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Raj BN, Shivakumar BK, Vinay HR. A cross-sectional study of opinion about mental illness among undergraduate medical students with and without exposure to the psychiatry clinical rotation/postings during their undergraduate training. Indian J Psychiatry 2023; 65:853-861. [PMID: 37736224 PMCID: PMC10510633 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_87_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A positive attitude toward mental illness is a prerequisite for the provision of holistic care. Thus, a study was undertaken to know the opinion about mental illness among medical students with and without exposure to the psychiatry clinical rotation/postings during their undergraduate training. Materials and Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Karnataka. The sample comprised medical undergraduate students with and without exposure to psychiatry clinical postings, respectively. Self-administered socio-demographic and opinion about mental illness (OMI) questionnaires were used to collect the data. Result Medical undergraduates from 1st and 2nd years who were unexposed to psychiatry and students from 3rd and 4th years who had exposure to psychiatry constituted about 52.17% (n = 252) and 47.83% (n = 231) of the overall sample size. A positive opinion toward mental illness was seen across various subsections of OMI questionnaire, especially in students who had attended psychiatry clinical posting. Conclusion Opinions can change based on one's experiences. A positive opinion toward mental illness was seen across medical undergraduate students who had completed psychiatry clinical postings in our study. The study provides valuable insights across various domains or areas wherein a teacher can focus and adjust the teaching methodologies accordingly. In the long run, it might have a positive influence on medical students to understand mental disorders, diagnose them, and manage patients with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Neeraj Raj
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Chandramma Dayananda Sagar Medical Education and Research, Ramanagara, Karnataka, India
| | - B. K. Shivakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Adichunchanagiri Medical College and Research Center, B G Nagara, Mandya, Karnataka, India
| | - H. R. Vinay
- Department of Psychiatry, Adichunchanagiri Medical College and Research Center, B G Nagara, Mandya, Karnataka, India
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Russo RA, Griffeth BT, Combs H, Dinsell V, Palka JM, Morreale MK, Borghesani PR, Harper BL, Hilty DM, Fore-Arcand L. Elements of an Excellent Psychiatry Clerkship Experience: A Survey Study of Graduating Medical Students. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2021; 45:174-179. [PMID: 33409938 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-020-01373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One possible factor associated with choosing psychiatry as a career is students rating their psychiatry clerkship as excellent. Although this suggests that an excellent clerkship may improve recruitment into psychiatry, to our knowledge there has never been a multi-site survey study of graduating medical students that identify what factors lead to an excellent clerkship rating. The purpose of this study was to determine factors that medical student find important for an excellent psychiatry clerkship experience. METHODS A total of 1457 graduating medical students at eight institutions were sent a 22-item Likert-type survey about what clinical and administrative factors they considered when rating their psychiatry clerkship via email in the fall of their last year. 357 (24.5%) responded and Z-test, t-tests, and multiple regression analyses were carried out. RESULTS The factors which students rated higher than the mean included planned application to psychiatry residency, clear expectations, a transparent grading process, feeling part of a team, timely feedback by faculty, and a competent clerkship coordinator and director. Lectures, active learning, and self-study were rated as less pertinent, and the overall clerkship rating did differ between students going into psychiatry versus other specialties. CONCLUSIONS Although the low response undermines the validity of findings, by improving the administration of the clerkship with clear expectations, grading, feedback, and by encouraging clinical teams to fully integrate students clerkship ratings might improve which could potentially improve recruitment. Future research could further quantify and qualify these parameters and compare psychiatric clerkships to other clerkships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Russo
- VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Benjamin T Griffeth
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Heidi Combs
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Dinsell
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayme M Palka
- VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Donald M Hilty
- VA Northern California Health Care System and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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Factors influencing medical students and psychiatry residents in Ghana to consider psychiatry as a career option - a qualitative study. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2020; 7:e31. [PMID: 33489247 PMCID: PMC7786269 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2020.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, Ghana has 14 actively practicing psychiatrists and about 26 psychiatric residents for a population of over 28 million people. Previous research suggests a lack of interest by Ghanaian medical students and medical graduates in considering psychiatry as a career option. OBJECTIVES To examine the perception of medical students and psychiatry residents in Ghana about the barriers which hinder Ghanaian medical graduates from choosing careers in psychiatry and how these barriers could be overcome. METHODS This was a cross-sectional qualitative study with data gathered using focus group discussion. Twenty clinical year medical students were selected through block randomization from the four public medical schools in Ghana and invited to participate in one of two focus group discussions. Also, four psychiatric residents were invited to participate in the focus group discussions. RESULTS The main barriers identified by participants could be grouped under four main themes, namely: (a) myths and stigma surrounding mental health and patients, (b) negative perceptions of psychiatrists, (c) infrastructure and funding issues, (d) lack of exposure and education. To address the barriers presented, participants discussed potential solutions that could be categorized into five main themes, namely: (a) stigma reduction, (b) educating professionals, (c) addressing deficient infrastructure, (d) risk management, and (e) incentivizing the pursuit of psychiatry among students. CONCLUSION Health policy planners and medical training institutions could consider implementing proposed solutions to identify barriers as part of efforts to improve the psychiatrist to patient ratio in Ghana.
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da Costa MP, Dima K, Ng RM. Undergraduate psychiatric education: a snapshot of medical students across the world. World Psychiatry 2019; 18:243-244. [PMID: 31059630 PMCID: PMC6502399 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinto da Costa
- Hospital de Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Katerina Dima
- International Federation of Medical Students' Associations
| | - Roger M.K. Ng
- WPA Secretary for Education,Department of Psychiatry, Kowloon Hospital, Kong Kong, China
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Samari E, Seow E, Chua BY, Ong HL, Lau YW, Mahendran R, Verma SK, Xie H, Wang J, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. Attitudes towards psychiatry amongst medical and nursing students in Singapore. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:91. [PMID: 30917834 PMCID: PMC6437870 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A shortage of specialists in psychiatry, both in terms of psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses is evident worldwide. While there are multiple factors leading to an individual's decision to specialize in psychiatry, the individual's perceptions and attitudes towards psychiatry tend to play an essential role. This study thus aimed to explore attitudes towards psychiatry amongst medical and nursing students in Singapore and examine factors associated with these attitudes. METHODS The present cross-sectional study used an online web survey tool to assess attitudes towards psychiatry amongst 502 medical and 500 nursing students in Singapore using the Attitudes towards Psychiatry (ATP-18) scale. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used to examine associated factors (sociodemographic and education). RESULTS The majority of students in this population endorsed favourable attitudes towards the following aspects of psychiatry: challenges within psychiatry, importance of psychiatry and psychiatric skills, treatment efficacy and view towards psychiatrists, but had generally unfavourable attitudes towards psychiatric patients. Male participants (compared to female; β = - 1.190, p < 0.05), participants in the middle income group (compared to higher income group; β = - 0.945, p < 0.05), participants who rated average for psychiatry lecture course and psychiatry clinical placement course (compared to above average; β = - 1.654, p < 0.05; β = - 1.181, p < 0.05) had a less favourable attitude to psychiatry. Not surprisingly, participants who were more likely to specialize in psychiatry (β = 2.053, p < 0.001) had a more favourable attitude towards psychiatry compared to those who were less likely to specialize in psychiatry. CONCLUSIONS The majority of students in this study endorsed unfavourable attitudes towards patients in the psychiatric setting. The present psychiatry curriculum could be improved to nurture the development of empathetic attitudes towards people with mental illness. De-stigmatization strategies could also be integrated into other curricula besides psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellaisha Samari
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Esmond Seow
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Boon Yiang Chua
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Hui Lin Ong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Ying Wen Lau
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Rathi Mahendran
- Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swapna Kamal Verma
- Clinical and Faculty Affairs, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Departments, East Region & Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huiting Xie
- Department of Nursing Administration, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Nursing Administration, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
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Ring D, Lawn S. Stigma perpetuation at the interface of mental health care: a review to compare patient and clinician perspectives of stigma and borderline personality disorder. J Ment Health 2019:1-21. [PMID: 30862201 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2019.1581337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) experience significant stigma, particularly at the interface of care delivery. AIMS To compare and contrast what stigma looks like within mental health care contexts, from the perspective of patients and mental health professionals (MHPs) and how it is perpetuated at the interface of care. METHOD A review of the literature was undertaken to compare the experiences of stigma towards BPD from the patient and MHP perspective by thematically analysing the results from empirical studies exploring their experiences. RESULTS Thirty studies were found; 12 on patients perspectives and 18 on clinicians perspectives. Six themes arose from the thematic synthesis: (1) stigma related to diagnosis and disclosure; (2) perceived un-treatability; (3) stigma as a response to feeling powerless; (4) stigma due to preconceptions of patients; (5) low BPD health literacy and (6) overcoming stigma through enhanced empathy. A conceptual framework for explaining the perpetuation of stigma and BPD is proposed. CONCLUSION Stigma towards people with BPD is perpetuated through poor BPD health literacy by patients and MHPs that stalls effective treatment and engagement, and disempowers all concerned, deferring responsibility to others. Addressing this stigma requires multiple strategies that include more targeted education, advocacy and leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ring
- a College of Medicine and Public Health , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
- b Department of Psychiatry , Margaret Tobin Centre Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Sharon Lawn
- a College of Medicine and Public Health , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
- b Department of Psychiatry , Margaret Tobin Centre Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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Bogie BJM, Colbourne A, Menezes N, Saperson K, McConnell MM. The Doctor Is In: Media Portrayals of Psychiatrists and Their Influence on Canadian Medical Students' Recruitment into Psychiatry. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2018; 42:386-393. [PMID: 28875461 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-017-0798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Colbourne
- McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Natasja Menezes
- McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Saperson
- McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Qureshi H, Carney S, Iversen A. Narrative review of the impact of clinical psychiatry attachments on attitudes to psychiatry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/pb.bp.111.037820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims and methodPsychiatry in the UK has long-standing issues in recruiting UK-trained doctors. A key potential influence on interest in psychiatry during medical school is the clinical attachment. This narrative review investigates how the clinical experience of psychiatry affects medical students' attitudes towards the specialty.ResultsWe identified 107 studies, of which 46 were included. They showed that clinical attachments in psychiatry did result in more positive attitudes towards the specialty and increased career interest. There was inconsistent evidence on whether interest was maintained, with some studies indicating that the increase is transient. Factors which may influence attitudes include attachment setting, duration and student demographics.Clinical implicationsThe results suggest a need to actively maintain interest in psychiatry throughout medical school. Research with long-term follow-up and evaluation of schemes to maintain students' interest is needed.
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Taghva A, Farsi Z, Javanmard Y, Atashi A, Hajebi A, Noorbala AA. Strategies to reduce the stigma toward people with mental disorders in Iran: stakeholders' perspectives. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:17. [PMID: 28088199 PMCID: PMC5237535 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma affects all aspects of mental disorders, and is the most important risk factor for promoting mental health. The aim of this study was to explore strategies effective in reducing the stigma toward people with mental disorders in Iran. METHODS This qualitative study was conducted from 2013 to 2016. All participants were recruited by purposive sampling method. The majority of them were stakeholders of mental health in Iran. Data were collected through eight individual interviews, two focus groups, and six written narratives. The data were collected, coded and analyzed simultaneously. Content analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative interview data. RESULTS The major themes that emerged were: "Emphasis on education and changing attitudes", "Changing the culture", "Promoting supportive services", "Role of various organizations and institutions", "Integrated reform of structures and policies to improve the performance of custodians", and "Evidence-based actions". CONCLUSIONS This study did not investigate the extent of stigma or its origins, rather it examines strategies appropriate for implementation in Iran. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies for reducing the stigma attached to patients with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Taghva
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Farsi
- Community Health Department, Faculty of Nursing, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Kaj St., Shariati St, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Afsaneh Atashi
- Clinical Psychology Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
| | - Ahmad Hajebi
- Research Center for Addiction & Risky Behavior (ReCARB), Psychiatric Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kodakandla K, Nasirabadi M, Pasha MS. Attitude of interns towards mental illness and psychiatry: A study from two medical colleges in South India. Asian J Psychiatr 2016; 22:167-73. [PMID: 27520923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the intern's beliefs about mental illness, their attitude towards psychiatry and psychiatry as a career choice. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, one hundred and seventy six interns from the two medical colleges completed the Belief about Mental illness scale and Attitudes Towards Psychiatry (ATP-29) scale. RESULTS Majority of the interns considered mentally ill patients as dangerous, unpredictable, cannot take up major responsibilities, cannot be a good parent, have poor interpersonal or social skills. The attitude towards psychiatry overall, functioning of a psychiatrist, efficacy of psychiatry treatment was found to be good in over 90% of the interns. The attitude towards career and reward aspect of psychiatry was not favorable in about 40%. About 13% considered psychiatry as a career choice. CONCLUSIONS Beliefs about mental illness continue to be negative. Though the attitude towards psychiatry, psychiatrist and treatment efficacy is good, the social and reward aspects of psychiatry are not encouraging. Steps for changes in undergraduate medical education policies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kodakandla
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Peeramcheru, Near Kalimandir, Chevella Road, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 086, India.
| | - Minhajzafar Nasirabadi
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Dr. V.R.K Women's Medical College, Aziznagar, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 075, India
| | - Mohammed Shahid Pasha
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Peeramcheru, Near Kalimandir, Chevella Road, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 086, India
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Querido SJ, Vergouw D, Wigersma L, Batenburg RS, De Rond MEJ, Ten Cate OTJ. Dynamics of career choice among students in undergraduate medical courses. A BEME systematic review: BEME Guide No. 33. MEDICAL TEACHER 2016; 38:18-29. [PMID: 26372112 DOI: 10.3109/0142159x.2015.1074990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the lack of a theoretically embedded overview of the recent literature on medical career decision-making, this study provides an outline of these dynamics. Since differences in educational routes to the medical degree likely affect career choice dynamics, this study focuses on medical career decision-making in educational systems with a Western European curriculum structure. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases (Medline, Embase) was conducted from January 2008 to November 2014. A panel of seven independent reviewers performed the data extraction, quality assessment and data synthesis using the Bland-Meurer model of medical specialty choice as a reference. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. Factors associated with specialty preference or career choice can be classified in five main categories: (1) medical school characteristics (e.g., curriculum structure), (2) student characteristics (e.g., age, personality), (3) student values (e.g., personal preference), (4) career needs to be satisfied (e.g., expected income, status, and work-life balance), and (5) perception of specialty characteristics (e.g., extracurricular or curricular experiences). Especially career needs and perceptions of specialty characteristics are often associated with medical career decision-making. CONCLUSION Our results support that medical career decisions are formed by a matching of perceptions of specialty characteristics with personal needs. However, the process of medical career decision-making is not yet fully understood. Besides identifying possible predictors, future research should focus on detecting interrelations between hypothesized predictors and identify the determinants and interrelations at the various stages of the medical career decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Querido
- a Royal Dutch Medical Association , the Netherlands
- b Universiteit Utrecht, Center for Research and Development of Education , the Netherlands
| | - David Vergouw
- c Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel) , the Netherlands
| | | | - Ronald S Batenburg
- c Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel) , the Netherlands
| | | | - Olle T J Ten Cate
- b Universiteit Utrecht, Center for Research and Development of Education , the Netherlands
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Poreddi V, Thimmaiah R, Math SB. Attitudes toward people with mental illness among medical students. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6:349-54. [PMID: 26167018 PMCID: PMC4481789 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.154564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Globally, people with mental illness frequently encounter stigma, prejudice, and discrimination by public and health care professionals. Research related to medical students’ attitudes toward people with mental illness is limited from India. Aim: The aim was to assess and compare the attitudes toward people with mental illness among medical students’. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was carried out among medical students, who were exposed (n = 115) and not exposed (n = 61) to psychiatry training using self-reporting questionnaire. Results: Our findings showed improvement in students’ attitudes after exposure to psychiatry in benevolent (t = 2.510, P < 0.013) and stigmatization (t = 2.656, P < 0.009) domains. Further, gender, residence, and contact with mental illness were the factors that found to be influencing students’ attitudes toward mental illness. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that psychiatric education proved to be effective in changing the attitudes of medical students toward mental illness to a certain extent. However, there is an urgent need to review the current curriculum to prepare undergraduate medical students to provide holistic care to the people with mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohini Thimmaiah
- Department of Psychiatry, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Bada Math
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Leung K, Awani T, Chima C, Udo I. What can qualitative studies reveal about recruitment into psychiatry? ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2015; 39:286-292. [PMID: 25800705 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-015-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies examining recruitment problems in psychiatry have been mostly quantitative and limited in their ability to elucidate perceptions and day-to-day influences that may affect recruitment. This review aimed to identify factors on recruitment into psychiatry by appraising available qualitative studies. METHODS The authors searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase using Health Database Advanced Search tool on NHS Evidence. Inclusion criteria were qualitative studies and English-language published papers. The authors appraised 10 qualitative studies and identified common themes. RESULTS The ten qualitative studies used thematic analysis, phenomenology, and narrative study methods. Populations studied were medical students, foundation doctors, residents/trainees, psychiatrists, and undergraduate psychiatry teachers from the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and Ghana. The studies highlighted importance of role models, mentorship, and supervision in improving recruitment. Additional factors included stigmatization in mental illness, satisfaction rates, interactive nature, and academic interest within psychiatry. CONCLUSION The appraised studies were limited in their number and methodology. More qualitative studies are needed to inform policy on recruitment into psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Leung
- South Tees NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK,
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Lyons Z, Janca A. Impact of a psychiatry clerkship on stigma, attitudes towards psychiatry, and psychiatry as a career choice. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 25888984 PMCID: PMC4357197 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-015-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental illnesses are a major public health problem around the world and the prevalence and burden of common mental disorders is growing. Psychiatry is an unpopular career choice for many medical students and this impacts negatively on the supply of psychiatrists to the workforce. The psychiatry clerkship can play an important role in influencing students' attitudes towards psychiatry, either positively or negatively. However, stigma towards mental illness detracts students from considering a career in psychiatry. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an eight week psychiatry clerkship on i) student knowledge and interest in psychiatry; ii) psychiatry as a career choice; iii) attitudes towards psychiatry; and iv) perceptions of stigma towards mental illness. METHOD Year 4 medical students at the University of Western Australia completed two questionnaires, the Balon Attitudes Towards Psychiatry and the Mental Illness Clinicians Attitudes (MICA), at the beginning and end of the psychiatry clerkship. Interest in, knowledge of, and consideration of psychiatry as a career were also assessed. Non-parametric tests were used to compare baseline and follow-up differences on the Balon and MICA. Unpaired t-tests compared mean differences for interest, knowledge and psychiatry as a career. RESULTS Attitudes towards psychiatry were positive at the beginning of the clerkship. Overall, there was a significant decrease in negative and stigmatising views towards mental illness post clerkship measured by the MICA, but the follow-up mean score remained close to the neutral value with views in some areas becoming more negative. There was no significant improvement in students' interest in psychiatry post clerkship, however, knowledge of psychiatry improved significantly. Numbers of students 'definitely considering' psychiatry as a career increased significantly from 7 (4.6%) students at baseline to 17 (10.5%) at follow-up. CONCLUSION The clerkship made a modest impact on students' attitudes to psychiatry, stigma and consideration of psychiatry as a career. Integration of strategies to overcome stigma towards mental illness and the mental health profession into pre-clinical teaching may provide students with skills to prepare them for the clerkship. This may assist in improving attitudes towards psychiatry and encourage more students towards a psychiatry career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaza Lyons
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, M521, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Aleksandar Janca
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, M521, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
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Lyons Z. Impact of the psychiatry clerkship on medical student attitudes towards psychiatry and to psychiatry as a career. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2014; 38:35-42. [PMID: 24464416 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-013-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The psychiatry clerkship forms part of the core curriculum of medical schools worldwide and provides psychiatric educators with an ideal opportunity to positively influence students. The aim of this paper is to systematically review literature on the impact of the psychiatry clerkship to determine the effect on attitudes towards psychiatry and to psychiatry as a career. METHOD A systematic review was undertaken. The following key search words were used to search a number of electronic databases: medical student/s, attitude/s, psychiatry and clerkship. Studies published in the English language from 1990 to the present were included. Studies were included if they were based on a pre-/post-design, i.e. the same students must have participated in the study both before and after the clerkship. RESULTS Twenty-six studies from 19 countries were identified for the review. Sixteen studies reported an overall improvement in attitudes towards psychiatry post-clerkship, and ten found no change in attitudes. In terms of career choice, nine studies reported an increase in the number of students interested in psychiatry as a career post-clerkship, nine found no impact on career choice and, in eight studies, it was not assessed. A number of positive and negative factors regarding the clerkship were identified. CONCLUSION Overall, the psychiatry clerkship has a positive impact on students' attitudes towards psychiatry, but does not improve interest in psychiatry as a career option. For those students particularly interested in psychiatry, the challenge is to maintain their enthusiasm post-clerkship. Charismatic teachers, mentorship and stigma reduction may be effective strategies. Future research needs to more clearly identify specific components of the clerkship that are viewed favorably by students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaza Lyons
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia,
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Farooq K, Lydall GJ, Malik A, Ndetei DM. Why medical students choose psychiatry - a 20 country cross-sectional survey. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 14:12. [PMID: 24422951 PMCID: PMC3974144 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment to psychiatry is insufficient to meet projected mental health service needs world-wide. We report on the career plans of final year medical students from 20 countries, investigating factors identified from the literature which influence psychiatric career choice. METHODS Cross sectional electronic or paper survey. Subjects were final year medical students at 46 medical schools in participating countries. We assessed students' career intentions, motivations, medical school teaching and exposure to psychiatry. We assessed students' attitudes and personality factors. The main outcome measure was likelihood of specializing in psychiatry. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the joint effect of factors upon the main outcome. RESULTS 2198 of 9135 (24%) of students responded (range 4 to 91%) across the countries. Internationally 4.5% of students definitely considered psychiatry as a career (range 1 to 12%). 19% of students (range 0 to 33%) were "quite likely", and 25% were "definitely not" considering psychiatry. Female gender, experience of mental/physical illness, media portrayal of doctors, and positive attitudes to psychiatry, but not personality factors, were associated with choosing psychiatry. Quality of psychiatric placement (correlation coefficient = 0.22, p < 0.001) and number of placements (correlation coefficient =0.21, p < 0.001) were associated with higher ATP scores. During medical school, experience of psychiatric enrichment activities (special studies modules and university psychiatry clubs), experience of acutely unwell patients and perceived clinical responsibility were all associated with choice of psychiatry.Multilevel logistic regression revealed six factors associated with students choosing psychiatry: importance of own vocation, odds ratio (OR) 3.01, 95% CI 1.61 to 5.91, p < 0.001); interest in psychiatry before medical school, OR 10.8 (5.38 to 21.8, p < 0.001); undertaking a psychiatry special study module, OR 1.45 (1.05 to 2.01, p = 0.03) or elective OR 4.28 (2.87- 6.38, p < 0.001); membership of a university psychiatry club, OR 3.25 (2.87 to 6.38, p < 0.001); and exposure to didactic teaching, OR 0.54 (0.40 to 0.72, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We report factors relevant to medical student selection and psychiatry teaching which affect career choice. Addressing these factors may improve recruitment to psychiatry internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Farooq
- Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, 68 The Heights, Charlton, London SE7 8JH, UK
| | | | - Amit Malik
- Surrey and Borders NHS Trust, 18 Mole Business Park, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7AD, UK
| | - David M Ndetei
- Africa Mental Health Foundation, 1st Floor Gakuo Court, Lower Hill Road, Off Haile Sellasie Avenue, P.O Box 48423, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Hickie C, Nash L, Kelly B. The role of trainees as clinical teachers of medical students in psychiatry. Australas Psychiatry 2013; 21:583-6. [PMID: 23873897 DOI: 10.1177/1039856213496856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To consider the role of specialty trainees as clinical teachers of medical students in psychiatry. METHOD We discuss the role of specialty trainees as teachers and approaches to improving their skills and capacity, giving examples from the local and international literature and our own experience as psychiatry medical educators. RESULTS Good clinical teaching is crucial for medical students' learning but sharp increases in numbers combined with economic and workforce pressures have stretched capacity. Specialty trainees do much of the medical student teaching during their clinical placements but infrequently receive instruction on how to teach. The two common approaches to increasing capacity are, first, establishing education rotations for individual trainees and, second, providing workshops to improve trainees' confidence and skill. Psychiatry trainees surveyed in New South Wales welcomed the role of teacher and the opportunity to improve their teaching capacity. Further support from supervisors, health services and medical schools is needed to assist trainees in their teaching role. CONCLUSION The role that trainees play as clinical teachers should be acknowledged and supported. Further development of research and scholarship in medical education is needed to determine how best to teach trainees to teach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hickie
- Conjoint Senior Lecturer, University of Newcastle and Senior Staff Specialist, HNET Psychiatry, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Graduate entry medical students' views of psychiatry may differ from those of school leavers. This study hypothesised that (i) exposure to a psychiatry attachment is associated with a positive change in attitudes towards psychiatry in both graduate entry and non-graduate entry students, (ii) graduate entry students exhibit a more positive attitude to psychiatry compared to non-graduate entry students and (iii) graduate entry students are more interested in a career in psychiatry than non-graduate entry students. METHODS In this study 247 medical students (118 females and 129 males) completing their psychiatry rotation were invited to complete questionnaires examining career choice, attitudes to psychiatry and career attractiveness for a range of specialties including surgery, medicine, general practice and psychiatry before and after their psychiatry attachment. Questionnaires were distributed prior to commencement of their attachment and redistributed on the final day of the attachment. RESULTS Of the 165 participants in the study, 75 students entered medicine via the traditional route (without a primary degree), 49 entered via the graduate entry programme and 41 had a primary degree. Overall, medical students displayed positive attitudes towards psychiatry. However, while there was an improvement in attitudes towards psychiatry and the career attractiveness of psychiatry on completion of the rotation, no differences were found between graduate and non-graduate entry students. Psychiatry and general practice had lower ratings for career attractiveness than other specialities. No significant changes were found in the first and second choice of specialty. CONCLUSION Our results show that improvements in attitude and career attractiveness do not necessarily correlate with increased choice of psychiatry as a specialty. Graduate entry has been considered a possible opportunity for increasing recruitment in psychiatry but our results suggest that this may not be the case. Follow-up studies are required to determine whether career attractiveness correlates with future career choice.
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Abstract
There is a serious shortage of psychiatrists and poor recruitment of new psychiatry trainees worldwide. Low and middle income countries suffer disproportionately on many accounts. A negative attitude towards psychiatry is thought to contribute to poor recruitment of psychiatry trainees. Previous reviews have focused on the attitudes of medical students in high income countries, but factors relevant to attitude and recruitment may be different in lower income countries. Here we review studies of medical students' attitudes towards psychiatry from low and lower-middle income countries, summarize key themes which negatively influence attitudes, and suggest strategies for overcoming them. Major themes include stigma, perceived status of psychiatry, lack of psychiatric trainers, local cultural beliefs, poor working conditions, and quality of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Nortje
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch , South Africa
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20
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[Perception of Psychiatry among Undergraduate Students of a School of Medicine]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 41S:136S-49S. [PMID: 26572568 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(14)60186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Learn about perceptions and beliefs regarding psychiatry among undergraduate medicine students and compare their conceptions and appreciations concerning positive and negative aspects, before and after specific training in psychiatry. METHODS Observational, cross-sectional study; qualitative and quantitative research with application of a survey for undergraduate medicine students of the Universidad de La Sabana, before and after a specific psychiatry course. 90 students answered the survey in two groups: one of them before the course, and the other one afterwards; RESULTS 52,2% corresponded to semesters prior to the course of psychiatry; 25.5% expressed the purpose to specialize in Psychiatry before the course, and such percentage decreased to 13.4% after the course. Association was found between the purpose of not specializing in Psychiatry with the fact of having taken said course (Fisher's exact test, p=0,042). Most students would not specialize in psychiatry because they are interested in other areas. Before the course, students made emphasis on the biological aspects of mental disease. After the course, they also directed their attention to other factors. The two groups believe that the management of these patients is mainly pharmacological. The incurable character of mental illness was also highlighted together with the risk of getting ill and the stigma it entails. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatry is perceived as a medical specialization with emphasis on pharmacological treatment. There is a low frequency of students interested in this area. The course of psychiatry is associated with reduction of this frequency and limits the variability of the psychiatric concept.
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Yadav T, Arya K, Kataria D, Balhara YPS. Impact of psychiatric education and training on attitude of medical students towards mentally ill: A comparative analysis. Ind Psychiatry J 2012; 21:22-31. [PMID: 23766574 PMCID: PMC3678174 DOI: 10.4103/0972-6748.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies from the western world have explored the negative beliefs held by individuals towards people with mental illness. The knowledge of attitude and awareness of undergraduate medical students towards psychiatry, mental health and mental disorders is of utmost importance. OBJECTIVE The current study aims at assessment of attitudes of medical students towards mental illness and mentally ill. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The instruments used included Beliefs toward Mental Illness (BMI) scale, Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ). ANOVA was carried out to compare the in between group differences for the four study groups. Additionally Bonferroni correction was used to conduct the post hoc analysis. RESULTS The interns were significantly more likely to agree with the statement that the mental disorders are recurrent; less likely to be of thought that the behavior of people with mental disorders is unpredictable; more likely to disagree with the fact that diagnosis of depression as described in the case vignette was going to damage the career of the individual; more likely to agree with the option of inviting a depressed person to a party; more likely to believe in fact that mentally ill individuals are more likely to be criminals as compared to medical students in different professional years. CONCLUSIONS Adequate modifications to existing medical curriculum would help improve attitude of medical students towards mentally ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Yadav
- Department of Psychiatry and De addiction, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Smt SK Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Malhi GS, Coulston CM, Parker GB, Cashman E, Walter G, Lampe LA, Vollmer-Conna U. Who picks psychiatry? Perceptions, preferences and personality of medical students. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011; 45:861-70. [PMID: 21923533 DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2011.604301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterise the personality profiles of junior medical students most likely to choose psychiatry as a career, determine aspects of psychiatry that most attract potential recruits, and identify misperceptions about psychiatry that may dissuade students from pursuing this specialism. METHOD A total of 580 second-year medical students from the University of New South Wales, Australia completed a set of questionnaires that measured the likelihood with which various medical specialties were being considered as careers, personality traits using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the degree to which students perceived each specialty as attractive across a number of parameters. RESULTS Only 86 students (15%) indicated a strong likelihood of choosing psychiatry, compared to other specialties which attracted higher proportions of students (range 19-49%). These 86 students had significantly higher openness scores than those who indicated a lesser likelihood of pursuing psychiatry. Students who were highly interested in psychiatry ranked it as very attractive in respect to providing interesting and challenging subject matter, and relatively attractive in respect to financial reward, work enjoyment, good lifestyle, having a bright and interesting future, and association with colleagues. However, psychiatry remained less attractive with respect to prestige, perceived low effectiveness of treatments, degree to which it draws upon aspects of medical training, and lack of reliable scientific foundation. Within the entire sample, psychiatry was ranked most unattractive compared to the other specialties across eight of the 13 parameters assessed. CONCLUSIONS Students interested in psychiatry are more likely to be 'open' and view the specialty as interesting and challenging. Such characteristics should be promoted more widely along with countering myths that as a specialty, psychiatry lacks a scientific foundation or is somehow different from mainstream medicine in terms of training and outcomes. Championing psychiatry in this manner may attract more recruits and enhance its prestige.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- CADE Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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Kassam A, Glozier N, Leese M, Loughran J, Thornicroft G. A controlled trial of mental illness related stigma training for medical students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2011; 11:51. [PMID: 21801355 PMCID: PMC3161004 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence base for mental illness related stigma interventions in health care professionals and trainees is underdeveloped. This study aimed to examine the impact of mental illness related stigma training on third year medical students' knowledge, attitudes and behaviour related to people with mental illness. METHODS A non-randomised controlled trial was conducted with 110 third year medical students at a medical school in England to determine the effectiveness of a mental illness related stigma training package that targeted their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. RESULTS We detected a significant positive effect of factual content and personal testimonies training upon an improvement in knowledge, F(1, 61) = 16.3, p = 0.0002. No such difference was determined with attitudes or for behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour may need to be separately targeted in stigma reduction interventions, and separately assessed. The inter-relationships between these components in mental health promotion and medical education warrant further research. The study next needs to be replicated with larger, representative samples using appropriate evaluation instruments. More intensive training for medical students may also be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Kassam
- Section of Community Mental Health Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary 3rd Floor TRW 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Nick Glozier
- Section of Community Mental Health Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF UK
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Morven Leese
- Section of Community Mental Health Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Joanne Loughran
- Mental Health Promotion, Rethink, Floor 15, 89 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7TP UK
| | - Graham Thornicroft
- Section of Community Mental Health Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF UK
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Lampe L, Coulston C, Walter G, Malhi G. Up close and personal: medical students prefer face-to-face teaching in psychiatry. Australas Psychiatry 2010; 18:354-60. [PMID: 20645903 DOI: 10.3109/10398561003739620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to determine the teaching activities most valued by medical students in the psychiatry rotation and to examine whether this varies with age, gender or stage of training. METHOD Medical students at Sydney Medical School were surveyed following an 8-week clinical attachment in psychiatry. Differences in ratings between activities were examined by means of ANOVA and post hoc contrasts. RESULTS The learning activities involving face-to-face teaching received the highest ratings. The most valued tutorial was that given weekly by a dedicated academic clinician. No differences were seen with respect to age and gender. Inconsistent differences were seen between stages of training for skills sessions, but no other learning activities. CONCLUSIONS Face-to-face clinical teaching should be a priority in clinical attachments in psychiatry as it is highly valued by students and contributes to positive attitudes towards psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lampe
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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