: 34577644 PMCID: PMC8470845 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Codium adhaerens from the Adriatic Sea (Croatia) was comprehensively investigated regarding less polar compounds for the first time. Although there are several phytochemical studies on C. adhaerens from other regions, this is the first report on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fresh (FrCa) and air-dried (DrCa) samples. The novelty is also related to its targeted antioxidant potential in vitro and in vivo. The main aims were to: (a) identify and compare VOCs of FrCa and DrCa obtained by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD); (b) determine fatty acid (FA) composition of freeze-dried sample (FdCa); (c) determine the composition of less polar fractions of FdCa by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS); and (d) comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant activity of the fractions by four in vitro assays and in vivo zebrafish model (including embryotoxicity). Significant changes of VOCs were found after air drying. ω6 FAs were present in higher content than ω3 FAs indicating C. adhaerens as a good source of dietary polyunsaturated FAs. The results obtained in vivo correlate well with in vitro methods and both fractions exerted similar antioxidative responses which is in agreement with the high abundance of present biomolecules with known antioxidant properties (e.g., fucoxanthin, pheophytin a, and pheophorbide a). These results suggest that C. adhaerens might be a potent source of natural antioxidants that could be further used in the research of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Rak Lee S, Schalk F, Schwitalla JW, Benndorf R, Vollmers J, Kaster AK, de Beer ZW, Park M, Ahn MJ, Jung WH, Beemelmanns C, Kim KH. Polyhalogenation of Isoflavonoids by the Termite-Associated Actinomadura sp. RB99. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3102-3110. [PMID: 32946237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS2) and global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS), we found that plant-derived daidzein and genistein derivatives are polyhalogenated by termite-associated Actinomadura species RB99. MS-guided purification from extracts of bacteria grown under optimized conditions led to the isolation of eight polychlorinated isoflavones, including six unreported derivatives, and seven novel polybrominated derivatives, two of which showed antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Schalk
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan W Schwitalla
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - René Benndorf
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - John Vollmers
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Kaster
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0083, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Jerković I, Marijanović Z, Roje M, Kuś PM, Jokić S, Čož-Rakovac R. Phytochemical study of the headspace volatile organic compounds of fresh algae and seagrass from the Adriatic Sea (single point collection). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196462. [PMID: 29738535 PMCID: PMC5940206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Performed phytochemical study contributes to the knowledge of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing, Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile and Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin from the Adriatic Sea (single point collection). VOCs were investigated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS/FID). H. filicina headspace contained dimethyl sulfide (DMS; 12.8%), C8-compounds (e.g. fucoserratene (I; 9.5%)), benzaldehyde (II; 8.7%), alkane C17, dictyopterene D and C (III, IV), tribromomethane (V), 1-iodopentane, others. F. petiolata headspace was characterized by DMS (22.2%), 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (9.5%), C17 (9.1%), II (6.5%), compounds I-V. DMS (59.3%), C15 (14.5%), C17 (7.2%) and C19 (6.3%) dominated in P. oceanica headspace. Sesquiterpenes were found in D. dichotoma, predominantly germacrene D (28.3%) followed by other cadinenyl (abundant), muurolenyl and amorphenyl structures. Determined VOCs may be significant for chemosystematics and chemical communications in marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jerković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, HR Split, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Marijanović
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, HR Split, Croatia
| | - Marin Roje
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Piotr M. Kuś
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stela Jokić
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR Osijek, Croatia
| | - Rozelinda Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR Zagreb, Croatia
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Hauler C, Vetter W. Synthesis, structure elucidation, and determination of polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles (PMPs) in blue mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26029-26039. [PMID: 28942571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles (PMPs) are halogenated natural products (HNPs) recently detected in seagrass, blue mussels, and other marine organisms. In this study, we synthesized 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-N-methylpyrrole (Cl4-MP), 2,3,4,5-tetrabrominated-N-methylpyrrole (Br4-MP, aka TBMP), and mixed tetrahalogenated (Cl and Br) N-methylpyrrole congeners. Use of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR verified the structures of isolated/enriched 3,4-dibromo-2,5-dichloro-N-methylpyrrole (3,4-Br2-2,5-Cl2-MP), 2,3,4-tribromo-5-chloro-N-methylpyrrole (2,3,4-Br3-5-Cl-MP), and 3-bromo-2,4,5-trichloro-N-methylpyrrole (3-Br-2,4,5-Cl3-MP). GC/EI-MS and GC/ECNI-MS mass spectra of the five PMPs were studied with regard to fragmentation pattern and individual responses which were strongly affected by the presence (or absence) of Br in α-position(s). Quantitative solutions of the synthesized standards were used to determine the elution order of isomers and to quantify PMPs in selected blue mussel samples (Mytilus sp.) from the European Atlantic coast (Spain, France), the North Sea (the Netherlands, Germany) and Baltic Sea (Germany). PMPs were detected in all samples and the concentrations ranged between 0.6 and 52 μg/kg lipids with Br4-MP being the most abundant representative of this substance class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauler
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Dönges M, Amberg M, Niebergall M, Hartung J. Activating tert-butyl hydroperoxide by chelated vanadates for stereoselectively preparing sidechain-functionalized tetrahydrofurans. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 147:204-20. [PMID: 25958253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) stereoselectively oxidizes substituted 4-pentenols, when activated by (ethyl)[cis-(piperidine-2,6-diyl)dimethyl] vanadates. The reaction affords (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methanols in up to 89% yield, and in stereoselectivity ranging between moderate (cis:trans=32:68) to excellent (>99:1). Correlating structures of 4-pentenols, differing by substitution at tetragonal and trigonal stereocenters, to configuration of products obtained from oxidative cyclization provides a reaction model explaining the origin of stereoselectivity by (i) intramolecular oxygen atom transfer to (ii) a chair-like folded alkenol, being (iii) hydrogen-bonded to one of the two aminodiolate oxygens of the chelated vanadate, having (iv) substituents in the chair-like transition structure preferentially aligned equatorially. Substituents at trigonal stereocenters improve 2,5-cis- and 2,4-trans-selectivity for oxidative 4-pentenol cyclization in case of (Z)-configuration. An (E)-substituent does not alter selectivity exerted by a terminal (Z)-substituent of similar steric size. Larger (E)-groups increase the fraction of 2,5-trans-cyclized products. The reaction model additionally implements results from vanadium-51 NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory. According to theory, the (dialkoxy)(oxo)vanadium substituent exerts in the preferred end-on conformation almost no effect on structure and bonding of the peroxide group in tert-butylperoxy vanadates. Changing conformation to a higher in energy side-on arrangement puts the vanadate-bound tert-butylperoxy group into a position to serve in a concerted reaction as combined electron acceptor and oxygen atom donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Dönges
- Fachbereich Chemie, Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Amberg
- Fachbereich Chemie, Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mark Niebergall
- Fachbereich Chemie, Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jens Hartung
- Fachbereich Chemie, Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Hauler C, Rimkus G, Risacher C, Knölker HJ, Vetter W. Concentrations of halogenated natural products versus PCB 153 in bivalves from the North and Baltic Seas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:994-1001. [PMID: 24911775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different halogenated natural products (HNPs) have been reported to occur in marine wildlife, particularly from regions with comparably little contamination with anthropogenic pollutants. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea have been known as a marine site heavily polluted with organohalogen compounds, and especially with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study we wished to determine the current abundance of HNPs in comparison with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153), i.e. the major PCB congener in marine biota. For this purpose, forty blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from seven sites were analyzed on HNPs and PCB 153. Most of the samples contained HNPs in the form of polyhalogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (PMBPs including Q1) and the mixed halogenated compound MHC-1. In addition we determined several polyhalogenated 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (PDBPs), 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-N-methylpyrrole and several novel homologs, as well as polybrominated N-methylindoles. The occurrence of these HNP groups were considerably different in the samples from different regions with varying sum concentrations up to 1930 μg/kg lipids in blue mussels from Heligoland (North Sea) and much lower concentrations in samples from the Baltic Sea (up to 13 μg/kg lipids). The concentrations of HNPs varied by two orders of magnitude, compared to a factor of 10 for PCB 153, suggesting that HNPs are more spatially (and perhaps temporally) variant than POPs. In the North Sea region Heligoland, HNPs were more abundant than PCB 153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rimkus
- State Laboratory Schleswig-Holstein (LSH), Department of Residue and Contamination Analysis, 24537 Neumünster, Germany
| | - Célia Risacher
- Dresden University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Dresden University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Schrewe M, Julsing MK, Bühler B, Schmid A. Whole-cell biocatalysis for selective and productive C-O functional group introduction and modification. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:6346-77. [PMID: 23475180 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, biocatalysis became of increasing importance for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Regarding regio- and stereospecificity, enzymes have shown to be superior compared to traditional chemical synthesis approaches, especially in C-O functional group chemistry. Catalysts established on a process level are diverse and can be classified along a functional continuum starting with single-step biotransformations using isolated enzymes or microbial strains towards fermentative processes with recombinant microorganisms containing artificial synthetic pathways. The complex organization of respective enzymes combined with aspects such as cofactor dependency and low stability in isolated form often favors the use of whole cells over that of isolated enzymes. Based on an inventory of the large spectrum of biocatalytic C-O functional group chemistry, this review focuses on highlighting the potentials, limitations, and solutions offered by the application of self-regenerating microbial cells as biocatalysts. Different cellular functionalities are discussed in the light of their (possible) contribution to catalyst efficiency. The combined achievements in the areas of protein, genetic, metabolic, and reaction engineering enable the development of whole-cell biocatalysts as powerful tools in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schrewe
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Anderson M, Allenmark S. The Potential Of Vanadium Bromoperoxidase As A Catalyst In Preparative Asymmetric Sulfoxidation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420009040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Van Deurzen MP, Seelbach K, van Rantwijk F, Kragl U, Sheldon RA. Chloroperoxidase: Use of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Stat for Controlling Reactions and Improving Enzyme Performance. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429709003606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Production and partial characterization of extracellular peroxidase produced byStreptomyces sp. F6616 isolated in Turkey. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03178335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Maurya MR. Structural models of vanadate-dependent haloperoxidases and their reactivity. J CHEM SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02703947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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van Deurzen MP, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Chloroperoxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309708006531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
A large number of halogenated compounds is produced by chemical synthesis. Some of these compounds are very toxic and cause enormous problems to human health and to the environment. Investigations on the degradation of halocompounds by microorganisms have led to the detection of various dehalogenating enzymes catalyzing the removal of halogen atoms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions involving different mechanisms. On the other hand, more than 3500 halocompounds are known to be produced biologically, some of them in great amounts. Until 1997, only haloperoxidases were thought to be responsible for incorporation of halogen atoms into organic compounds. However, recent investigations into the biosynthesis of halogenated metabolites by bacteria have shown that a novel type of halogenating enzymes, FADH(2)-dependent halogenases, are involved in biosyntheses of halogenated metabolites. In every gene cluster coding for the biosynthesis of a halogenated metabolite, isolated so far, one or several genes for FADH(2)-dependent halogenases have been identified.
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Ballschmiter K. Pattern and sources of naturally produced organohalogens in the marine environment: biogenic formation of organohalogens. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:313-24. [PMID: 12738255 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of organohalogens found in the marine environment is complex and includes compounds, only assignable to natural (chloromethane) or anthropogenic (hexachlorobenzene, PCBs) sources as well as compounds of a mixed origin (trichloromethane, halogenated methyl phenyl ether).The chemistry of the formation of natural organohalogens is summarized. The focus is put on volatile compounds carrying the halogens Cl, Br, and I, respectively. Though marine natural organohalogens are quite numerous as defined components, they are mostly not produced as major compounds. The most relevant in terms of global annual production is chloromethane (methyl chloride). The global atmospheric mixing ratio requires an annual production of 3.5-5 million tons per year. The chemistry of the group of haloperoxidases is discussed. Incubation experiments reveal that a wide spectrum of unknown compounds is formed in side reactions by haloperoxidases in pathways not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Ballschmiter
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
Chlorinated cyclic bisbibenzyls of the isoplagiochin type are the first verified halometabolites from bryophytes. They could be obtained by in vitro chlorination of isoplagiochin C with chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago. Furthermore, an enzyme of this type was detected for the first time in bryophytes namely in the liverwort Bazzania trilobata using the monochlorodimedon assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Speicher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, PO Box 151150, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Antonopoulos VT, Rob A, Ball AS, Wilson MT. Dechlorination of chlorophenols using extracellular peroxidases produced by streptomyces albus ATCC 3005. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 29:62-69. [PMID: 11427236 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces albus ATCC 3005 was found to produce higher levels of extracellular peroxidase activity (3.420 U mg(-1)) than previously reported for any other actinomycete. Maximum peroxidase activity was obtained after 72 h of incubation at a temperature of 30 degrees C in a liquid medium (pH 7.6) containing (in w/v) 0.8% to 0.9% oat spelts xylan and 0.6% yeast extract, corresponding to a C:N ratio of around 8.4:1. Characterization of the peroxidases revealed that the optimal temperature for peroxidase activity, using the standard 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) assay was 53 degrees C, when the enzyme reaction was performed at pH 7.2. A study of the effect of temperature on the stability of peroxidase over time, showed that the enzyme was stable at 40 degrees C, with a half-life of 224 min, while at higher temperatures the stability and activity was reduced such that at 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C the half-life of the enzyme was 50 min and 9 min respectively. The optimum pH for the activity of the enzyme occurred between pH 8.1 and 10.4. In terms of substrate specificity, the peroxidase was able to catalyze a broad range of substrates including 2,4-DCP, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and other chlorophenols in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Ion exchange chromatography was used to confirm that the enzyme was able to release chloride ions from a range of chlorophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T. Antonopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, John Tabor Laboratories, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The whole cells and the chloroperoxidase enzyme of Caldariomyces fumago were capable of halogenating the flavanones, naringenin and hesperetin, at C-6 and C-8 in the presence of either Cl- or Br-. However, they did not act on other test flavones. The biohalogenated products of naringenin and hesperetin were isolated and found to be identical to those obtained from chemical reactions using molecular halogen and hypohalous acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yaipakdee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Mueng, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand.
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Speicher A, Hollemeyer K, Heinzle E. Rapid detection of chlorinated bisbibenzyls in Bazzania trilobata using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:303-306. [PMID: 11382248 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated bisbibenzyls of the bazzanin type are detected in crude bryophyte plant extracts of Bazzania trilobata from different locations using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. These results show that these chlorinated compounds are not artefacts of an incidental occurrence or of the sample preparation but are genuine and produced by the liverwort or an endosymbiotic metabolism. Further experiments were performed concerning the in vitro chlorination of the halogen free basic unit isoplagiochin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Speicher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
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Speicher A, Hollemeyer K, Heinzle E. Rapid detection of multiple chlorinated bis(bibenzyls) in bryophyte crude extracts using laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:124-127. [PMID: 11180540 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20010130)15:2<124::aid-rcm203>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated bis(bibenzyls) of the bazzanine type were detected in crude bryophyte plant extracts of Bazzania trilobata from different locations using laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (LDI-TOF) mass spectrometry without addition of an additional chemical matrix. The degree of chlorination could be identified by the characteristic isotope patterns. These results suggest that these chlorinated compounds are not artefacts of an incidental occurrence, or of the sample preparation, but are genuine natural products produced by the liverwort or by an endosymbiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Speicher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Keller S, Wage T, Hohaus K, Hölzer M, Eichhorn E, van Pée KH. Reinigung und teilweise Charakterisierung der Tryptophan-7-Halogenase (PrnA) ausPseudomonas fluorescens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000703)112:13<2380::aid-ange2380>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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ten Brink HB, Dekker HL, Schoemaker HE, Wever R. Oxidation reactions catalyzed by vanadium chloroperoxidase from Curvularia inaequalis. J Inorg Biochem 2000; 80:91-8. [PMID: 10885468 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium haloperoxidases have been reported to mediate the oxidation of halides to hypohalous acid and the sulfoxidation of organic sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. However, traditional heme peroxidase substrates were reported not to be oxidized by vanadium haloperoxidases. Surprisingly, we have now found that the recombinant vanadium chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis catalyzes the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), a classical chromogenic heme peroxidase substrate. The enzyme mediates the oxidation of ABTS in the presence of hydrogen peroxide with a turnover frequency of 11 s(-1) at its pH optimum of 4.0. The Km of the recombinant enzyme for ABTS was observed to be approximately 35 microM at this pH value. In addition, the bleaching of an industrial sulfonated azo dye, Chicago Sky Blue 6B, catalyzed by the recombinant vanadium chloroperoxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B ten Brink
- E. C. Slater Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Pée KH, Hölzer M. Specific enzymatic chlorination of tryptophan and tryptophan derivatives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 467:603-9. [PMID: 10721106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4709-9_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
In the search for an alternative to chemical halogenation reactions using the free halogens, a novel type of halogenating enzymes was detected. In contrast to haloperoxidases, these NADH-dependent halogenases are specific. Tryptophan halogenase which catalyses the regioselective chlorination of tryptophan to 7-chlorotryptophan can also chlorinate tryptamine, tryptophol, indole-3-acetonitrile, and 3-methylindole. However, indole-3-acetonitrile is not chlorinated in the 7-position, but in positions two and three of the indole ring. Chlorination in the 3-position is obviously stereospecific. In addition to tryptophan and indole derivatives, aminophenylpyrrole is also accepted as a substrate for regioselective chlorination. Since the new NADH-dependent halogenases have a fairly broad substrate specificity and catalyse regioselective chlorination reactions they could be a good alternative to chemical halogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H van Pée
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Biochemie, Germany.
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Abstract
Soybean peroxidase (SBP), an acidic peroxidase isolated from the seed coat, has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the oxidation of a variety of organic compounds. In the present study, we demonstrate that SBP can catalyze halogenation reactions. In the presence of H(2)O(2), SBP catalyzed the oxidation of bromide and iodide but not chloride. Veratryl alcohol (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol) served as a useful substrate for SBP-catalyzed halogenations yielding the 6-bromo derivative. Halogenation of veratryl alcohol was optimal at pHs below 2.5 with rates of 2.4 µm/min, achieving complete conversions of 150-µm veratryl alcohol in 24 h. The enzyme showed essentially no brominating activity at pHs above 5.5. SBP-catalyzed bromination of veratryl alcohol proceeded with a maximum reaction velocity, (V(max))(apparent), of 5.8 x 10(-1) µm/min, a K(m) of 78 µm and a catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m) of 1.37 x 10(5) M/min at pH 4.0, assuming all of the enzyme's active sites participate in the reaction. SBP also catalyzed the bromination of several other organic substrates including pyrazole to produce a single product 1-bromopyrazole, indole to yield both 5-bromoindole and 5-hydroxyindole, and the decarboxylative bromination of 3,4 dimethoxy-trans-cinnamic acid to trans-2-bromo-1-(3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)ethylene. A catalytic mechanism for SBP-catalyzed bromination has been proposed based on experimental results in this and related studies.
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Dai L, Klibanov AM. Striking activation of oxidative enzymes suspended in nonaqueous media. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:9475-8. [PMID: 10449717 PMCID: PMC22233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of four lyophilized oxidative enzymes-horseradish peroxidase, soybean peroxidase, Caldariomyces fumago chloroperoxidase, and mushroom polyphenol oxidase-is much lower when directly suspended in organic solvents containing little water than when they are introduced into the same largely nonaqueous media by first dissolving them in water and then diluting with anhydrous solvents. The lower the water content of the medium, the greater this discrepancy becomes. The mechanism of this phenomenon was found to arise from reversible denaturation of the oxidases on lyophilization: because of its conformational rigidity, the denatured enzyme exhibits very limited activity when directly suspended in largely nonaqueous media but renatures and thus yields much higher activity if first redissolved in water. Two independent means were discovered for dramatically minimizing the lyophilization-induced inactivation, both involving the addition of certain types of excipients to the aqueous enzyme solution before lyophilization. The first group of excipients consists of phenolic and aniline substrates as well as other hydrophobic compounds; these presumably bind to the hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme active site, thereby preventing its collapse during dehydration. The second group consists of general lyoprotectants such as polyols and polyethylen glycol that apparently preserve the overall enzyme structure during dehydration. The activation effects of such excipients can reach into the tens and hundreds of fold. Moreover, the activations afforded by the two excipient groups are additive, resulting in up to a complete protection against lyophilization-induced inactivation when representatives of the two are present together.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Orru RV, Archelas A, Furstoss R, Faber K. Epoxide hydrolases and their synthetic applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 63:145-67. [PMID: 9933984 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69791-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Chiral epoxides and 1,2-diols, which are central building blocks for the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive compounds, can be obtained by using enzymes--i.e. epoxide hydrolases--which catalyse the enantioselective hydrolysis of epoxides. These biocatalysis have recently been found to be more widely distributed in fungi and bacteria than previously expected. Sufficient sources from bacteria, such as Rhodococcus and Nocardia spp., or fungi, as for instance Aspergillus and Beauveria spp., have now been identified. The reaction proceeds via an SN2-specific opening of the epoxide, leading to the formation of the corresponding trans-configured 1,2-diol. For the resolution of racemic monosubstituted and 2,2- or 2,3-disubstituted substrates, various fungi and bacteria have been shown to possess excellent enantioselectivities. Additionally, different methods, which lead to the formation of the optically pure product diol in a chemical yield far beyond the 50% mark (which is intrinsic to classic kinetic resolutions), are discussed. In addition, the use of non-natural nucleophiles such as azides or amines provides access to enantiomerically enriched vicinal azido- and amino-alcohols. The synthetic potential of these enzymes for asymmetric synthesis is illustrated with recent examples, describing the preparation of some biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Orru
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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Andersson MA, Allenmark SG. Asymmetric sulfoxidation catalyzed by a vanadium bromoperoxidase: Substrate requirements of the catalyst. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lauritsen FR, Lunding A. A Study of the Bioconversion Potential of the Fungus Bjerkandera Adusta with Respect to a Production of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wagenknecht HA, Claude C, Woggon WD. New Enzyme Models of Chloroperoxidase: Improved stability and catalytic efficiency of iron porphyrinates containing a thiolato ligand. Helv Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19980810554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hohaus K, Altmann A, Burd W, Fischer I, Hammer PE, Hill DS, Ligon JM, Van Pée KH. NADH-abhängige Halogenasen sind wahrscheinlich eher an der Biosynthese von Halogenmetaboliten beteiligt als Haloperoxidasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971091829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Seelbach K, van Deurzen MPJ, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA, Kragl U. Improvement of the total turnover number and space-time yield for chloroperoxidase catalyzed oxidation. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997; 55:283-8. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970720)55:2<283::aid-bit6>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Picard M, Gross J, Berkessel A, Lübbert E, Tölzer S, van Pée KH, Krauss S. Metallfreie bakterielle Haloperoxidasen als ungewöhnliche Hydrolasen: Aktivierung von H2O2 durch Bildung von Peressigsäure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wagenknecht HA, Woggon WD. Identification of intermediates in the catalytic cycle of chloroperoxidase. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1997; 4:367-72. [PMID: 9195874 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(97)90127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is the most versatile of the hemethiolate proteins, catalyzing the chlorination of activated C-H bonds and reactions reminiscent of peroxidase, catalase, and cytochrome P450. Despite 30 years of continuous efforts, no intermediates of the enzyme's catalytic cycle have been identified except for compound I. Thus, in the absence of conclusive evidence it is generally believed that the halogenation of substrates proceeds by means of 'free HOCI' in solution. RESULTS The pH profile of chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago revealed a new active-site complex that can be detected only at pH 4.4. According to ultra-violet (UV) spectroscopy, and by comparison with suitable enzyme models, this intermediate is the HOCl adduct of the iron(III) protoporphyrin(IX). Inactivation of chloroperoxidase by diethyl pyrocarbonate, which interrupts the proton shuttle by modification of the distal histidine, led to the formation of the -OCl adduct of the iron complex, which was identified by comparison with a corresponding active site analogue. CONCLUSIONS The availability of enzyme models of heme-thiolate proteins allowed the identification by UV spectroscopy of both the -OCl adduct and the HOCl adduct of the iron(III) protoporphyrin(IX) of chloroperoxidase. The existence of these previously elusive intermediates suggests that the chlorination catalyzed by CPO, and its corresponding active site analogue, proceeds by Cl+ transfer from the HOCl adduct to the substrate bound in the distal pocket of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Wagenknecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Basel Strasse Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Wagenknecht HA, Woggon WD. Neue Enzymmodelle für die Chlorperoxidase — Synthesen und katalytische Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971090425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Halogenated metabolites, originally thought to be infrequent in nature, are actually nothing unusual at all, and are produced by many different organisms, including bacteria. Whereas marine bacteria usually produce brominated compounds, terrestrial bacteria preferentially synthesize chlorometabolites, but fluoro- and iodometabolites can also be found. Haloperoxidases, enzymes capable of catalyzing the formation of carbon halogen bonds in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and halide ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) have been isolated and characterized from different bacteria. These enzymes turned out to be very unspecific and are obviously not the type of halogenating enzymes responsible for the formation of halometabolites in bacteria. A yet-unknown type of halogenating enzyme having both substrate and regio-specificity must be involved in the biosynthesis of halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H van Pée
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Allenmark SG, Andersson MA. Chloroperoxidase-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of series of aromatic cyclic sulfoxides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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