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Gunasinghe N, Barbetti MJ, You MP, Dehigaspitiya P, Neate S. Dimorphism in Neopseudocercosporella capsellae, an Emerging Pathogen Causing White Leaf Spot Disease of Brassicas. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:678231. [PMID: 34150676 PMCID: PMC8212886 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.678231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White leaf spot pathogen: Neopseudocercosporella capsellae causes significant damage to many economically important Brassicaceae crops, including oilseed rape through foliar, stem, and pod lesions under cool and wet conditions. A lack of information on critical aspects of the pathogen's life cycle limits the development of effective control measures. The presence of single-celled spores along with multi-celled conidia on cotyledons inoculated with multi-celled conidia suggested that the multi-celled conidia were able to form single-celled spores on the host surface. This study was designed to demonstrate N. capsellae morphological plasticity, which allows the shift between a yeast-like single-celled phase and the multi-celled hyphal phase. Separate experiments were designed to illustrate the pathogen's morphological transformation to single-celled yeast phase from multi-celled hyphae or multi-celled macroconidia in-vitro and in-planta. Results confirmed the ability of N. capsellae to switch between two morphologies (septate hyphae and single-celled yeast phase) on a range of artificial culture media (in-vitro) or in-planta on the host surface before infection occurs. The hyphae-to-yeast transformation occurred through the production of two morphologically distinguishable blastospore (blastoconidia) types (meso-blastospores and micro-blastospores), and arthrospores (arthroconidia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshini Gunasinghe
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, Research and Innovation Division, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ming Pei You
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Prabuddha Dehigaspitiya
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, Research and Innovation Division, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen Neate
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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Pawlik A, Jaszek M, Stefaniuk D, Świderska-Burek U, Mazur A, Wielbo J, Koper P, Żebracki K, Janusz G. Combined Effect of Light and Nutrients on the Micromorphology of the White rot Fungus Cerrena Unicolor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1678. [PMID: 32121417 PMCID: PMC7084710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light influences developmental pathways in fungi. Recent transcriptomic and biochemical analyses have demonstrated that light influences the metabolism of a white-rot basidiomycete Cerrena unicolor. However, the expression profile of genes involved in the growth and development, or micromorphological observations of the mycelium in response to variable lighting and culturing media, have not performed. We aim to reveal the effect of light and nutrients on C. unicolor growth and a potential relationship between the culture medium and lighting conditions on fungus micromorphological structures. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed for morphological observations of C. unicolor mycelium cultivated in red, blue, green, and white light and darkness on mineral and sawdust media. A comprehensive analysis of C. unicolor differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was employed to find global changes in the expression profiles of genes putatively involved in light-dependent morphogenesis. Both light and nutrients influenced C. unicolor growth and development. Considerable differences in the micromorphology of the mycelia were found, which were partially reflected in the functional groups of DEGs observed in the fungus transcriptomes. A complex cross-interaction of nutritional and environmental signals on C. unicolor growth and morphology was suggested. The results are a promising starting point for further investigations of fungus photobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jaszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dawid Stefaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Świderska-Burek
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wielbo
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Koper
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Żebracki
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Peng L, Jiang YQ, Jiang GM, Ou JY, Zeng LT, Zhang HH, Chen DQ, Jiang YT. Molecular identification and biological characteristic analysis of an Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans (formerly Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans) strain isolated from sputum specimens of a pediatric patient with pneumonia. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:120-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lipids and soluble carbohydrates in the mycelium and ascomata of alkaliphilic fungus Sodiomyces alkalinus. Extremophiles 2019; 23:487-494. [PMID: 31076918 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-019-01100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alkaliphilic fungi are fundamentally different from alkalitolerant ones in terms of mechanisms of adaptation. They accumulate trehalose in cytosol and phosphatidic acids (PA) in the membrane lipids, whereas alkalitolerants contain these compounds in low amounts. But it is unclear how the composition of osmolytes and lipids changes during cytodifferentiation. In this article the composition of lipids and soluble cytosol carbohydrates in the mycelium and fruit bodies of the alkaliphilic fungus Sodiomyces alkalinus was studied. In the mycelium, mannitol and trehalose dominated, while in fruit bodies only trehalose was predominant. Phosphatidylcholines (PC), PA and sterols were major membrane lipids of the mycelium, while PC and sterols were predominant in fruit bodies. The degree of fatty acids unsaturation of the main mycelium phospholipids (PC and PA) increased with age, while that of PC did not change regardless of the developmental stage. In young mycelium, storage lipids were represented mainly by free fatty acids, and in mature mycelium and fruit bodies-by triacylglycerols. Fruit bodies contained three times less membrane lipids and twice as many storage lipids as mycelium. Trehalose was the main cytosol carbohydrate in the mycelium and fruit bodies, which confirms its key value for alkaliphily.
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Brejová B, Lichancová H, Hodorová V, Neboháčová M, Tomáška Ľ, Vinař T, Nosek J. Genome Sequence of an Arthroconidial Yeast, Saprochaete fungicola CBS 625.85. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:e00092-19. [PMID: 30975801 PMCID: PMC6460024 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00092-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprochaete fungicola is an arthroconidial yeast classified in the Magnusiomyces/Saprochaete clade of the subphylum Saccharomycotina. Here, we report the genome sequence of holotype strain CBS 625.85, assembled to five putative chromosomes. The genome sequence is 20.2 Mbp long and codes for 6,138 predicted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broňa Brejová
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hana Lichancová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktória Hodorová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Neboháčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Tomáška
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Vinař
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Cartwright GM, Tanaka A, Eaton CJ, Scott B. Formation of arthroconidia during regeneration and selection of transformed Epichloë festucae protoplasts. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:462-71. [PMID: 24863475 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transformation is an essential tool for modern fungal research and has played a fundamental role in gaining insight into gene function. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation of protoplasts is the most commonly used method for genetic transformation of filamentous fungi. Selectable marker genes, that confer resistance to antibiotics, are generally incorporated with the DNA of interest, allowing transformed cells to grow through the antibiotic overlay. Colonies arising from transformed fungal cells are sub-cultured and further analysed. However, the morphological state of the fungal cells during the transformation procedure has been largely overlooked. We investigated the morphological appearance of transformed fungal cells prior to their emergence through the antibiotic overlay. Hyphae appeared to segment and bulge, reminiscent of arthroconidia, an asexual spore typically produced by segmentation of pre-existing hyphae. Selective expression of eGFP under the control of a spore specific promoter, PcatA, in these cells confirmed their spore-like nature. Reducing the oxygen availability to surface-grown cultures partially recapitulated this morphological form. A GFP fusion to the cell wall integrity MAP kinase MpkA localised to the arthroconidia nuclei suggesting the cell wall integrity signalling pathway modulates cell wall stress responses in arthroconidia. This dramatic morphological change was also observed in transformed Magnaporthe oryzae cells suggesting it may be a more general phenomenon in filamentous fungi. Given the changes in cellular structure and spore-like appearance, these observations may have technical implications for deleting genes involved in these processes in Epichloë festucae and, more broadly, a range of fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Maree Cartwright
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Carla Jane Eaton
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Geng Y, He Z, Lu ZM, Xu HY, Xu GH, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Antrodia camphorata ATCC 200183 sporulates asexually in submerged culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2851-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yazdanparast SA, Barton RC. Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1577-1581. [PMID: 17030919 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton rubrum often produces arthroconidia in vivo, and these cells are thought to be involved in pathogenesis, and, in shed skin scales, to act as a source of infection. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the environmental and iatrogenic factors which affect arthroconidiation in T. rubrum in vitro, (ii) to look at arthroconidia formation in a large number of clinical isolates of T. rubrum and (iii) to develop a new model for the study of arthroconidia formation in nail tissue. Arthroconidia production was studied in T. rubrum grown on a number of media and under conditions of varying pH, temperature and CO(2) concentration. The effect of the presence of antifungals and steroids on arthroconidia formation was also examined. Nail powder from the healthy toenails of volunteers was used as a substrate for arthroconidial production. On Sabouraud dextrose agar in the presence of 10 % CO(2) plus air, arthroconidial formation occurred optimally at 37 degrees C and pH 7.5, and was maximal at 10 days. Most isolates of T. rubrum showed a similar level of arthroconidial production, and only two out of 50 strains were unable to produce arthroconidia. Subinhibitory levels of some antifungals and betamethasone resulted in the stimulation of arthroconidia formation. Arthroconidial production in ground nail material also occurred under the same optimal conditions, but took longer to reach maximal levels (14 days). These in vitro and ex vivo results provide a useful basis for the understanding of arthroconidium formation in vivo in infected tissues such as nails.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard C Barton
- Mycology Reference Centre, Department of Microbiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
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