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A New L-Proline Amide Hydrolase with Potential Application within the Amidase Process. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L-proline amide hydrolase (PAH, EC 3.5.1.101) is a barely described enzyme belonging to the peptidase S33 family, and is highly similar to prolyl aminopeptidases (PAP, EC. 3.4.11.5). Besides being an S-stereoselective character towards piperidine-based carboxamides, this enzyme also hydrolyses different L-amino acid amides, turning it into a potential biocatalyst within the Amidase Process. In this work, we report the characterization of L-proline amide hydrolase from Pseudomonas syringae (PsyPAH) together with the first X-ray structure for this class of L-amino acid amidases. Recombinant PsyPAH showed optimal conditions at pH 7.0 and 35 °C, with an apparent thermal melting temperature of 46 °C. The enzyme behaved as a monomer at the optimal pH. The L-enantioselective hydrolytic activity towards different canonical and non-canonical amino-acid amides was confirmed. Structural analysis suggests key residues in the enzymatic activity.
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Liao L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Fu Y, Zhang A, Qiu R, Yang S, Fang B. Construction and characterization of a novel glucose dehydrogenase-leucine dehydrogenase fusion enzyme for the biosynthesis of L-tert-leucine. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:3. [PMID: 33407464 PMCID: PMC7788806 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biosynthesis of l-tert-leucine (l-tle), a significant pharmaceutical intermediate, by a cofactor regeneration system friendly and efficiently is a worthful goal all the time. The cofactor regeneration system of leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) has showed great coupling catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of l-tle, however the multi-enzyme complex of GDH and LeuDH has never been constructed successfully. Results In this work, a novel fusion enzyme (GDH–R3–LeuDH) for the efficient biosynthesis of l-tle was constructed by the fusion of LeuDH and GDH mediated with a rigid peptide linker. Compared with the free enzymes, both the environmental tolerance and thermal stability of GDH–R3–LeuDH had a great improved since the fusion structure. The fusion structure also accelerated the cofactor regeneration rate and maintained the enzyme activity, so the productivity and yield of l-tle by GDH–R3–LeuDH was all enhanced by twofold. Finally, the space–time yield of l-tle catalyzing by GDH–R3–LeuDH whole cells could achieve 2136 g/L/day in a 200 mL scale system under the optimal catalysis conditions (pH 9.0, 30 °C, 0.4 mM of NAD+ and 500 mM of a substrate including trimethylpyruvic acid and glucose). Conclusions It is the first report about the fusion of GDH and LeuDH as the multi-enzyme complex to synthesize l-tle and reach the highest space–time yield up to now. These results demonstrated the great potential of the GDH–R3–LeuDH fusion enzyme for the efficient biosynthesis of l-tle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langxing Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yousi Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruodian Qiu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhao Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Baishan Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Fang B. Engineering bi-functional enzyme complex of formate dehydrogenase and leucine dehydrogenase by peptide linker mediated fusion for accelerating cofactor regeneration. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:989-996. [PMID: 32624849 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the application of peptide linker in the construction of bi-functional formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH) enzymatic complex for efficient cofactor regeneration and L-tert leucine (L-tle) biotransformation. Seven FDH-LeuDH fusion enzymes with different peptide linker were successfully developed and displayed both parental enzyme activities. The incorporation order of FDH and LeuDH was investigated by predicting three-dimensional structures of LeuDH-FDH and FDH-LeuDH models using the I-TASSER server. The enzymatic characterization showed that insertion of rigid peptide linker obtained better activity and thermal stability in comparison with flexible peptide linker. The production rate of fusion enzymatic complex with suitable flexible peptide linker was increased by 1.2 times compared with free enzyme mixture. Moreover, structural analysis of FDH and LeuDH suggested the secondary structure of the N-, C-terminal domain and their relative positions to functional domains was also greatly relevant to the catalytic properties of the fusion enzymatic complex. The results show that rigid peptide linker could ensure the independent folding of moieties and stabilized enzyme structure, while the flexible peptide linker was likely to bring enzyme moieties in close proximity for superior cofactor channeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Baishan Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen P. R. China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
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Jiang W, Xu CZ, Jiang SZ, Zhang TD, Wang SZ, Fang BS. Establishing a Mathematical Equations and Improving the Production of L-tert-Leucine by Uniform Design and Regression Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:1454-1464. [PMID: 27866308 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
L-tert-Leucine (L-Tle) and its derivatives are extensively used as crucial building blocks for chiral auxiliaries, pharmaceutically active ingredients, and ligands. Combining with formate dehydrogenase (FDH) for regenerating the expensive coenzyme NADH, leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH) is continually used for synthesizing L-Tle from α-keto acid. A multilevel factorial experimental design was executed for research of this system. In this work, an efficient optimization method for improving the productivity of L-Tle was developed. And the mathematical model between different fermentation conditions and L-Tle yield was also determined in the form of the equation by using uniform design and regression analysis. The multivariate regression equation was conveniently implemented in water, with a space time yield of 505.9 g L-1 day-1 and an enantiomeric excess value of >99 %. These results demonstrated that this method might become an ideal protocol for industrial production of chiral compounds and unnatural amino acids such as chiral drug intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chao-Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Si-Zhi Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tang-Duo Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi-Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bai-Shan Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
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Liu W, Ma H, Luo J, Shen W, Xu X, Li S, Hu Y, Huang H. Efficient synthesis of l-tert-leucine through reductive amination using leucine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase coexpressed in recombinant E. coli. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu W, Luo J, Zhuang X, Shen W, Zhang Y, Li S, Hu Y, Huang H. Efficient preparation of enantiopure l-tert-leucine through immobilized penicillin G acylase catalyzed kinetic resolution in aqueous medium. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Melithiazol and myxothiazol are two myxobacterial metabolites that are highly efficient electron transport inhibitors of the respiratory chain. MelJ and MelK encoded in the melithiazol biosynthetic gene cluster were recently shown to be involved in the formation of the methyl ester from a hypothetical amide intermediate. In vivo studies suggest that the structurally highly similar amide myxothiazol A can be used as a substrate mimic of the hypothetical melithiazol amide to characterize the hydrolase MelJ. Both enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli as intein chitin fusion proteins and were purified using affinity chromatography. MelJ was found to catalyse the conversion of the amide myxothiazol to free myxothiazol acid. The formerly unknown myxothiazol acid was purified and used as a substrate for the methyl transferase MelK which methylates the compound using S-adenosyl-methionine as cosubstrate. Sequence analyses suggest that MelJ and MelK are members of the amidase signature family and of a new subclass of methyltransferases, respectively. Kinetic analyses point at a very high substrate specificity for both enzymes. Furthermore, the in vitro reconstitution of a unique mechanism of methyl ester formation found in myxobacteria is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Müller
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Pacheco R, Karmali A, Serralheiro MLM, Haris PI. Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for monitoring hydrolysis and synthesis reactions catalyzed by a recombinant amidase. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:49-58. [PMID: 16185648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for monitoring both synthesis and hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by a recombinant amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The kinetics of hydrolysis of acetamide, propionamide, butyramide, acrylamide, benzamide, phenylalaninamide, alaninamide, glycinamide, and leucinamide were determined. This revealed that very short-chain substrates displayed higher amidase activity than did branched side-chain or aromatic substrates. In addition, on reducing the polarity and increasing the substrates' bulkiness, a reduction of the amidase affinity for the substrates took place. Using FTIR spectroscopy it was possible to monitor and quantify the synthesis of several hydroxamic acid derivatives and ester hydrolysis products. These products may occur simultaneously in a reaction catalyzed by the amidase. The substrates used for the study of such reactions were ethyl acetate and glycine ethyl ester. Hydroxylamine was the nucleophile substrate used for the synthesis of acetohydroxamate compounds. Results presented in this article demonstrate the usefulness of FTIR spectroscopy as an important tool for understanding the enzyme structure-activity relationship because it provides a simple and rapid real-time assay for the detection and quantification of amidase hydrolysis and synthesis reactions in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pacheco
- Centro de Investigação de Engenharia Química e Biotecnologia do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal
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Trott S, Bürger S, Calaminus C, Stolz A. Cloning and heterologous expression of an enantioselective amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis strain MP50. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3279-86. [PMID: 12089004 PMCID: PMC126760 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.7.3279-3286.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene for an enantioselective amidase was cloned from Rhodococcus erythropolis MP50, which utilizes various aromatic nitriles via a nitrile hydratase/amidase system as nitrogen sources. The gene encoded a protein of 525 amino acids which corresponded to a protein with a molecular mass of 55.5 kDa. The deduced complete amino acid sequence showed homology to other enantioselective amidases from different bacterial genera. The nucleotide sequence approximately 2.5 kb upstream and downstream of the amidase gene was determined, but no indications for a structural coupling of the amidase gene with the genes for a nitrile hydratase were found. The amidase gene was carried by an approximately 40-kb circular plasmid in R. erythropolis MP50. The amidase was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to hydrolyze 2-phenylpropionamide, alpha-chlorophenylacetamide, and alpha-methoxyphenylacetamide with high enantioselectivity; mandeloamide and 2-methyl-3-phenylpropionamide were also converted, but only with reduced enantioselectivity. The recombinant E. coli strain which synthesized the amidase gene was shown to grow with organic amides as nitrogen sources. A comparison of the amidase activities observed with whole cells or cell extracts of the recombinant E. coli strain suggested that the transport of the amides into the cells becomes the rate-limiting step for amide hydrolysis in recombinant E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Trott
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Fournand D, Arnaud A. Aliphatic and enantioselective amidases: from hydrolysis to acyl transfer activity. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91:381-93. [PMID: 11556902 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Fournand
- GER de Chimie Biologique, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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