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Li Y, Zhang C, Wu Q, Peng Y, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Xu X, Xie H. Enzyme-Activatable Near-Infrared Photosensitizer with High Enrichment in Tumor Cells Based on a Multi-Effect Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317773. [PMID: 38116827 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes and photosensitizers (PSs) have emerged as promising tools for molecular imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, in living organisms selective retention or even enrichment of these reagents after enzymatic activation at or near sites of interest remains a challenging task. Herein, we integrate non-covalent and covalent retention approaches to introduce a novel "1-to-3" multi-effect strategy-one enzymatic stimulus leads to three types of effects-for the design of an enzyme-activatable NIR probe or PS. Using this strategy, we have constructed an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-activatable NIR fluorogenic probe and a NIR PS, which proved to be selectively activated by ALP to switch on NIR fluorescence or photosensitizing ability, respectively. Additionally, these reagents showed significant enrichment (over 2000-fold) in ALP-overexpressed tumor cells compared to the culture medium, accompanied by massive depletion of intracellular thiols, the major antioxidants in cells. The investigation of this ALP-activatable NIR PS in an in vivo PDT model resulted in complete suppression of HeLa tumors and full recovery of all tested mice. Encouragingly, even a single administration of this NIR PS was sufficient to completely suppress tumors in mice, demonstrating the high potential of this strategy in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China, University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chaoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qingyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yiru Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Department of nuclear medicine & PET center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China, University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hexin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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2
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Jassas RS, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Mehmood R, Alenazi NA, Al-Rooqi MM, Mughal EU, Alsantali RI, Ahmed SA. Current status of N-, O-, S-heterocycles as potential alkaline phosphatase inhibitors: a medicinal chemistry overview. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16413-16452. [PMID: 37274413 PMCID: PMC10233329 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01888a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocycles are a class of compounds that have been found to be potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase (AP), an enzyme that plays a critical role in various physiological processes such as bone metabolism, cell growth and differentiation, and has been linked to several diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis. AP is a widely distributed enzyme, and its inhibition has been considered as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these diseases. Heterocyclic compounds have been found to inhibit AP by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting its activity. Heterocyclic compounds such as imidazoles, pyrazoles, and pyridines have been found to be potent AP inhibitors and have been studied as potential therapeutics for the treatment of cancer, osteoporosis, and other diseases. However, the development of more potent and selective inhibitors that can be used as therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases is an ongoing area of research. Additionally, the study of the mechanism of action of heterocyclic AP inhibitors is an ongoing area of research, which could lead to the identification of new targets and new therapeutic strategies. The enzyme known as AP has various physiological functions and is present in multiple tissues and organs throughout the body. This article presents an overview of the different types of AP isoforms, their distribution, and physiological roles. It also discusses the structure and mechanism of AP, including the hydrolysis of phosphate groups. Furthermore, the importance of AP as a clinical marker for liver disease, bone disorders, and cancer is emphasized, as well as its use in the diagnosis of rare inherited disorders such as hypophosphatasia. The potential therapeutic applications of AP inhibitors for different diseases are also explored. The objective of this literature review is to examine the function of alkaline phosphatase in various physiological conditions and diseases, as well as analyze the structure-activity relationships of recently reported inhibitors. The present review summarizes the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of various heterocyclic compounds as AP inhibitors. The SAR studies of these compounds have revealed that the presence of a heterocyclic ring, particularly a pyridine, pyrimidine, or pyrazole ring, in the molecule is essential for inhibitory activity. Additionally, the substitution pattern and stereochemistry of the heterocyclic ring also play a crucial role in determining the potency of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab S Jassas
- Department of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat 50700 Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot 51300 Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot 51300 Pakistan
| | - Noof A Alenazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah M Al-Rooqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Reem I Alsantali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
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3
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Exploring 2-Tetradecanoylimino-3-aryl-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolines Derivatives as Alkaline Phosphatase Inhibitors: Biochemical Evaluation and Computational Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196766. [PMID: 36235300 PMCID: PMC9572939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study focused on the laboratory approach in conjunction with computational methods for the synthesis and bioactivity assessment of unique 2-tetradecanoylimino-3-aryl-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolines (2a-2k). Processes included cyclizing 1-aroyl-3-arylthioureas with propan-2-one in the presence of trimethylamine and bromine. By using spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses, structures were elucidated. To assess the electronic properties, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were made, while binding interactions of synthesized derivatives were studied by the molecular docking tool. Promising results were found during the evaluation of bioactivity of synthesized compounds against alkaline phosphatase. The drug likeliness score, an indicator used for any chemical entity posing as a drug, was within acceptable limits. The data suggested that most of the derivatives were potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase, which in turn may act as lead molecules to synthesize derivatives having desired pharmacological profiles for the treatment of specific diseases associated with abnormal levels of ALPs.
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4
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High doses of eugenol cause structural and functional damage to the rat liver. Life Sci 2022; 304:120696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Chen Y, Xue C, Wang J, Xu M, Li Y, Ding Y, Song H, Xu W, Xie H. High-contrast and real-time visualization of membrane proteins in live cells with malachite green-based fluorogenic probes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Le‐Vinh B, Akkuş‐Dağdeviren ZB, Le NN, Nazir I, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Alkaline Phosphatase: A Reliable Endogenous Partner for Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Le‐Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Viet Nam
| | - Zeynep Burcu Akkuş‐Dağdeviren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Nguyet‐Minh Nguyen Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Viet Nam
| | - Imran Nazir
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
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7
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Reiswich V, Gorbokon N, Luebke AM, Burandt E, Menz A, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Wittmer C, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Lebok P, Sauter G, Simon R, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Jacobsen F, Minner S, Krech R, Bernreuther C, Marx A, Steurer S, Clauditz T, Krech T. Pattern of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 12,381 tumors. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021; 7:577-589. [PMID: 34363325 PMCID: PMC8503897 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is commonly expressed at high levels in testicular germ cell tumors. PLAP immunohistochemistry (IHC) is thus often used to confirm this diagnosis, especially in cases of putative metastasis. However, other tumors can also express PLAP. To comprehensively determine PLAP expression in normal and tumor tissue, a tissue microarray containing 16,166 samples from 131 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples from 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by IHC. Moderate to strong PLAP positivity was found in 27 (21%) of 131 different tumor types including seminoma (96%), embryonal carcinoma (85%), and yolk sac tumors of the testis (56%); endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium (28%) and the ovary (20%); gastric adenocarcinoma (22%); serous carcinoma (not otherwise specified) of the ovary (17%) and the uterus (11%); adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (15%); carcinosarcoma of the ovary (11%) and the uterus (8%); esophageal adenocarcinoma (10%); invasive urothelial carcinoma (4%); cholangiocarcinoma (2%); and adenocarcinoma of the lung (1%). Low‐level PLAP immunostaining, often involving only a small fraction of tumor cells, was seen in 21 additional tumor entities. The clinical significance of PLAP expression may vary between tumor types as high PLAP expression was linked to advanced pathological tumor stage (p = 0.0086), nodal metastasis (p = 0.0085), and lymphatic (p = 0.0007) and blood vessel invasion (p = 0.0222) in colorectal cancer, but to low pathological tumor stage in endometrial cancer (p = 0.0043). In conclusion, our data identify several tumor entities that can show PLAP expression at comparable levels to testicular germ cell tumors. These tumor entities need to be considered in cases of PLAP‐positive metastasis. Low‐level PLAP expression can be found in various other tumor entities and should generally not be viewed as a strong argument for germ cell neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Reiswich
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
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8
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Hypophosphatasia: A Unique Disorder of Bone Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094303. [PMID: 33919113 PMCID: PMC8122659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a decrease in the activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is encoded by the ALPL gene, which is abundantly expressed in the skeleton, liver, kidney, and developing teeth. HPP exhibits high clinical variability largely due to the high allelic heterogeneity of the ALPL gene. HPP is characterized by multisystemic complications, although the most common clinical manifestations are those that occur in the skeleton, muscles, and teeth. These complications are mainly due to the accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP). It has been observed that the prevalence of mild forms of the disease is more than 40 times the prevalence of severe forms. Patients with HPP present at least one mutation in the ALPL gene. However, it is known that there are other causes that lead to decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels without mutations in the ALPL gene. Although the phenotype can be correlated with the genotype in HPP, the prediction of the phenotype from the genotype cannot be made with complete certainty. The availability of a specific enzyme replacement therapy for HPP undoubtedly represents an advance in therapeutic strategy, especially in severe forms of the disease in pediatric patients.
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9
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Whyte MP, Ma NS, Mumm S, Gottesman GS, McAlister WH, Nenninger AR, Bijanki VN, Ericson KL, Magnusson P. Persistent idiopathic hyperphosphatasemia from bone alkaline phosphatase in a healthy boy. Bone 2020; 138:115459. [PMID: 32474245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in humans comprises a family of four cell-surface phosphomonoester phosphohydrolase isozymes. Three genes separately encode the "tissue-specific" ALPs whereas the fourth gene encodes ubiquitous homodimeric "tissue-nonspecific" ALP (TNSALP) richly expressed in bone, liver, kidney, and developing teeth. TNSALP monomers have five putative N-linked glycosylation sites where different post-translational modifications account for this isozyme's distinctive physicochemical properties in different organs. Three bone-derived TNSALP (BALP) isoforms (B/I, B1, and B2) are present in healthy serum, whereas a fourth BALP isoform (B1x) can circulate in chronic kidney disease. Herein, we report a healthy boy with persistent hyperphosphatasemia due to BALP levels two- to threefold higher than age-appropriate reference values. High-performance liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, heat inactivation, catalysis inhibition, and polyethylene glycol precipitation revealed increased serum B/I, B1, and B2 differing from patterns found in skeletal diseases. B/I was ~23-fold elevated. Absence of mental retardation and physical stigmata excluded Mabry syndrome, the ALP-anchoring disorder causing hyperphosphatasemia. Routine biochemical studies indicated intact mineral homeostasis. Serum N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) level was normal, but C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) level was elevated. However, radiological studies showed no evidence for a generalized skeletal disturbance. Circulating pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, a TNSALP natural substrate, was not low despite the laboratory hyperphosphatasemia, thereby suggesting BALP phosphohydrolase activity was not elevated endogenously. Mutation analysis of the ALPL gene encoding TNSALP revealed no defect. His non-consanguineous healthy parents had serum total ALP activity and BALP protein levels that were normal. Our patient's sporadic idiopathic hyperphosphatasemia could reflect altered post-translational modification together with increased expression and/or impaired degradation of BALP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Nina S Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Steven Mumm
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Gary S Gottesman
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - William H McAlister
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Angela R Nenninger
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Vinieth N Bijanki
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Karen L Ericson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA.
| | - Per Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden.
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10
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Wang J, Xu C, Cheng Q, Zhao J, Wu S, Li W, Ma W, Liu C, Jiang X. RNA Sequencing Revealed Signals of Evolution From Gallbladder Stone to Gallbladder Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:823. [PMID: 32547950 PMCID: PMC7272658 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder stone is a major risk factor for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), while there is still a controversy whether period of follow-up since newly diagnoses of asymptomatic gallstones increases the risk of GBC. In this study, 10 GBC patients and 30 patients with gallstones were admitted to our hospital. Patients with gallstones were divided into 3 groups according to the follow-up time, involving 10 patients with follow-up period of 1–3 years (GS3 group), 10 patients with follow-up period of 5–10 years (GS5 group), and 10 patients with follow-up period of more than 10 years (GS10 group). Tumor and para-tumor tissues of GBC patients, and gallbladder tissues of gallstone patients were collected. RNA sequencing was performed on the 50 samples. Besides, 1,704 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in tumors compared with para-tumor tissues of 10 GBC patients, which were enriched into some well-known cancer-related pathways, such as PI3K-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Ras, and Wnt signaling pathways, and the most significant pathway was neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Patients with gallstones with periods of follow-up equal to 1–3 and > 10 years showed to have higher cancer risk than those with 5–10 years. ALPP and GPR87 are potential biomarkers for predicting cancer risk in patients with gallstones. The in vitro results revealed that GPR-87 can promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GBC cells. Herein, we explored the relationship between GBC patients and patients with gallstones with different periods of follow-up in transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Wang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingbao Cheng
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouxin Wu
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Wushuang Li
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Wencong Ma
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Abstract
Numerous zinc ectoenzymes are folded and activated in the compartments of the early secretory pathway, such as the ER and the Golgi apparatus, before reaching their final destination. During this process, zinc must be incorporated into the active site; therefore, metalation of the nascent protein is indispensable for the expression of the active enzyme. However, to date, the molecular mechanism underlying this process has been poorly investigated. This is in sharp contrast to the physiological and pathophysiological roles of zinc ectoenzymes, which have been extensively investigated over the past decades. This manuscript concisely outlines the present understanding of zinc ectoenzyme activation through metalation by zinc and compares this with copper ectoenzyme activation, in which elaborate copper metalation mechanisms are known. Moreover, based on the comparison, several hypotheses are discussed. Approximately 80 years have passed since the first zinc enzyme was identified; therefore, it is necessary to improve our understanding of zinc ectoenzymes from a biochemical perspective, which will further our understanding of their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
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12
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Shin HS, Jung SB, Park S, Dua P, Lee DK. ALPPL2 Is a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:204-210. [PMID: 31687420 PMCID: PMC6819892 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy that often goes undiagnosed in the early stages. Non-invasive, early, and accurate diagnosis is therefore undoubtedly the "holy grail" of pancreatic cancer research. However, despite extensive research efforts, there is no definitive biomarker for this cancer. Previously, we identified alkaline phosphatase placental-like 2 (ALPPL2) as a diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and developed a 2'-fluoro modified RNA aptamer toward it. In this study, we show that ALPPL2 is present in pancreatic cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) and therefore has potential application in liquid biopsy-based diagnostic strategies. We also developed ALPPL2 direct and sandwich aptamer-linked immobilized sorbent assay (ALISA) for EVs, which could sensitively and specifically detect the protein. We believe that our ALISA format may have a potential diagnostic utility in screening pancreatic-cancer-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Su Shin
- Global Research Laboratory of RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Baek Jung
- Nano Materials Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sungho Park
- Nano Materials Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Pooja Dua
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, India
| | - Dong Ki Lee
- Global Research Laboratory of RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,CEO, OliX Pharmaceuticals Inc., South Korea
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13
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Nageshwari B, Merugu R. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Normal and Malignant Human Lymphocytes. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:272-279. [PMID: 31391716 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow aspirates form patients with multiple myeloma were obtained and lymphocytes were isolated using density gradient centrifugation. The APase activity of the samples ranged from 12 to 88 nmol/0.2 × 106 cells as compared to the very low activity present in normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes PBL. Neither the unstimulated nor the mitogen stimulated lymphocytes from peripheral blood of normal humans showed appreciable APase activity. The lymphocytes from bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients as well as myeloma cell lines-RPMI 8226 and U266 B1 express APase activity constitutively. The results of the present investigation are discussed in the light of existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nageshwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Government College Autonomous, Rajamahendravaram, India
| | - Ramchander Merugu
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda, Nalgonda, India
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14
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Bing T, Shen L, Wang J, Wang L, Liu X, Zhang N, Xiao X, Shangguan D. Aptameric Probe Specifically Binding Protein Heterodimer Rather Than Monomers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900143. [PMID: 31179220 PMCID: PMC6548965 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dimerization of proteins occurs frequently and plays integral roles in biological processes. However, no single molecular probe is available for in situ detection of protein dimers on cells and tissues because of the difficulty of isolating complete protein dimers for probe preparation and screening, which has greatly hampered the biomedical study of protein dimers. Herein, a G-rich DNA aptamer (termed BG2) that only binds alkaline phosphatase (AP) heterodimers rather than monomers is reported. This aptamer is generated by the cell-SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technique and proves to fold into a duplex stabilized antiparallel G-quadruplex structure. Using BG2 as molecular probe, AP heterodimers are found to be expressed on several kinds of cancer cells. As an affinity ligand, BG2 could isolate AP heterodimers from cell lysate. BG2 is also demonstrated to be applicable for tumor imaging in mice xenografted with cells highly expressing AP heterodimers. AP isozymes are found in several tissues and blood throughout the body, but the function and tissue distribution of AP heterodimers are totally unknown; therefore, BG2 could serve as a molecular probe to uncover the mystery of AP heterodimers. The generation of aptameric probes by cell-SELEX will open up a new situation for the study of protein dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Luyao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Dihua Shangguan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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15
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Sedgwick AC, Wu L, Han HH, Bull SD, He XP, James TD, Sessler JL, Tang BZ, Tian H, Yoon J. Excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) based fluorescence sensors and imaging agents. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8842-8880. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in the design and application of excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) based fluorescent probes. These sensors and imaging agents (probes) are important in biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
| | - Hai-Hao Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | | | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Tony D. James
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences
| | | | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST)
- Clear Water Bay
- Kowloon
- China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 120-750
- Korea
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16
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Yinlu M, Xue Y, Cuihong Z, Rui C, Xiongzhi W. Lingual flange protrusion: diagnostic marker for metastatic liver cancer. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Kudr J, Haddad Y, Richtera L, Heger Z, Cernak M, Adam V, Zitka O. Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Design and Synthesis to Real World Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E243. [PMID: 28850089 PMCID: PMC5618354 DOI: 10.3390/nano7090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of scientific publications focusing on magnetic materials indicates growing interest in the broader scientific community. Substantial progress was made in the synthesis of magnetic materials of desired size, morphology, chemical composition, and surface chemistry. Physical and chemical stability of magnetic materials is acquired by the coating. Moreover, surface layers of polymers, silica, biomolecules, etc. can be designed to obtain affinity to target molecules. The combination of the ability to respond to the external magnetic field and the rich possibilities of coatings makes magnetic materials universal tool for magnetic separations of small molecules, biomolecules and cells. In the biomedical field, magnetic particles and magnetic composites are utilized as the drug carriers, as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in magnetic hyperthermia. However, the multifunctional magnetic particles enabling the diagnosis and therapy at the same time are emerging. The presented review article summarizes the findings regarding the design and synthesis of magnetic materials focused on biomedical applications. We highlight the utilization of magnetic materials in separation/preconcentration of various molecules and cells, and their use in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kudr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Yazan Haddad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mirko Cernak
- CEPLANT R&D Centre for Low-Cost Plasma and Nanotechnology Surface Modifications, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic.
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18
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of early death in the settings of chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and ageing. Cardiovascular events can be caused by an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors of mineralization, which leads to vascular calcification. This process is akin to skeletal mineralization, which is carefully regulated and in which isozymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have a crucial role. Four genes encode ALP isozymes in humans. Intestinal, placental and germ cell ALPs are tissue-specific, whereas the tissue-nonspecific isozyme of ALP (TNALP) is present in several tissues, including bone, liver and kidney. TNALP has a pivotal role in bone calcification. Experimental overexpression of TNALP in the vasculature is sufficient to induce vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy and premature death, mimicking the cardiovascular phenotype often found in CKD and T2DM. Intestinal ALP contributes to the gut mucosal defence and intestinal and liver ALPs might contribute to the acute inflammatory response to endogenous or pathogenic stimuli. Here we review novel mechanisms that link ALP to vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in kidney and cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss new drugs that target ALP, which have the potential to improve cardiovascular outcomes without inhibiting skeletal mineralization.
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19
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Ejaz SA, Saeed A, Siddique MN, Nisa ZU, Khan S, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel chalcone sulfonamide hybrids as potent intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2017; 70:229-236. [PMID: 28110961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5'NT) belong to same family that hydrolyze the extracellular nucleotides and ensure the bioavailability of nucleotides and nucleosides at purinergic receptors. During pathophysiological conditions, the over expression of AP and e5'NT lead to an increased production of adenosine that enhance tumor proliferation, invasiveness, neoangiogenesis and disrupts the body antitumor response. As both enzymes are abundantly expressed in above mentioned conditions, therefore it is of great interest to synthesize and develop potent inhibitors of these enzymes that augment the antitumor therapy. Herein we reported the synthesis and biological activity of a new series of chalcone-sulfonamide hybrids (4a-j). These derivatives were then evaluated for their inhibitory potential against two members of ecto-nucleotidase family, e5'NT (human and rat) and APs isozyme (intestinal and tissue nonspecific). Only six derivatives were found to inhibit both human and rat e5'NT enzymes. Compounds 4e and 4d showed maximum inhibition of human and rat e5'NT with an IC50±SEM=0.26±0.01 and 0.33±0.004μM, respectively. Moreover, on APs, these derivatives were identified as the selective inhibitors of calf intestinal AP (c-IAP). The derivative 4a exhibited maximum inhibition of c-IAP with an IC50±SEM=0.12±0.02μM. In conclusion, these chalcone-sulfonamide hybrids exhibited dual inhibition of both family of isozymes but was more selective towards c-IAP enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Zaib Un Nisa
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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20
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Tunable phosphatase-sensitive stable prodrugs of 5-aminolevulinic acid for tumor fluorescence photodetection. J Control Release 2016; 235:155-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Kambe T, Takeda TA, Nishito Y. Activation of zinc-requiring ectoenzymes by ZnT transporters during the secretory process: Biochemical and molecular aspects. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:37-42. [PMID: 27046342 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, about 1000 enzymes are estimated to bind zinc. In most of these enzymes, zinc is present at the active site; thus, these enzymes are functional as "zinc-requiring enzymes". Of these zinc-requiring enzymes, zinc-requiring ectoenzymes (defined as secretory, membrane-bound, and organelle-resident enzymes) have received much attention because of their important physiological functions, involvement in a number of diseases, and potential applications as therapeutic targets for diseases. Zinc-requiring ectoenzymes may become active by coordinating zinc at their active site during the secretory process, which requires elaborate control of zinc mobilization from the extracellular milieu to the cytosol and then lumen in the early secretory pathway. Therefore, zinc transporters should properly maintain the process at systemic, cellular, and subcellular levels by mobilizing zinc across biological membranes. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying this process. In this review, current knowledge of the activation process of zinc-requiring ectoenzymes by ZnT zinc transporters in the early secretory pathway is briefly reviewed at the molecular level, with a focus on tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, we also discuss whether zinc-chaperone proteins function during the activation of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Taka-Aki Takeda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukina Nishito
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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22
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Finkler B, Riemann I, Vester M, Grüter A, Stracke F, Jung G. Monomolecular pyrenol-derivatives as multi-emissive probes for orthogonal reactivities. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1544-1557. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chameleons in a test tube: up to four easily distinguishable emission colors result from conversion by two hydrolytic enzymes at opposite reaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Finkler
- Biophysical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | | | - Michael Vester
- Biophysical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Andreas Grüter
- Biophysical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | | | - Gregor Jung
- Biophysical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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23
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Phillips DJ, Wilde M, Greco F, Gibson MI. Enzymatically Triggered, Isothermally Responsive Polymers: Reprogramming Poly(oligoethylene glycols) To Respond to Phosphatase. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3256-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Phillips
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Marleen Wilde
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Greco
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Nollet E, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Martinet W, Rodrigus I, De Bock D, Berneman Z, Pintelon I, Ysebaert D, Vrints CJ, Conraads VM, Van Hoof VOM. Bone matrix vesicle-bound alkaline phosphatase for the assessment of peripheral blood admixture to human bone marrow aspirates. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:253-60. [PMID: 25896960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral blood (PB) admixture should be minimized during numerical and functional, as well as cytokinetic analysis of bone marrow (BM) aspirates for research purposes. Therefore, purity assessment of the BM aspirate should be performed in advance. We investigated whether bone matrix vesicle (BMV)-bound bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) could serve as a marker for the purity of BM aspirates. RESULTS Total ALP activity was significantly higher in BM serum (97 (176-124)U/L, median (range)) compared to PB serum (63 (52-73)U/L, p < 0.001). Agarose gel electrophoresis showed a unique bone ALP fraction in BM, which was absent in PB. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the high molecular weight of this fraction, corresponding with membrane-bound ALP from bone matrix vesicles (BMV), as evidenced by electron microscopy. A serial PB admixture experiment of bone cylinder supernatant samples, rich in BMV-bound ALP, confirmed the sensitivity of this proposed quality assessment method. Furthermore, a BMV ALP fraction of ≥ 15% is suggested as cut-off value for minimal BM quality. Moreover, the BM purity declines rapidly with larger aspirated BM volumes. CONCLUSION The exclusive presence of BMV-bound ALP in BM could serve as a novel marker to assess purity of BM aspirates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Nollet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Emeline M Van Craenenbroeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Inez Rodrigus
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dina De Bock
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Ysebaert
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christiaan J Vrints
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viviane M Conraads
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viviane O M Van Hoof
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Biochemistry, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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25
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van der Zwan YG, Biermann K, Wolffenbuttel KP, Cools M, Looijenga LH. Gonadal Maldevelopment as Risk Factor for Germ Cell Cancer: Towards a Clinical Decision Model. Eur Urol 2015; 67:692-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Ravenni N, Weber M, Neri D. A human monoclonal antibody specific to placental alkaline phosphatase, a marker of ovarian cancer. MAbs 2014; 6:86-94. [PMID: 24247025 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is a promising ovarian cancer biomarker. Here, we describe the isolation, affinity-maturation and characterization of two fully human monoclonal antibodies (termed B10 and D9) able to bind to human PLAP with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 10 and 30 nM, respectively. The ability of B10 and D9 antibodies to recognize the native antigen was confirmed by Biacore analysis, FACS and immunofluorescence studies using ovarian cancer cell lines and freshly-frozen human tissues. A quantitative biodistribution study in nude mice revealed that the B10 antibody preferentially localizes to A431 tumors, following intravenous administration. Anti-PLAP antibodies may serve as a modular building blocks for the development of targeted therapeutic products, armed with cytotoxic drugs, radionuclides or cytokines as payloads.
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27
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Sharma U, Pal D, Prasad R. Alkaline phosphatase: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2014; 29:269-78. [PMID: 24966474 PMCID: PMC4062654 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-013-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP; E.C.3.I.3.1.) is an ubiquitous membrane-bound glycoprotein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters at basic pH values. Alkaline phosphatase is divided into four isozymes depending upon the site of tissue expression that are Intestinal ALP, Placental ALP, Germ cell ALP and tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase or liver/bone/kidney (L/B/K) ALP. The intestinal and placental ALP loci are located near the end of long arm of chromosome 2 and L/B/K ALP is located near the end of the short arm of chromosome 1. Although ALPs are present in many mammalian tissues and have been studied for the last several years still little is known about them. The bone isoenzyme may be involved in mammalian bone calcification and the intestinal isoenzyme is thought to play a role in the transport of phosphate into epithelial cells of the intestine. In this review, we tried to provide an overview about the various forms, structure and functions of alkaline phosphatase with special focus on liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deeksha Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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28
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Gan XT, Taniai S, Zhao G, Huang CX, Velenosi TJ, Xue J, Urquhart BL, Karmazyn M. CD73-TNAP crosstalk regulates the hypertrophic response and cardiomyocyte calcification due to α1 adrenoceptor activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 394:237-46. [PMID: 24894822 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73) is an ecto-5' nucleotidase which catalyzes the conversion of AMP to adenosine. One of the many functions of adenosine is to suppress the activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), an enzyme important in regulating intracellular calcification. Since myocardial calcification is associated with various cardiac disease states, we studied the individual roles and crosstalk between CD73 and TNAP in regulating myocyte responses to the α1 adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine in terms of calcification and hypertrophy. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with 10 µM phenylephrine for 24 h in the absence or presence of the stable adenosine analog 2-chloro-adenosine, the TNAP inhibitor tetramisole or the CD73 inhibitor α,β-methylene ADP. Phenylephrine produced marked hypertrophy as evidenced by significant increases in myocyte surface area and ANP gene expression, as well as calcification determined by Alizarin Red S staining. These responses were associated with reduced CD73 gene and protein expression and CD73 activity. Conversely, TNAP expression and activity were significantly increased although both were suppressed by 2-chloro-adenosine. CD73 inhibition alone significantly reduced myocyte-derived adenosine levels by >50 %, and directly induced hypertrophy and calcification in the absence of phenylephrine. These responses and those to phenylephrine were abrogated by TNAP inhibition. We conclude that TNAP contributes to the hypertrophic effect of phenylephrine, as well as its ability to produce cardiomyocyte calcification. These responses are minimized by CD73-dependent endogenously produced adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tracey Gan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Attar A, Chan WTC, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G. Safety and pharmacological characterization of the molecular tweezer CLR01 - a broad-spectrum inhibitor of amyloid proteins' toxicity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15:23. [PMID: 24735982 PMCID: PMC3996151 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The “molecular tweezer” CLR01 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of abnormal protein self-assembly, which acts by binding selectively to Lys residues. CLR01 has been tested in several in vitro and in vivo models of amyloidoses all without signs of toxicity. With the goal of developing CLR01 as a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer’s disease and other amyloidoses, here we studied its safety and pharmacokinetics. Methods Toxicity studies were performed in 2-m old wild-type mice. Toxicity was evaluated by serum chemical analysis, histopathology analysis, and qualitative behavioral analysis. Brain penetration studies were performed using radiolabeled CLR01 in both wild-type mice and a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease at 2-m, 12-m, and 22-m of age. Brain levels were measured from 0.5 - 72 h post administration. Results Examination of CLR01’s effect on tubulin polymerization, representing normal protein assembly, showed disruption of the process only when 55-fold excess CLR01 was used, supporting the compound’s putative “process-specific” mechanism of action. A single-injection of 100 mg/kg CLR01 in mice – 2,500-fold higher than the efficacious dose reported previously, induced temporary distress and liver injury, but no mortality. Daily injection of doses up to 10 mg/kg did not produce any signs of toxicity, suggesting a high safety margin. The brain penetration of CLR01 was found to be 1 - 3% of blood levels depending on age. Though CLR01 was almost completely removed from the blood by 8 h, unexpectedly, brain levels of CLR01 remained steady over 72 h. Conclusion Estimation of brain levels compared to amyloid β-protein concentrations reported previously suggest that the stoichiometry obtained in vitro and in vivo is similar, supporting the mechanism of action of CLR01. The favorable safety margin of CLR01, together with efficacy shown in multiple animal models, support further development of CLR01 as a disease-modifying agent for amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7334, USA.
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Fujimoto S, Itsumura N, Tsuji T, Anan Y, Tsuji N, Ogra Y, Kimura T, Miyamae Y, Masuda S, Nagao M, Kambe T. Cooperative functions of ZnT1, metallothionein and ZnT4 in the cytoplasm are required for full activation of TNAP in the early secretory pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77445. [PMID: 24204829 PMCID: PMC3799634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation process of secretory or membrane-bound zinc enzymes is thought to be a highly coordinated process involving zinc transport, trafficking, transfer and coordination. We have previously shown that secretory and membrane-bound zinc enzymes are activated in the early secretory pathway (ESP) via zinc-loading by the zinc transporter 5 (ZnT5)-ZnT6 hetero-complex and ZnT7 homo-complex (zinc transport complexes). However, how other proteins conducting zinc metabolism affect the activation of these enzymes remains unknown. Here, we investigated this issue by disruption and re-expression of genes known to be involved in cytoplasmic zinc metabolism, using a zinc enzyme, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), as a reporter. We found that TNAP activity was significantly reduced in cells deficient in ZnT1, Metallothionein (MT) and ZnT4 genes (ZnT1(-/-) MT(-/-) ZnT4(-/-) cells), in spite of increased cytosolic zinc levels. The reduced TNAP activity in ZnT1(-/-) MT(-/-) ZnT4(-/-) cells was not restored when cytosolic zinc levels were normalized to levels comparable with those of wild-type cells, but was reversely restored by extreme zinc supplementation via zinc-loading by the zinc transport complexes. Moreover, the reduced TNAP activity was adequately restored by re-expression of mammalian counterparts of ZnT1, MT and ZnT4, but not by zinc transport-incompetent mutants of ZnT1 and ZnT4. In ZnT1(-/-) MT(-/-) ZnT4(-/-) cells, the secretory pathway normally operates. These findings suggest that cooperative zinc handling of ZnT1, MT and ZnT4 in the cytoplasm is required for full activation of TNAP in the ESP, and present clear evidence that the activation process of zinc enzymes is elaborately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Fujimoto
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tokuji Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumi Anan
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Miyamae
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Masuda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Nagao
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cao R, Wang LP. Serological diagnosis of liver metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 9:57-62. [PMID: 23691457 PMCID: PMC3643646 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To diagnose and explore the serological diagnostic factors for liver metastasis in patients with breast cancer before symptoms occur. Methods A total of 430 female in-patients with breast cancer of stages 0 to IIIC who came to Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital from January 2003 to January 2004 were studied and followed up until May 2011. Serum levels of biochemical markers for tumor and liver were measured at the time of diagnosis. Results Liver metastasis was more likely to occur in patients with stage III cancer or c-erbB-2-positive expression. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153) levels were significantly higher in patients with liver metastasis than those without liver metastasis. Diagnostic indices of LDH, GGT, and CA153 were 174 U/L, 32 U/L, and 26.48 µg/L, respectively. The areas under the curves of LDH, GGT, and CEA were 0.795, 0.784, and 0.661, respectively, and sensitivities of parallel tests for LDH and CA153 and for GGT and CA153 were 88.6% and 85.7%, respectively. The specificity of serial tests for both pairs of enzymes was 97.7%. Conclusions The sensitivity and specificity of combined tumor and biochemical markers could be used as indicators during screening for breast-liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 30060, China
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Dua P, Kang HS, Hong SM, Tsao MS, Kim S, Lee DK. Alkaline phosphatase ALPPL-2 is a novel pancreatic carcinoma-associated protein. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1934-45. [PMID: 23467613 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a very low median survival rate. The lack of early sensitive diagnostic markers is one of the main causes of PDAC-associated lethality. Therefore, to identify novel pancreatic cancer biomarkers that can facilitate early diagnosis and also help in the development of effective therapeutics, we developed RNA aptamers targeting pancreatic cancer by Cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) approach. Using a selection strategy that could generate aptamers for 2 pancreatic cancer cell lines in one selection scheme, we identified an aptamer SQ-2 that could recognize pancreatic cancer cells with high specificity. Next, by applying 2 alternative approaches: (i) aptamer-based target pull-down and (ii) genome-wide microarray-based identification of differentially expressed mRNAs in aptamer-positive and -negative cells, we identified alkaline phosphatase placental-like 2 (ALPPL-2), an oncofetal protein, as the target of SQ-2. ALPPL-2 was found to be ectopically expressed in many pancreatic cancer cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. RNA interference-mediated ALPPL-2 knockdown identified novel tumor-associated functions of this protein in pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion. In addition, the aptamer-mediated identification of ALPPL-2 on the cell surface and cell secretions of pancreatic cancer cells supports its potential use in the serum- and membrane-based diagnosis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dua
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
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Vardy ER, Kellett KA, Cocklin SL, Hooper NM. Alkaline Phosphatase Is Increased in both Brain and Plasma in Alzheimer’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 9:31-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000329722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Biermann K, van Gurp RJHLM, Swartzman E, Cribbes S, Ferlinz A, Shannon M, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ. Expression and interdependencies of pluripotency factors LIN28, OCT3/4, NANOG and SOX2 in human testicular germ cells and tumours of the testis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e160-74. [PMID: 21631526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OCT3/4, NANOG, SOX2 and, most recently, LIN28 have been identified as key regulators of pluripotency in mammalian embryonic and induced stem cells, and are proven to be crucial for generation of the mouse germ-cell lineage. These factors are a hallmark of certain histological types of germ-cell tumours (GCTs). Here, we report novel information on the temporal and spatial expression pattern of LIN28 during normal human male germ-cell development as well as various types of GCTs. To investigate LIN28 expression, immunohistochemical analyses and quantitative proximity ligation assay-based TaqMan protein assays were applied on snap-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples as well as representative cell lines. LIN28 was found in primordial germ cells, gonocytes and pre-spermatogonia, in contrast to OCT3/4 and NANOG, which were found only in the first two stages. LIN28 was also found in all precursor lesions (carcinoma in situ and gonadoblastoma) of type II GCTs, as well as the invasive components seminoma and the non-seminomatous elements embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumour. Choriocarcinoma showed a heterogeneous pattern, while teratomas and spermatocytic seminomas (type III GCTs) were negative. This expression pattern suggests that LIN28 is associated with malignant behaviour of type II GCTs. Cell line experiments involving siRNA knockdown of LIN28, OCT3/4 and SOX2 showed that LIN28 plays a role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of both seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, closely linked to, and likely upstream of OCT3/4 and NANOG. In conclusion, LIN28 regulates the differentiation status of seminoma and embryonal carcinoma and is likely to play a related role in normal human germ-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Atyaksheva LF, Chukhrai ES, Stepina ND, Novikova NN, Yur’eva EA. The influence of complexing pharmaceutical compositions on alkaline phosphatase. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024411060069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Looijenga LHJ, Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Biermann K, Oosterhuis JW. Dissecting the molecular pathways of (testicular) germ cell tumour pathogenesis; from initiation to treatment-resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e234-51. [PMID: 21564133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human type II germ cell tumours (GCTs) originate from an embryonic germ cell, either as a primordial germ cell or gonocyte. This start determines the biological as well as clinical characteristics of this type of cancer, amongst others their totipotency as well as their overall (exceptional) sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. The histology of the precursor lesion, either carcinoma in situ or gonadoblastoma, depends on the level of testicularization (i.e. testis formation) of the gonad. The impact of either intrinsic (genetic) - and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis is demonstrated by disorders of sex development as well as testicular dysgenesis syndrome as risk factors, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias and disturbed fertility as parameters. This knowledge allows identification of individuals at risk for development of this type of cancer, being a population of interest for screening. Factors known to regulate pluripotency during embryogenesis are proven to be of diagnostic value for type II GCTs, including OCT3/4, even applicable for non-invasive screening. In addition, presence of stem cell factor, also known as KITLG, allows distinction between delayed matured germ cells and the earliest stages of malignant transformation. This is of special interest because of the identified association between development of type II GCTs of the testis and a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, including some likely related to KITL. Transition from the precursor lesion to an invasive cancer is associated with gain of the short arm of chromosome 12, in which multiple genes might be involved, including KRAS2 and possibly NANOG (pseudogenes). While most precursor lesions will progress to an invasive cancer, only a limited number of cancers will develop treatment resistance. Putative explanatory mechanisms are identified, including presence of microsatellite instability, BRAF mutations, apoptosis suppression and p21 sub-cellular localization. It remains to be investigated how these different pathways integrate to each other and how informative they are at the patient-individual level. Further understanding will allow development of more targeted treatment, which will benefit quality of life of these young cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fukunaka A, Kurokawa Y, Teranishi F, Sekler I, Oda K, Ackland ML, Faundez V, Hiromura M, Masuda S, Nagao M, Enomoto S, Kambe T. Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase is activated via a two-step mechanism by zinc transport complexes in the early secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16363-73. [PMID: 21402707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.227173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of enzymes become functional by binding to zinc during their journey through the early secretory pathway. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) located there play important roles in this step. We have previously shown that two zinc transport complexes, ZnT5/ZnT6 heterodimers and ZnT7 homo-oligomers, are required for the activation of alkaline phosphatases, by converting them from the apo- to the holo-form. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of this activation. ZnT1 and ZnT4 expressed in chicken DT40 cells did not contribute to the activation of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). The reduced activity of TNAP in DT40 cells deficient in both ZnT complexes was not restored by zinc supplementation nor by exogenous expression of other ZnTs that increase the zinc content in the secretory pathway. Moreover, we showed that expression of ZnT5/ZnT6 heterodimers reconstituted with zinc transport-incompetent ZnT5 mutant failed to restore TNAP activity but could stabilize the TNAP protein as the apo-form, regardless of zinc status. These findings demonstrate that TNAP is activated not simply by passive zinc binding but by an elaborate two-step mechanism via protein stabilization followed by enzyme conversion from the apo- to the holo-form with zinc loaded by ZnT complexes in the early secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Fukunaka
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Stoop H, Kirkels W, Dohle GR, Gillis AJM, den Bakker MA, Biermann K, Oosterhuis W, Looijenga LHJ. Diagnosis of testicular carcinoma in situ‘(intratubular and microinvasive)’ seminoma and embryonal carcinoma using direct enzymatic alkaline phosphatase reactivity on frozen histological sections. Histopathology 2011; 58:440-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ramanadham M, Nageshwari B. Anti-proliferative effect of levamisole on human myeloma cell lines in vitro. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:327-32. [PMID: 20860474 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.514871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Levamisole has been employed as an immunomodulatory agent in conjunction with 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer relapse. At high doses, levamisole has been shown to have both anti-cancer and immunosuppressive activities. In vitro, levamisole has been shown to potentiate the anti-proliferative effect of 5-fluorouracil in several types of tumor cell lines; however, its mechanism of cytotoxic action and its molecular targets in cells remains to be elucidated. Here, the effect of levamisole on the proliferative response of the human multiple myeloma cell lines RPMI 8226 and U266B1 was studied in vitro. Treatment of both lines with varying concentrations of levamisole for 48 and 72 h in culture resulted in a significant inhibition of proliferation (unstimulated) in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by an 3-[(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye assay. Furthermore, measurements of cell viability (using a trypan blue dye exclusion assay) clearly showed that the levamisole was cytotoxic. The preliminary evaluation of the mechanism of this cytotoxic effect revealed that this drug induced apoptosis in the myeloma cells, as evidenced by increases in the levels of DNA fragmentation, release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, and the activation of caspase-3 activity in the cells. The results of these studies strongly suggest that levamisole could be a potent anti-myeloma agent and might be considered in the treatment of multiple myeloma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Ramanadham
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India. mrnsl@ uohyd.ernet.in
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40
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Stinghen ST, Moura JF, Zancanella P, Rodrigues GA, Pianovski MA, Lalli E, Arnold DL, Minozzo JC, Callefe LG, Ribeiro RC, Figueiredo BC. Specific immunoassays for placental alkaline phosphatase as a tumor marker. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:56087. [PMID: 17489017 PMCID: PMC1559920 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/56087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placental (hPLAP) and germ cell (PLAP-like) alkaline
phosphatases are polymorphic and heat-stable enzymes. This study
was designed to develop specific immunoassays for quantifying
hPLAP and PLAP-like enzyme activity (EA) in sera of cancer
patients, pregnant women, or smokers. Polyclonal sheep anti-hPLAP
antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography with whole
hPLAP protein (ICA-PLAP assay) or a synthetic peptide (aa 57–71)
of hPLAP (ICA-PEP assay); the working range was 0.1–11 U/L
and cutoff value was 0.2 U/L EA for nonsmokers. The intra-
and interassay coefficients of variation were 3.7%–6.5%
(ICA-PLAP assay) and 9.0%–9.9% (ICA-PEP assay). An
insignificant cross-reactivity was noted for high levels of
unheated intestinal alkaline phosphatase in ICA-PEP assay. A
positive correlation between the regression of tumor size and EA
was noted in a child with embryonal carcinoma. It can be concluded
that ICA-PEP assay is more specific than ICA-PLAP, which is still
useful to detect other PLAP/PLAP-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérvio T. Stinghen
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do
Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Rua Agostinho Leão
Júnior, 400 Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80030-110,
Brazil
| | - Juliana F. Moura
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do
Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Rua Agostinho Leão
Júnior, 400 Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80030-110,
Brazil
| | - Patrícia Zancanella
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do
Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Rua Agostinho Leão
Júnior, 400 Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80030-110,
Brazil
| | - Giovanna A. Rodrigues
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do
Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Rua Agostinho Leão
Júnior, 400 Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80030-110,
Brazil
| | - Mara A. Pianovski
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology,
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Paraná,
Curitiba, PR, CEP 80060-000, Brazil
| | - Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et
Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 6097, 06560 Valbonne Sophia
Antipolis, France
| | | | - João C. Minozzo
- Center for Research and Production of
Immunoglobulins (CPPI), Rua Targino da Silva s/n, Piraquara, PR, CEP 83302-160, Brazil
| | - Luis G. Callefe
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do
Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Rua Agostinho Leão
Júnior, 400 Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80030-110,
Brazil
| | - Raul C. Ribeiro
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology and International Outreach Program,
332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bonald C. Figueiredo
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do
Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Rua Agostinho Leão
Júnior, 400 Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80030-110,
Brazil
- Research Institute
Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPP), Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632
Água Verda, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80250-200, Brazil
- *Bonald C. Figueiredo:
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Huang B, Li T, Wang XL, Xie TS, Lu YQ, da Silva FM, Shi DS. Generation and Characterization of Embryonic Stem-Like Cell Lines Derived fromIn VitroFertilization Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:122-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Adeyemi O, Ajayi J, Olajuyin A, Oloyede O, Oladiji A, Oluba O, Adeyemi O, Ololade I, Adebayo E. Toxicological evaluation of the effect of water contaminated with lead, phenol and benzene on liver, kidney and colon of Albino rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:885-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hossain A, Jung LK. Expression of bone specific alkaline phosphatase on human B cells. Cell Immunol 2008; 253:66-70. [PMID: 18579124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We here report for the first time that human B cell express bone specific alkaline phosphatase. Using a monoclonal antibody against bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), its expression was detected in approximately 50% of circulating B cells but not T cells. Using RT-PCR, BAP specific transcripts were detected in the B cells expressing surface BAP but not in those not expressing BAP. Activation of B lymphocytes using phorbal ester, PMA with or without ionomycin did not affect change in BAP expression. Following stimulations with Pokeweed Mitogen (PWM) and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC), BAP expression on human B cells was increased. This paralleled the increase in production of immunoglobulins and BAP, detected by ELISA and enzyme assay with p-nitrophenyl phosphate, respectively. The role of BAP in B cell biology is uncertain. However, these data suggest that BAP may play an important role in differentiation and maturation of human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaque Hossain
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Fernandes J, Amorim R, Azevedo I, Martins M. In vitro modulation of alkaline phosphatase activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in low or high phosphate medium. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 41:41-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Takei H, Bhattacharjee MB, Rivera A, Dancer Y, Powell SZ. New immunohistochemical markers in the evaluation of central nervous system tumors: a review of 7 selected adult and pediatric brain tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:234-41. [PMID: 17284108 DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-234-nimite] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has become an important tool in the diagnosis of brain tumors. OBJECTIVE To review the latest advances in IHC in the diagnostic neuro-oncologic pathology. DATA SOURCES Original research and review articles and the authors' personal experiences. DATA SYNTHESIS We review the features of new, useful or potentially applicable marker antibodies as well as the new uses of already established antibodies in the area of diagnostic neuro-oncologic pathology, focusing on the use of IHC for differential diagnosis and prognosis. We discuss (1) placental alkaline phosphatase, c-Kit, and OCT4 for germinoma, (2) alpha-inhibin and D2-40 for capillary hemangioblastoma, (3) phosphohistone-H3 (PHH3), MIB-1/Ki-67, and claudin-1 for meningioma, (4) PHH3, MIB-1/Ki-67, and p53 for astrocytoma, (5) synaptophysin, microtubule-associated protein 2, neurofilament protein, and neuronal nuclei for medulloblastoma, (6) INI1 for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, and (7) epithelial membrane antigen for ependymoma. All the markers presented here are used mainly for supporting or confirming the diagnosis, with the exception of the proliferation markers (MIB-1/Ki-67 and PHH3), which are primarily used to support grading and are reportedly associated with prognosis in certain categories of brain tumors. CONCLUSIONS Although conventional hematoxylin-eosin staining is the mainstay for pathologic diagnosis, IHC has played a major role in differential diagnosis and in improving diagnostic accuracy not only in general surgical pathology but also in neuro-oncologic pathology. The judicious use of a panel of selected immunostains is unquestionably helpful in diagnostically challenging cases. In addition, IHC is also of great help in predicting the prognosis for certain brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Takei
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 286A, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA.
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Shanmugham LN, Petrarca C, Castellani ML, Symeonidou I, Frydas S, Vecchiet J, Falasca K, Tetè S, Conti P, Salini V. IL-1beta induces alkaline phosphatase in human phagocytes. Arch Med Res 2007; 38:39-44. [PMID: 17174721 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) is found in blood plasma or serum and leukocytes and regulates intercellular processes, maintaining phosphoryl metabolites in a steady state, as well as synthesizing and hydrolyzing phosphate esters on membranes. ALPase supervises the active transport of inorganic phosphates, fats, proteins, carbohydrates and the sodium/potassium pump mechanisms. The formed elements of blood such as polymorphonuclear (PMNs) leucocytes, macrophages (MP) and some lymphocytes are high in ALPase concentrations. METHODS In this study we have tested whether the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) could influence ALPase generation in IL-1beta or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophils and MP. Human neutrophils were isolated from heparin-anticoagulated blood drawn from healthy individuals by centrifugation in a two-step gradient, Ficoll-Hypaque. ALPase activity was assessed spectrophotometrically in test tubes containing isolated neutrophils and adherence PBMCs treated with LPS, IL-1beta and IL-1ra, alone or in combination. RESULTS IL-lbeta or LPS enhanced ALPase in both PMNs and MP, whereas IL-1ra could not inhibit ALPase activity. We performed time course experiments at 0 min, 5 min, 1 h, 24 h, and 43 h (LPS 20 microg/mL, IL-1beta 10 ng/mL). No significant increase in ALPase activity was seen until 1 h; however, there was a rapid rise over the next few hours. In another set of experiments using IL-1ra (500 ng/mL), there was no difference between treated cells and control cells. The combination of IL-1beta plus IL-1ra did not reduce the ability of IL-1beta to induce ALPase activity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IL-1beta stimulates ALPase through other mechanisms than the release of arachidonic acid products, which are inhibited by IL-lra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N Shanmugham
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Guerreiro S, Monteiro R, Martins MJ, Calhau C, Azevedo I, Soares R. Distinct modulation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by 17beta-estradiol and xanthohumol in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Clin Biochem 2006; 40:268-73. [PMID: 17126313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of 17beta-estradiol and xanthohumol in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and activity in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. DESIGN AND METHODS ALP isoenzymes expression was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blotting. ALP activity was measured by spectrophotometry. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by MTT and immunostaining for KI67 and TUNEL, respectively. RESULTS ALP isoenzymes expression and activity were decreased by 1 nM 17beta-estradiol. Pure estrogenic antagonist (ICI 182,780) reversed 17beta-estradiol-inhibiting effect in TNS-ALP expression. RNA and protein expression of IALP, but not TNS-ALP, was also decreased by incubation with 10 microM xanthohumol (IC(50)) and was accompanied by a significant reduction in ALP activity. Treatment with 17beta-estradiol enhanced cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Conversely, xanthohumol incubation inhibited cell viability and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Estrogens and xanthohumol differently modulate ALP isoenzymes. ALP loss associated with increased cell proliferation. Modulation of this enzyme by 17beta-estradiol and xanthohumol might provide therapeutic strategies against hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Guerreiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Whyte MP, Essmyer K, Geimer M, Mumm S. Homozygosity for TNSALP mutation 1348c>T (Arg433Cys) causes infantile hypophosphatasia manifesting transient disease correction and variably lethal outcome in a kindred of black ancestry. J Pediatr 2006; 148:753-8. [PMID: 16769381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the "tissue-nonspecific" isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) defect underlying transiently reversible and variably lethal infantile hypophosphatasia (HPP) in a kindred and to characterize HPP prevalence in black people. STUDY DESIGN In 1986, we reported temporary correction of severe HPP in an American kindred of black ancestry where "infantile" HPP was fatal in 2 of 3 affected individuals representing 2 sibships. This transient improvement in 1 patient followed efforts to increase TNSALP activity endogenously and suggested dysregulation of the gene (TNSALP). Here, we sequenced the coding exons and splice sites of the kindred's TNSALP alleles and reviewed our 30-year experience with HPP to assess its prevalence in black people. RESULTS Homozygosity for TNSALP missense mutation 1348C>T (Arg433Cys) accounted for this kindred's infantile HPP. The TNSALP promoter sequence was normal. Modeling of TNSALP(433Cys) suggested compromise of the catalytic site. Ethnicity was identified for the 119 families with HPP studied in St. Louis, and race was ascertained for an additional 159 of our 235 consult and HPP families worldwide. In this experience, only this family was of black ancestry. CONCLUSIONS Infantile HPP from homozygous TNSALP(433Cys) can remit and thus harbor clues regarding the phenotypic variation and perhaps treatment of HPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63131, USA
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Zhu Y, Song XY, Zhao WH, Zhang YX. Effects of Magnesium Ions on Thermal Inactivation
of Alkaline Phosphatase. Protein J 2005; 24:479-85. [PMID: 16328740 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-005-7643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Mg2+ on the thermal inactivation and unfolding of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase has been studied at different temperatures and Mg2+ concentrations. Increasing the Mg2+ concentration in the denatured system significantly enhanced the inactivation and unfolding of the enzyme during thermal inactivation. The analysis of the kinetic course of substrate reaction during thermal inactivation showed that at 47 degrees C the increased free Mg2+ concentration caused the inactivation rate to increase. Increasing the temperature strengthened the effect of Mg2+ on the thermal inactivation. Control experiment showed that this is not due to salt effect. The time course of fluorescence emission spectra showed that the emission maximum for Mg2+-containing system was always higher than that of Mg2+-free system, and the higher temperature enhanced this difference. In addition, Mg2+ also enhanced the unfolding rate of the enzyme at 47 degrees C. The potential biological significance of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100054, P. R. China
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Chen YH, Chang TC, Chang GG. Functional expression, purification, and characterization of the extra stable human placental alkaline phosphatase in the Pichia pastoris system. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 36:90-9. [PMID: 15177289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human placental alkaline phosphatase was successfully cloned in the yeast system Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzyme was over-expressed as a secreted protein in the cultured medium. The enzyme was extremely stable, which resulted in a total recovery of the enzyme activity after the purification process. The purified enzyme preparation was apparently homogeneous as examined by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical gel-permeation chromatography, and analytical ultracentrifugation. The final enzyme preparation showed a purification of 803-fold from the culture medium with a specific activity of 578 U/mg of protein. Fluorescence spectroscopic analyses showed multiple unfolding steps in the urea denaturation process of the homodimeric recombinant enzyme. Extensive conformational change of the enzyme in urea was detected by the analytical ultracentrifugation and the size-exclusive chromatography. The quaternary structure of the enzyme is quite stable. No indication of dissociation was observed after extensive tertiary structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
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