1
|
Scarpellini R, Giacometti F, Savini F, Arrigoni N, Garbarino CA, Carnevale G, Mondo E, Piva S. Bovine paratuberculosis: results of a control plan in 64 dairy farms in a 4-year period. Prev Vet Med 2023; 215:105923. [PMID: 37099999 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is considered one of the most economically devastating infectious diseases of domestic livestock, and the most effective control strategy is a combination of 'test-and-cull' and on-farm biosecurity measures. In Italy, a Voluntary National Control Plan (VNCP) and guidelines have been introduced to reduce the impact of the disease, and farmers can voluntarily enroll in the control plan. The main aims of this study were: i) the description of the trend over a 4-year period on total, within-herd (WH) and between herd (BH) apparent seroprevalences observed in 64 dairy herds members of a mutual company located in Italy after the introduction of a proposed "Customized Control Plan" (CCP); ii) the evaluation of its effectiveness in terms of percentage of participating farms that decided to join the VNCP. Analyses on serum samples were performed with Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method and revealed a general decrease in both total, WH and BH apparent seroprevalence. Total average apparent seroprevalence decreased from 2.39% in 2017 to 1% in 2020. Negative herds raised from 51.9% in 2017 to 71.1% in 2020, while farms with WH apparent seroprevalence > 5% decreased from 17.3% in 2017 to 4.4% in 2020. BH apparent seroprevalence decreased from 51.2% in 2017 to 29.2% in 2020. Among the 52 out of 64 herds that accepted to continue the proposed CCP after the first year, 41 (78.8%) joined in 2020 the VNCP, that assessed the health ranking of the herds. The results provide evidence that a control plan based on a farm-specific strategy and a subsidized testing process can effectively reduce the impact of paratuberculosis in dairy herds, especially in convincing farmers to continue in paratuberculosis control by joining the VNCP, including them in a National context and increasing their awareness of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scarpellini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, "Bruno Ubertini", Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Anna Garbarino
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, "Bruno Ubertini", Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carnevale
- ASSO.LA.C Cooperative Company, Ciparsia district, Castrovillari (CS) 87012, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mazzone P, Di Paolo A, Petrucci L, Torricelli M, Corneli S, Sebastiani C, Ciullo M, Sebastianelli M, Costarelli S, Scoccia E, Sbarra F, Gabbianelli F, Chillemi G, Valentini A, Pezzotti G, Biagetti M. Evaluation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Associated with Genetic Resistance to Bovine Paratuberculosis in Marchigiana Beef Cattle, an Italian Native Breed. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040587. [PMID: 36830374 PMCID: PMC9951665 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), a widespread chronic enteritis of ruminants. The progression of the infection depends on the containment action of innate and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and it is related to environmental and genetic factors. In particular, PTB susceptibility seems to be associated with specific genes coding for immune regulators involved in the cell-mediated response during the infection. The aim of this preliminary study was to verify, in Italian beef cattle, an association between MAP infectious status and the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation conducted on a native beef cattle breed, known as Marchigiana, reared in Central Italy. The present research, based on a longitudinal study, aimed to identify and correlate phenotypic and genetic profiles characteristic of the subjects potentially able to contrast or contain PTB. In a MAP-infected herd, ELISA, IFN-γ tests, qPCR, and cultures were performed at a follow-up, occurring within a period ranging from three to six years, to evaluate the individual state of infection. Animals testing positive for at least one test were considered infected. DNA samples of 112 bovines, with known MAP statuses, were analyzed to verify an association with SNPs in the genes encoding gamma-interferon (BoIFNG), interleukin receptor 10 (IL10RA), interleukin receptor 12 (IL12RB2), and toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4). Regarding statistical analysis, the differences among target genes and pairs of alleles in the analyzed groups of animals, were evaluated at a significance level of p < 0.05. For IL10RA and for IL12RB2 genes, relevant differences in genotypic frequencies among the considered cattle groups were observed. For all candidate genes studied in this investigation, SNP genotypes already associated with PTB resistance were found more frequently in our population, suggesting potential resistance traits in the Marchigiana breed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piera Mazzone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Paolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Linda Petrucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Martina Torricelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Sara Corneli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella Ciullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Sebastianelli
- Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche, Area Vasta 2, Servizio di Igiene degli Allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Silva Costarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fiorella Sbarra
- A.N.A.B.I.C. Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani Carne, Strada del Vio Viscoloso 21, San Martino in Colle, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Gabbianelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pezzotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Biagetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Controlling of Mycobacterium by Natural Degradant-Combination Models for Sequestering Mycolic Acids in Karish Cheese. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248946. [PMID: 36558074 PMCID: PMC9787636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the mycobacterial complex containing mycolic acids (MAs) by natural bioactive compounds is essential for producing safe and value-added foods with therapeutic activities. This study aimed to determine the degradation efficiency of natural organic acid extracts (i.e., citric, malic, tartaric, and lactic), quadri-mix extract from fruits and probiotics (i.e., lemon, apple, grape, and cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus), and synthetic pure organic acids (i.e., citric, malic, tartaric, and lactic), against MA in vitro in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and Karish cheese models. The degradation effect was evaluated both individually and in combinations at different concentrations of degradants (1, 1.5, and 2%) and at various time intervals (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The results show that MA degradation percentage recorded its highest value at 2% of mixed fruit extract quadri-mix with L. acidophilus and reached 99.2% after 48 h both in PBS and Karish cheese, unlike other treatments (i.e., citric + malic + tartaric + lactic), individual acids, and sole extracts at all concentrations. Conversely, organic acid quadri-mix revealed the greatest MA degradation% of 95.9, 96.8, and 97.3% at 1, 1.5, and 2%, respectively, after 48 h. Citric acid was more effective in MA degradation than other acids. The fruit extract quadri-mix combined with L. acidophilus-fortified Karish cheese showed the highest sensorial characteristics; hence, it can be considered a novel food-grade degradant for MA and could be a promising biocontrol candidate against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in food matrices.
Collapse
|
4
|
Barsi F, Dalzini E, Russo S, Cosciani-Cunico E, Monastero P, Arrigoni N, Garbarino CA, Cortimiglia C, Losio MN, Ricchi M. Isothermal inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in curd simulating the stretching phase in pasta-filata cheese process. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1052222. [PMID: 36532449 PMCID: PMC9751633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Raw milk and dairy products are usually considered the major sources of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) exposure for humans. During the production process of mozzarella cheese, as well as of other pasta-filata cheeses made with pasteurized or raw milk, curd is heated and stretched by addition of hot or boiling water. This step is the critical point for the inactivation of MAP during the production process, but, to our knowledge, no studies have been published about the thermal death time values of MAP in curd. The aim of this study was to determine the inactivation kinetics of MAP in curd used to produce pasta-filata cheese in six independent experiments. The milk was inoculated with a mix of MAP strains (field and registered strains) and, with the aim to simulate the thermal treatment of the curd during the stretching step, samples of 10 g of contaminated curd were vacuum packed and treated separately at six different temperatures from 60°C to 75°C in a water bath. MAP survival was then evaluated by plate count method and inactivation parameters were estimated for determining the thermal resistance of the pathogen directly in the curd. D-values increased from 0.15 min (D75-value) to 4.22 min (D60-value) and the calculated z-value was 10.2°C. These data aid: (i) to design food thermal process treatments defining acceptance limits of critical control points to ensure safety against MAP; (ii) to predict the time/temperature combinations needed to obtain a certain MAP log reduction during the curd stretching step; (iii) to optimize or validate pasta-filata cheese process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Barsi
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Dalzini
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Russo
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani-Cunico
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Monastero
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Anna Garbarino
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Claudia Cortimiglia
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao H, He Q, Xu C, Pang Z, Feng B, Chen T, Yang W, Zhou G, Wang Y, Li J, Su J, Miao Y, Zhao Y, Liao Z, Xu C, Liu Z. The Development and Validation of Anti-paratuberculosis-nocardia Polypeptide Antibody [Anti-pTNP] for the Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1110-1123. [PMID: 35029687 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-invasive biomarkers in sera of patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] are not currently available for rapidly and accurately diagnosing the disease. We aimed to investigate and validate the potential roles of anti-paratuberculosis-nocardia polypeptide antibodies [anti-pTNP] in the diagnosis of IBD. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 502 patients with diagnosed Crohn's disease [CD], 141 patients with ulcerative colitis [UC], and 109 healthy donors. The levels of anti-pTNPs and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies [ASCAs] were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of each variable on the diagnosis were analysed by receiver operating characteristic [ROC] analysis. We also performed an estimate study by first developing a clinical prediction model, with external validation in CD patients from nine IBD medical centres in China. RESULTS The levels of anti-pTNPs in sera of CD patients were higher than those in UC patients and healthy donors. The positive rates of anti-pTNPs were significantly higher in ileal CD patients than in ileocolonic and colonic CD patients, and the levels of anti-pTNP IgG in perianal patients were significantly higher than those in non-perianal CD patients. Of note, anti-pTNPs and perianal diseases were important predictors for active stage of CD patients. Discriminative ability to predict active CD patients was 0.918 (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.886-0.949). CONCLUSIONS Anti-pTNP functions as a novel biological marker for diagnosing CD and can be used to assess disease severity, particularly in those with lesion locations in the terminal ileum and stricturing and perianal diseases. A validated prediction model reveals that anti-pTNPs are useful for estimating the likelihood of active CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong He
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City Affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Zhi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Baisui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Analysis, Shanxi Ruihao Biotechnology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Laboratory of Experimental Analysis, Shanxi Ruihao Biotechnology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guangxi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, China
| | - Yufang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junxiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing,China
| | - Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Field NL, McAloon CG, Gavey L, Mee JF. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle - a review in the context of seasonal pasture-based dairy herds. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:12. [PMID: 35590382 PMCID: PMC9121589 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease is an infectious disease affecting cattle, other ruminants and non-ruminant wildlife worldwide, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This review provides an up-to-date concise overview of the pathogenesis of MAP, the significance of Johne’s disease in cattle and the use of diagnostic testing at both animal and herd level in the context of seasonal pasture-based herds. While MAP can only replicate intracellularly, the bacterium is sufficiently robust to survive for months in the environment. Transmission of MAP is mostly via the faecal-oral route, however in-utero transmission in also possible. The bacteria evade the immune system by persisting in macrophages in the small intestine submucosa, with this latent stage of infection lasting, in most cases, for at least two years before bacterial shedding and clinical signs begin. The slowly progressive nature of MAP infection, poor performance of diagnostic tests and management systems that expose susceptible calves to infection make control of Johne’s disease challenging, particularly in seasonal calving herds. Testing of individual animals provides little assurance for farmers and vets due to the poor sensitivity and, in the case of ELISA, imperfect specificity of the available tests. Repeated herd-level testing is utilised by the IJCP to detect infected herds, identify high risk animals, and provide increasing confidence that test-negative herds are free of infection. The IJCP aims to control the spread of Johne’s disease in cattle in Ireland, in order to protect non-infected herds, limit the economic and animal health impact of the disease, improve calf health and reassure markets of Johne’s disease control in Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh L Field
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland. .,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland.
| | - Conor G McAloon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | | | - John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kirkpatrick BW, Cooke ME, Frie M, Sporer KRB, Lett B, Wells SJ, Coussens PM. Genome-wide association analysis for susceptibility to infection by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in US Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4301-4313. [PMID: 35307176 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, is a chronic, granulomatous, gastrointestinal tract disease of cattle and other ruminants caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Control of Johne's disease is based on programs of testing and culling animals positive for infection with MAP and concurrently modifying management to reduce the likelihood of infection. The current study was motivated by the hypothesis that genetic variation in host susceptibility to MAP infection can be dissected and quantifiable associations with genetic markers identified. Two separate GWAS analyses were conducted, the first using 897 genotyped Holstein artificial insemination sires with phenotypes derived from incidence of MAP infection among daughters based on milk ELISA testing records. The second GWAS analysis was a case-control design using US Holstein cows phenotyped for MAP infection by serum ELISA or fecal culture tests. Cases included cows positive for either serum ELISA, fecal culture, or both. Controls consisted of animals negative for all tests conducted. A total of 376 samples (70 cases and 306 controls) from a University of Minnesota Johne's management demonstration project and 184 samples (76 cases and 108 controls) from a Michigan State University study were used. Medium-density (sires) and high-density (cows) genotype data were imputed to full genome sequence for the analyses. Marker-trait associations were analyzed using the single-step (ss)GWAS procedure implemented in the BLUPF90 suite of programs. Evidence of significant genomic contributions for susceptibility to MAP infection were observed on multiple chromosomes. Results were combined across studies in a meta-analysis, and increased support for genomic regions on BTA7 and BTA21 were observed. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested pathways for antigen processing and presentation, antimicrobial peptides and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity are relevant to variation in host susceptibility to MAP infection, among others. Genomic prediction was evaluated using a 5-fold cross-validation, and moderate correlations were observed between genomic breeding value predictions and daughter averages (∼0.43 to 0.53) for MAP infection in testing data sets. These results suggest that genomic selection against susceptibility to MAP infection is feasible in Holstein cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B W Kirkpatrick
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison 53706.
| | - M E Cooke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison 53706
| | - M Frie
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing 48824
| | - K R B Sporer
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing 48824
| | - B Lett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison 53706
| | - S J Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul 55108
| | - P M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing 48824
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
MacDonald-Phillips KA, Keefe GP, VanLeeuwen J, Shaw DH, McClure J, McKenna SLB. Dairy producer satisfaction and knowledge transfer with the veterinary-administered risk assessment and management plan in a voluntary Johne's disease control program. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2499-2508. [PMID: 34998565 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Atlantic Johne's Disease Initiative (AJDI) aims to control Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection by using veterinary-administered risk assessments to identify high-risk management practices and prompt changes in management behavior. Objectives for this study were to measure producer satisfaction with the veterinary-administered risk assessment and management plan (RAMP) process in a voluntary Johne's disease (JD) control program, compare RAMP-specific satisfaction results based on herd JD status, and measure knowledge transfer from certified veterinarians to producers during the RAMP. A satisfaction questionnaire was adapted to the RAMP process in the AJDI to measure producer satisfaction. The questionnaire included 9 RAMP-specific producer satisfaction items, 1 global RAMP satisfaction item, and 16 questions to assess producer knowledge and knowledge translation about JD, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and bovine leukosis virus (BLV) during the RAMP (BVD and BLV used for comparison purposes). A total of 133 dairy producers in the AJDI (79.6% response rate) completed the questionnaire by telephone. The RAMP-specific satisfaction was high among the AJDI producers surveyed, and these results were not found to differ based on herd JD status. The lowest satisfaction scores and the highest number of "unable to assess" responses were for the item relating to cost. Factors that contributed to RAMP-specific producer satisfaction were not identified from the demographic and herd information available in this study. The knowledge scores indicated moderate knowledge about JD and fair knowledge about BVD and BLV. Evidence of knowledge translation from the RAMP was mixed in this study. Bovine viral diarrhea knowledge scores were not found to differ based on whether or not the certified veterinarian discussed BVD during the preceding RAMP, but BLV knowledge scores were higher among dairy producers that discussed BLV during the preceding RAMP. Strengths and gaps in producer knowledge about these 3 infectious diseases were identified. By using this producer questionnaire, interventions aimed at improving the content, delivery, and satisfaction of RAMP in JD control programs, such as the AJDI, can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A MacDonald-Phillips
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
| | - Greg P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - John VanLeeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Darcy H Shaw
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - J McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Shawn L B McKenna
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodríguez-Hernández P, Rodríguez-Estévez V, Arce L, Gómez-Laguna J. Application of Volatilome Analysis to the Diagnosis of Mycobacteria Infection in Livestock. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:635155. [PMID: 34109231 PMCID: PMC8180594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.635155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are small molecular mass metabolites which compose the volatilome, whose analysis has been widely employed in different areas. This innovative approach has emerged in research as a diagnostic alternative to different diseases in human and veterinary medicine, which still present constraints regarding analytical and diagnostic sensitivity. Such is the case of the infection by mycobacteria responsible for tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in livestock. Although eradication and control programs have been partly managed with success in many countries worldwide, the often low sensitivity of the current diagnostic techniques against Mycobacterium bovis (as well as other mycobacteria from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis together with other hurdles such as low mycobacteria loads in samples, a tedious process of microbiological culture, inhibition by many variables, or intermittent shedding of the mycobacteria highlight the importance of evaluating new techniques that open different options and complement the diagnostic paradigm. In this sense, volatilome analysis stands as a potential option because it fulfills part of the mycobacterial diagnosis requirements. The aim of the present review is to compile the information related to the diagnosis of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in livestock through the analysis of VOCs by using different biological matrices. The analytical techniques used for the evaluation of VOCs are discussed focusing on the advantages and drawbacks offered compared with the routine diagnostic tools. In addition, the differences described in the literature among in vivo and in vitro assays, natural and experimental infections, and the use of specific VOCs (targeted analysis) and complete VOC pattern (non-targeted analysis) are highlighted. This review emphasizes how this methodology could be useful in the problematic diagnosis of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in livestock and poses challenges to be addressed in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Animal Production, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez
- Department of Animal Production, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lourdes Arce
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Inst Univ Invest Quim Fina and Nanoquim Inst Univ Invest Quim Fina and Nanoquim (IUNAN), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Proietti E, Fuhler GM, Peppelenbosch MP. Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection and Biological Treatment of IBD: Cause or Consequence? J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1247-1249. [PMID: 33735385 PMCID: PMC8328286 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Proietti
- Erasmus MC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G M Fuhler
- Erasmus MC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Peppelenbosch
- Erasmus MC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Corresponding author: M. P. Peppelenbosch, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: 0031 10 703292;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martucciello A, Galletti G, Pesce A, Russo M, Sannino E, Arrigoni N, Ricchi M, Tamba M, Brunetti R, Ottaiano M, Iovane G, De Carlo E. Short communication: Seroprevalence of paratuberculosis in Italian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the region of Campania. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6194-6199. [PMID: 33685689 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteric disease affecting virtually all ruminants, but only anecdotal information is currently available about the occurrence of this disease in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). We carried out a survey study aimed at determining the prevalence of paratuberculosis in 2 provinces in the region of Campania, Italy, where about half of all Italian buffaloes are reared. From May 2017 to December 2018, we collected 201,175 individual serum samples from 995 buffalo herds. The sera were collected from animals over 24 mo old and were tested using a commercial ELISA test. The herd-level apparent prevalence result was 54.7%, and the animal-level apparent prevalence was 1.8%. The herd-level true prevalence was estimated using a Bayesian approach, demonstrating a high herd-level prevalence of paratuberculosis in water buffaloes from the Campania area. These findings suggest that the urgent adoption of paratuberculosis herd-control programs for water buffaloes in this area would be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Martucciello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffaloes Farming and Production, c/o Diagnostic Section of Salerno, S.S.18 Via delle Calabrie 27, 84131 Fuorni (SA) Italy
| | - G Galletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Epidemiology Unit, Via P. Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Pesce
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Diagnostic Section of Caserta, Via A. Jervolino, 19, 81044 Tuoro (CE), Italy
| | - M Russo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffaloes Farming and Production, c/o Diagnostic Section of Salerno, S.S.18 Via delle Calabrie 27, 84131 Fuorni (SA) Italy
| | - E Sannino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Diagnostic Section of Caserta, Via A. Jervolino, 19, 81044 Tuoro (CE), Italy
| | - N Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Strada Faggiola 1, 29027 Podenzano (PC), Italy
| | - M Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Strada Faggiola 1, 29027 Podenzano (PC), Italy.
| | - M Tamba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Epidemiology Unit, Via P. Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - R Brunetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regionale, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - M Ottaiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regionale, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - G Iovane
- UNINA-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - E De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffaloes Farming and Production, c/o Diagnostic Section of Salerno, S.S.18 Via delle Calabrie 27, 84131 Fuorni (SA) Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Foddai ACG, Watson G, McAloon CG, Grant IR. Phagomagnetic separation-quantitative PCR: A rapid, sensitive and specific surveillance tool for viable Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in bulk tank and individual cow milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5218-5228. [PMID: 33663850 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bulk tank milk samples from 392 Northern Ireland dairy farms and individual milk from animals (n = 293) on 4 of these farms were tested by a novel phagomagnetic separation (PhMS)-quantitative (q)PCR assay able to detect and quantify viable Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), to demonstrate its potential utility as a milk surveillance tool. Viable MAP were detected in 26.5% of the bulk tank milks, with MAP contamination levels ranging from 1 to 8,432 MAP/50 mL of milk; less than 2% of farms had MAP contamination levels >100 MAP/50 mL in their bulk tank milk. Follow-up PhMS-qPCR testing of milk from individual animals on 4 farms that had the highest numbers of MAP in their bulk tank milks indicated that 17 to 24% of animals in each herd were shedding viable MAP in their milk. Mean MAP numbers detected ranged between 6.7 and 42.1 MAP/50 mL of milk. No significant correlation was observed between the detection of viable MAP in bulk or individual milks by PhMS-qPCR and parallel milk ELISA results, or between PhMS-qPCR results and any other milk recording results (somatic cell count, total bacterial count, % butterfat, or % protein). Viable MAP was detected by IS900 qPCR in 52 (85.2%) Pozzato broth cultures of 61 PhMS-qPCR-positive individual milks after 12 wk of incubation, suggesting few PhMS-qPCR results were false positives. The mean sensitivities of the PhMS-qPCR assay and milk ELISA applied to individual milks were estimated by Bayesian latent class analysis to be 0.7096 and 0.2665, respectively, and mean specificities were similar (0.9626 and 0.9509). Our findings clearly demonstrate that the novel PhMS-qPCR assay could be a useful milk surveillance tool for dairy processors, or a milk monitoring tool for Johne's disease control or milk quality assurance programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C G Foddai
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Watson
- Dale Farm Cooperative Limited, Dale Farm House, 15 Dargan Rd, Belfast BT3 9LS, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Husakova M, Kralik P, Babak V, Slana I. Efficiency of DNA Isolation Methods Based on Silica Columns and Magnetic Separation Tested for the Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Milk and Faeces. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225112. [PMID: 33198402 PMCID: PMC7697941 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Timely and reliable detection of animals shedding Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) should help to effectively identify infected animals and limit infection transmission at early stages to ensure effective control of paratuberculosis. The aim of the study was to compare DNA extraction methods and evaluate isolation efficiency using milk and faecal samples artificially contaminated by MAP with a focus on modern instrumental automatic DNA isolation procedures based on magnetic separation. In parallel, an automatic and manual version of magnetic separation and two methods of faecal samples preparation were compared. Commercially available DNA isolation kits were evaluated, and the selected kits were used in a trial of automatic magnetic beads-based isolation and compared with the manual version of each kit. Detection of the single copy element F57 was performed by qPCR to quantify MAP and determine the isolation efficiency. The evaluated kits showed significant differences in DNA isolation efficiencies. The best results were observed with the silica column Blood and Tissue kit for milk and Zymo Research for faeces. The highest isolation efficiency for magnetic separation was achieved with MagMAX for both matrices. The magnetic separation and silica column isolation methods used in this study represent frequently used methods in mycobacterial diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Husakova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin and of Gastronomy, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Babak
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
| | - Iva Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-777-786-711
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Behavior of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in Lighvan cheese tracked by propidium monoazide qPCR and culture. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
16
|
Kumar S, Kumar S, Singh RV, Chauhan A, Kumar A, Bharati J, Singh SV. Association of genetic variability in CD209 gene with bovine paratuberculosis disease: a case-control study in the Indian cattle population. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:664-671. [PMID: 32985930 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1823400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD209 gene with the occurrence of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Indian cattle. A total of 213 animals were preliminarily selected on the basis of physical body condition score, which was then screened by a panel of diagnostic tests viz. Johnin, ELISA, fecal microscopy, and fecal culture, for the establishment of a case-control resource population. A total of four SNPs viz. rs208222804, rs211654540, rs208814257, and rs210748127 in CD209 gene were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. All SNPs, except rs210748127, were polymorphic in our population. Genotypic-phenotypic associations were assessed by the PROCLOGISTIC procedure of SAS 9.3. The SNP rs208814257 yielded three genotypes viz. CC, CG, and GG, which were significantly (p < 0.05) different in case as compared to the control population. The odds of CC and CG in comparison to GG genotype were 1.21 and 0.40, respectively. The CG genotype was significantly higher in control population, indicating that this genotype may provide resistance against PTB in our resource population. Upon validation in an independent, larger test population and following biological characterization, SNP rs208814257 can be incorporated in marker panel for selection of animals with greater resistance to MAP infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.,Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ran Vir Singh
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Jaya Bharati
- Animal Physiology, ICAR National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anti-Mycobacterial Antibiotic Therapy Induces Remission in Active Paediatric Crohn's Disease. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081112. [PMID: 32722117 PMCID: PMC7464505 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease is increasing in incidence and prevalence in younger people and is of a particularly aggressive nature. One emerging treatment targets Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), an organism implicated in the causation of Crohn’s disease. This study reviewed a cohort of paediatric patients with active Crohn’s disease treated with Anti-Mycobacterial Antibiotic Therapy (AMAT). Sixteen paediatric patients, the majority of whom had failed conventional immunosuppressive therapy, were treated with AMAT. Endoscopic remission was scored using the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease and clinical remission was assessed using the Weighted Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (wPCDAI). Inflammatory blood markers were also routinely recorded. Patients were followed up clinically and endoscopically during treatment after an average of two months (range 1–6) and 17 months (range 2–49), respectively. A significant reduction in both scores assessing clinical improvement (p < 0.001) and mucosal healing (p < 0.0078) was observed at these timepoints; 47% of patients had achieved clinical remission and 63% endoscopic remission. Haemoglobin and serum inflammatory markers normalised for more than 50% of the cohort by six months of treatment. No adverse effects were reported throughout treatment. This is the first report of Anti-Mycobacterial Antibiotic Therapy offering a safe and efficacious therapy for paediatric patients with Crohn’s disease. Further larger randomised studies are required in order to validate these findings.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shabana II, Aljohani AA. Sero-surveillance of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in ruminants in Medina. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 7:69-76. [PMID: 32219112 PMCID: PMC7096108 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to assess for the first time, in Medina, the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ruminants due to its potential zoonotic importance. Materials and methods: A total of 823 sera samples and 364 milk samples were used to determine the incidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) using the indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: The seroprevalence of MAP was 11.1% in sheep and 13.8% in goats, while no infection was recorded among camels. MAP infection was not influenced by the animal’s gender, but it was influenced by its locality since the infection rate in local animals was higher than that in imported ones with a significant correlation (p < 0.05). MAP infection had a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with 2 years aged animals. On the other hand, the detection of MAP in milk revealed that 17 (13.8%) goats and 12 (4.9%) sheep were infected. The prevalence of MAP in milk samples was not influenced by either the animal’s age or locality. Conclusion: Sheep and goats may act as a reservoir for MAP to the Medina community. Since Medina is an active area of mass gatherings as a destination for pilgrims throughout the year, therefore, necessary control measures should be implemented to lower the economic losses, zoonotic infections, and the possibility of a global epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ibrahim Shabana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Aisha A Aljohani
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cammi G, Ricchi M, Galiero A, Daminelli P, Cosciani-Cunico E, Dalzini E, Losio M, Savi R, Cerutti G, Garbarino C, Leo S, Arrigoni N. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during the manufacturing process of Italian raw milk hard cheeses (Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 305:108247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
20
|
Spectroscopic Characterization of Bovine, Avian and Johnin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) with High-Throughput Fourier Transform InfraRed-Based Method. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030136. [PMID: 31470609 PMCID: PMC6789744 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculins purified protein derivatives (PPDs) are obtained by precipitation from heat treated mycobacteria. PPDs are used in diagnosis of mycobacterial infections in humans and animals. Bovine PPD (PPDB) is obtained from Mycobacterium bovis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex), while Avian PPD (PPDA) and Johnin PPD (PPDJ) are extracted, respectively, from Mycobacterium avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. avium complex). PPDB and PPDA are used for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis, while PPDJ is experimentally used in the immunodiagnosis of paratuberculosis. Although PPDs date back to the 19th Century, limited knowledge about their composition is currently available. The goal of our study was to evaluate Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to differentiate PPDB, PPDA, and three PPDJs. The results highlighted that the three PPDs have specific profiles, correlated with phylogenetic characteristics of mycobacteria used for their production. This analysis is eligible as a specific tool for different PPDs batches characterization and for the assessment of their composition. The entire PPD production may be efficiently controlled, since the N content of each preparation is related to IR spectra, with a reference spectrum for each PPD and a standardized analysis protocol.
Collapse
|
21
|
Iarussi F, Paradies P, Sardaro R, Rubino G, Scaltrito D, Pieragostini E, Petazzi F. Epidemiology and risk factors of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in semi-extensive dairy sheep and goat farms of Apulia, southern Italy. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
22
|
Is the transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection through milk intended to feed calves an overlooked item in paratuberculosis control programs? Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:89-94. [PMID: 31325018 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As in many parts of the world, Chile shows a high Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection rate. Evidently, the control recommendations have been inefficient. In the author's opinion, the potential risk of MAP transmission to susceptible calves through milk consumption is largely overlooked. Two observational studies were performed, one to confirm MAP shedding in young stock in a high MAP-infected dairy herd and MAP load in milk intended to feed these calves was estimated. In parallel, in a second study, we estimated the relationship between MAP herd seroprevalence and the cow MAP shedding level as well as the presence of this pathogen in milk used to feed dairy calves. In the first study, 53.7% of cows and 22.5% of calves showed positive culture results. Among all cows tested, 9 (2.19%) animals had a positive serum ELISA, and MAP load in milk reached 106 bacteria/mL. In the second study, three seroprevalence categories were established as follows: high (≥ 9%), medium (> 5% and ≤ 9%), and low (≤ 5%). Statistical significant differences among these categories were observed. Animals from the high seroprevalence category shed significantly more MAP than the others. However, in the low category, heavy shedder animals were also observed. Finally, in all study herds, MAP presence in milk intended to feed calves was reported, even from herds without ELISA-positive animals.
Collapse
|
23
|
Profiling of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the milk of lactating goats using antigen-antibody based assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
24
|
Agrawal A, Varshney R, Kirthika P, Gupta R, Sulabh S, Varshney R, Chakravarti S, Thankappan S. Global scenario of paratuberculosis: a threat to livestock sector. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1610858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, IVRI, Bareilly, India
| | - P. Kirthika
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, IVRI, Bareilly, India
| | - Rohini Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, IIVER, Rohtak, India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, India
| | | | | | - Sabarinath Thankappan
- Clinical Bacteriological Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Richardson H, Rhodes G, Henrys P, Sedda L, Weightman AJ, Pickup RW. Presence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Monitored Over Varying Temporal and Spatial Scales in River Catchments: Persistent Routes for Human Exposure. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050136. [PMID: 31096696 PMCID: PMC6560452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) was monitored by quantitative PCR over a range of temporal and spatial scales in the River Tywi catchment. This study shows the persistence of Map over a 10-year period with little change, which correlates with the recognised levels of Johne’s disease in British herds over that period (aim 1). Map was quantified within the river at up to 108 cell equivalents L−1 and was shown to be consistently present when monitored over finer timescales (aim 4). Small wastewater treatment plants where the ingress of human-associated Map might be expected had no significant effect (aim 2). Map was found for the first time to be located in natural river foams providing another route for spread via aerosols (aim 5). This study provides evidence for the environmental continuum of Map from the grazing infected animal via rain driven runoff through field drains and streams into main rivers; with detection at a high frequency throughout the year. Should Map need to be monitored in the future, we recommend that weekly or monthly sampling from a fixed location on a river will capture an adequate representation of the flow dynamics of Map in a catchment (aim 3). The human exposure to Map during this process and its impact on human health remains unquantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hollian Richardson
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Mailbox 12, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Glenn Rhodes
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - Peter Henrys
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics (CHICAS), Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Andrew J Weightman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales.
| | - Roger W Pickup
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel Recombinant Simian Adenovirus ChAdOx2 as a Vectored Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020040. [PMID: 31096710 PMCID: PMC6630572 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectored vaccines are a highly effective strategy to induce cellular immune responses which are particularly effective against intracellular pathogens. Recombinant simian adenovirus vectors were developed to circumvent the limitations imposed by the use of human adenoviruses due to widespread seroprevalence of neutralising antibodies. We have constructed a replication deficient simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx2) expressing 4 genes from the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (AhpC, Gsd, p12 and mpa). Safety and T-cell immunogenicity results of the first clinical use of the ChAdOx2 vector are presented here. The trial was conducted using a ‘three-plus-three’ dose escalation study design. We demonstrate the vaccine is safe, well tolerated and immunogenic.
Collapse
|
27
|
Butot S, Ricchi M, Sevilla IA, Michot L, Molina E, Tello M, Russo S, Arrigoni N, Garrido JM, Tomas D. Estimation of Performance Characteristics of Analytical Methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Detection in Dairy Products. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:509. [PMID: 30930883 PMCID: PMC6428696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteric infection, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), affecting virtually all ruminants as well as other animals. MAP is also suspected to be involved in the etiology of some human diseases, like Crohn's disease and others. In surveillance studies, different analytical methodologies were employed to detect MAP, showing different results and incidence in dairy products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of three analytical methods [culture, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and peptide-mediated magnetic separation (PMS) phage-based assay] for MAP detection in raw, heat-treated and powdered milk. The methods were evaluated according to performance characteristics defined for qualitative methods in ISO 16140-2:2016. To estimate sensitivity (including trueness) and LOD, 720, and 900 test portions, respectively, were blind tested by two laboratories. Considering all matrices, different sensitivities, expressed as the percentage of positives from the total of true positive test portions, were obtained for IS900 qPCR (94%), f57 qPCR (76%), culture (83%), and PMS-phage (40%). Trueness, expressed as results correctly assigned (including positive and negative) to the reference value, was 93% for the IS900 qPCR method, 89% for culture and 49% for the PMS-phage. The LODs obtained in this study were similar to the LODs previously published for cultural and qPCR methods. However, for the PMS-phage method, the obtained results showed higher LOD values compared to the limited data available in the scientific literature. Our results highlight that while the PMS-phage assay is workable in pure liquid culture for estimation of MAP counts, its usage for surveillance of dairy matrices should be treated with a lot of caution as performance characteristics obtained were lower than for the two other methods tested. qPCR and culture are the most appropriate methods to detect MAP in milk-based matrices according to ISO 16140 methodology. Cultural techniques are considered the gold standard for detection of viable MAP, but qPCR, which is widely used in analytical and surveillance studies, can be considered a suitable and recommendable alternative to cultural methods for screening, if confirmation of MAP's viability is not requested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Butot
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Brescia, Italy
| | - Iker A. Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Lise Michot
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Maitane Tello
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Simone Russo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Brescia, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Brescia, Italy
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - David Tomas
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Roche SM, Kelton DF, Meehan M, Von Massow M, Jones-Bitton A. Exploring dairy producer and veterinarian perceptions of barriers and motivators to adopting on-farm management practices for Johne's disease control in Ontario, Canada. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4476-4488. [PMID: 30852015 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motivating uptake of management change recommendations requires knowledge of the barriers and motivators influencing producer behavior. This study investigated dairy producers' and veterinarians' perceptions of the barriers and motivators influencing the adoption of Johne's disease (JD) control recommendations in Ontario, Canada. Eight focus groups, 6 with dairy producers and 2 with veterinarians, were conducted and thematically analyzed. Both producer and veterinarian groups identified physical resources (i.e., time, money, infrastructure) and producer mindset (i.e., perceived priority of JD, perceived practicality of JD control recommendations) as key barriers to adoption. Producers tended to prioritize JD control on their farm based on their lived experiences with JD and their view of the public's concern about JD. Many agreed that JD recommendations should focus on biosecurity more holistically and emphasize the broader health benefits of limiting calf exposure to many fecal-orally transmitted diseases. Producers also highlighted that some recommendations for on-farm change (i.e., keeping a closed herd, buying from low-risk herds) were unrealistic or too difficult to perform and often disrupted their habits or routine. In contrast, veterinarians suggested that most recommendations were practical and are routinely recommended. Participants suggested both extrinsic (i.e., incentives, premiums, penalties and regulations, and extension and communication) and intrinsic (i.e., pride and responsibility) methods for motivating producers. This study highlights the importance of producer mindset in on-farm change and offers insights into the attitudes and perceived barriers influencing on-farm change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Roche
- ACER Consulting, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 5L3; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - D F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - M Meehan
- Waireki Rd. Veterinary Clinic, Christchurch, New Zealand, 8053
| | - M Von Massow
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Resource Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - A Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zarei-Kordshouli F, Geramizadeh B, Khodakaram-Tafti A. Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis IS 900 DNA in biopsy tissues from patients with Crohn's disease: histopathological and molecular comparison with Johne's disease in Fars province of Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:23. [PMID: 30616527 PMCID: PMC6322312 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease is a chronic enteritis of humans that affects the gastrointestinal tract, especially the terminal ileum, cecum and colon. The etiology of this disease is still unknown but seems to be multifactorial. There are reports about the potential link between Crohn's disease in humans and the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. Because of the prevalence of Johne's disease in the Fars Province of Iran, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MAP in the biopsy tissues of patients affected by Crohn's disease in this area. METHODS The study was performed from April 2015 to June 2017 at Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, and School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Intestinal biopsies of 30 patients (12 male and 18 female; mean age, 34 years; range 4-77 years) with the confirmed diagnosis of Crohn's disease and 30 patients diagnosed as non-inflammatory bowel disease (19 male and 11 female; mean age, 38 years; range 13-68 years) were studied by molecular, histopathological and histochemical methods. Also, similar numbers of adult goats affected by Johne's disease were studied, comparatively. DNA extractions of tissue specimens were subjected to PCR to amplify a 413-bp sequence of the IS900 gene. RESULTS Using IS900-PCR, the overall prevalence of MAP in patients affected by Crohn's disease and non-inflammatory bowel disease were 47 and 13%, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of MAP in goats affected by Johne's disease was 70%. Using acid-fast histochemical staining, only 7% of Crohn's disease patients were weakly positive as paucibacillary and 43% of Johne's disease cases were moderate to strongly positive as multibacillary. Histopathologically, granulomatous enteritis (83 and 90%), lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (17 and 14%), edema and lymphangiectasia (67 and 96%), and vasculitis (20 and 73%) were common findings in Crohn's and Johne's diseases, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a remarkable association between MAP and CD in this population, and support an etiologic relationship between MAP infection in humans and the development of CD. MAP infection in human tissue may display species-specific pathologic findings, as occurs with other zoonotic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forough Zarei-Kordshouli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, PO Box 71345-1731, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, PO Box 71345-1731, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hedin C, Rioux JD, D'Amato M. Inflammatory Bowel Disease at the Intersection of Autophagy and Immunity: Insights from Human Genetics. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28703-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies using human genetics have identified more than 160 loci that affect the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Several of these genes have been found to play key roles in the process of autophagy, a lysosome-based degradation pathway. Although historically considered to be a relatively nonselective process of degradation of cytosolic contents, autophagy has recently been revealed to have several selective and immune-specific functions that are relevant to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, including xenophagy, mitophagy, antigen presentation, secretion, and inflammasome regulation. In this chapter, we review the evidence that links autophagy-related genes, their immune-specific functions, and possible mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis. We summarize the basic molecular events underlying general and selective autophagy, and present evidence suggesting possible pathogenic mechanisms revealed by studies of IBD-associated risk alleles of ATG16L1 and IRGM. Finally, we review chemical biology-based experimental approaches for identifying autophagy regulatory pathways that may have implications for the development of therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hedin
- Gastroenterology unit, Patient Area Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John D. Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Steuer P, Avilez C, Tejeda C, Gonzalez N, Ramirez-Reveco A, Ulloa F, Mella A, Grant IR, Collins MT, Salgado M. In vitro inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by use of copper ions. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:172. [PMID: 30382823 PMCID: PMC6211491 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a contagious infectious disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants causing chronic inflammation of the intestine. MAP has proven to be very resistant to both physical and chemical processes, making it difficult to control this pathogen. Based on the recognized antimicrobial properties of copper, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of copper ions to reduce MAP numbers and/or MAP viability in a fluid matrix. Besides, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Escherichia coli were used as controls of the effectiveness of copper ions. MAP-spiked PBS was subjected to copper ions treatment at 24 V for 5 min and the PBS suspensions were sampled before and after treatment. MAP viability and quantification were determined using three complementary techniques: a phage amplification assay, MGIT culture and qPCR. Results Moderate numbers (103 CFU ml−1) of the two control bacteria were completely eliminated by treatment with copper ions. For MAP, copper ions treatment reduced both the viability and numbers of this pathogen. Phage assay information quickly showed that copper ions (24 V for 5 min) resulted in a significant reduction in viable MAP. MGIT culture results over time showed statistically significant differences in time-to-detection (TTD) values between PRE and POST treatment. MAP genome equivalent estimates for PBS suspensions indicated that MAP numbers were lower in samples POST-treatment with copper ions than PRE-treatment. Conclusions The use of copper ions resulted in a significant reduction of MAP in a liquid matrix, although some MAP survival on some occasions was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Steuer
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Saelzer Building 5° Floor, Campus Isla Teja, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Avilez
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Saelzer Building 5° Floor, Campus Isla Teja, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Tejeda
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Saelzer Building 5° Floor, Campus Isla Teja, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - N Gonzalez
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Saelzer Building 5° Floor, Campus Isla Teja, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Ramirez-Reveco
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - F Ulloa
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Mella
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - I R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - M T Collins
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - M Salgado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Saelzer Building 5° Floor, Campus Isla Teja, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mazzone P, Corneli S, Di Paolo A, Maresca C, Felici A, Biagetti M, Ciullo M, Sebastiani C, Pezzotti G, Leo S, Ricchi M, Arrigoni N. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the intermediate and final digestion products of biogas plants. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:36-44. [PMID: 29573309 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) during anaerobic digestion (AD), we studied two different biogas plants loaded with manure and slurry from paratuberculosis-infected dairy herds. METHODS AND RESULTS Both plants were operating under mesophilic conditions, the first with a single digester and the second with a double digester. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection was performed by sampling each stage of the process, specifically the prefermenter, fermenter, liquid digestate and solid digestate stages, for 11 months. In both plants, MAP was isolated from the prefermenter stage. Only the final products, the solid and liquid digestates, of the one-stage plant showed viable MAP, while no viable MAP was detected in the digestates of the two-stage plant. CONCLUSIONS Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis showed a significant decrease during subsequent steps of the AD process, particularly in the two-stage plant. We suggest that the second digester maintained the digestate under anaerobic conditions for a longer period of time, thus reducing MAP survival and MAP load under the culture detection limit. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our data are unable to exclude the presence of MAP in the final products of the biogas plants, particularly those products from the single digester; therefore, the use of digestates as fertilizers is a real concern related to the possible environmental contamination with MAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mazzone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Corneli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Di Paolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Maresca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Biagetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Ciullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Pezzotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Leo
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Paratubercolosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Piacenza, Italy
| | - M Ricchi
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Paratubercolosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Piacenza, Italy
| | - N Arrigoni
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Paratubercolosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kralik P, Babak V, Dziedzinska R. The Impact of the Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Growth Performance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:638. [PMID: 29666620 PMCID: PMC5891613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free supernatants (CFSs) extracted from various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures were applied to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) cells to determine their effect on MAP viability. In addition, 5% lactic acid (LA; pH 3) and commercially synthetized nisin bacteriocin were also tested. This procedure was chosen in order to mimic the influence of LAB compounds during the production and storage of fermented milk products, which can be contaminated by MAP. Its presence in milk and milk products is of public concern due to the possible ingestion of MAP by consumers and the discussed role of MAP in Crohn’s disease. Propidium monoazide real-time PCR (PMA qPCR) was used for viability determination. Although all CFS showed significant effects on MAP viability, two distinct groups of CFS – effective and less effective – could be distinguished. The effective CFSs were extracted from various lactobacilli cultures, their pH values were mostly lower than 4.5, and their application resulted in >2 log10 reductions in MAP viability. The group of less effective CFS were filtered from Lactococcus and enterococci cultures, their pH values were higher than 4.5, and their effect on MAP viability was <2 log10. LA elicited a reduction in MAP viability that was similar to that of the group of less effective CFS. Almost no effect was found when using commercially synthetized nisin at concentrations of 0.1–1000 μg/ml. A combination of the influence of the type of bacteriocin, the length of its action, bacteriocin production strain, and pH are all probably required for a successful reduction in MAP viability. However, certain bacteriocins and their respective LAB strains (Lactobacillus sp.) appear to play a greater role in reducing the viability of MAP than pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Robertson RE, Cerf O, Condron RJ, Donaghy JA, Heggum C, Jordan K. Review of the controversy over whether or not Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis poses a food safety risk with pasteurised dairy products. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
35
|
McAloon CG, Doherty ML, Whyte P, More SJ, O'Grady L, Citer L, Green MJ. Relative importance of herd-level risk factors for probability of infection with paratuberculosis in Irish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9245-9257. [PMID: 28888596 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Control of paratuberculosis is challenging due to the relatively poor performance of diagnostic tests, a prolonged incubation period, and protracted environmental survival. Prioritization of herd-level interventions is not possible because putative risk factors are often not supported by risk factor studies. The objective for this study was to investigate the relative importance of risk factors for an increased probability of herd paratuberculosis infection. Risk assessment data, comprehensive animal purchase history, and diagnostic test data were available for 936 Irish dairy herds. Both logistic regression and a Bayesian β regression on the outcome of a latent class analysis were conducted. Population attributable fractions and proportional reduction in variance explained were calculated for each variable in the logistic and Bayesian models, respectively. Routine use of the calving area for sick or lame cows was found to be a significant explanatory covariate in both models. Purchasing behavior for the previous 10 yr was not found to be significant. For the logistic model, length of time calves spend in the calving pen (25%) and routine use of the calving pen for sick or lame animals (14%) had the highest attributable fractions. For the Bayesian model, the overall R2 was 16%. Dry cow cleanliness (7%) and routine use of the calving area for sick or lame cows (6%) and had the highest proportional reduction in variance explained. These findings provide support for several management practices commonly recommended as part of paratuberculosis control programs; however, a large proportion of the observed variation in probability of infection remained unexplained, suggesting other important risks factors may exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, D04 W6F6.
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, D04 W6F6
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, D04 W6F6
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, D04 W6F6
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, D04 W6F6
| | - Lorna Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland, D04 W6F6
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom, LE12 5RD
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Complete Genome Sequence of JII-1961, a Bovine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Field Isolate from Germany. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/34/e00870-17. [PMID: 28839035 PMCID: PMC5571421 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00870-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne’s disease in ruminants and was also detected in nonruminant species, including human beings, and in milk products. We announce here the 4.829-Mb complete genome sequence of the cattle-type strain JII-1961 from Germany, which is very similar to cattle-type strains recovered from different continents.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ravva SV, Harden LA, Sarreal CZ. Characterization and Differentiation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from Other Mycobacteria Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:297. [PMID: 28713782 PMCID: PMC5491938 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, is responsible for significant economic losses to the US dairy industry. The pathogen has also been associated with chronic human diseases like Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Determining causation requires rapid characterization and source tracking the pathogen. Here, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry to characterize and differentiate strains of MAP from 14 other species of Mycobacterium from bovine, human, and environmental sources. Lysates from cells disrupted by bead beating in TFA-acetonitrile solution were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. MAP strains were differentiated by mass spectral profiles that are distinct from each other and from other Mycobacterium species. Cluster analysis of spectral profiles indicates two distinct clusters, one dominated by the members of avium complex and a second group dominated by members of fortuitum and parafortuitum complexes. We believe that MALDI-TOF methods can be used to differentiate and source-track MAP strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subbarao V Ravva
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, United States
| | - Leslie A Harden
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, United States
| | - Chester Z Sarreal
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ricchi M, Bertasio C, Boniotti MB, Vicari N, Russo S, Tilola M, Bellotti MA, Bertasi B. Comparison among the Quantification of Bacterial Pathogens by qPCR, dPCR, and Cultural Methods. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1174. [PMID: 28702010 PMCID: PMC5487435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for rapid methods for the quantification of pathogens is increasing. Among these methods, those based on nucleic acids amplification (quantitative PCRs) are the most widespread worldwide. Together with the qPCR, a new approach named digital PCR (dPCR), has rapidly gained importance. The aim of our study was to compare the results obtained using two different dPCR systems and one qPCR in the quantification of three different bacterial pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. For this purpose, three pre-existing qPCRs were used, while the same primers and probes, as well as PCR conditions, were transferred to two different dPCR systems: the QX200 (Bio-Rad) and the Quant Studio 3D (Applied Biosystems). The limits of detection and limits of quantification for all pathogens, and all PCR approaches applied, were determined using genomic pure DNAs. The quantification of unknown decimal suspensions of the three bacteria obtained by the three different PCR approaches was compared through the Linear Regression and Bland and Altman analyses. Our results suggest that, both dPCRs are able to quantify the same amount of bacteria, while the comparison among dPCRs and qPCRs, showed both over and under-estimation of the bacteria present in the unknown suspensions. Our results showed qPCR over-estimated the amount of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and F. tularensis cells. On the contrary, qPCR, compared to QX200 dPCR, under-estimated the amount of L. monocytogenes cells. However, the maximum difference among PCRs approaches was <0.5 Log10, while cultural methods underestimated the number of bacteria by one to two Log10 for Francisella tularensis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. On the other hand, cultural and PCRs methods quantified the same amount of bacteria for L. monocytogenes, suggesting for this last pathogen, PCRs approaches can be considered as a valid alternative to the cultural ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," National Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisPodenzano, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," National Reference Centre for Tuberculosis from M. bovisBrescia, Italy
| | - Maria B Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," National Reference Centre for Tuberculosis from M. bovisBrescia, Italy
| | - Nadia Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Laboratory for Tularemia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini"Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Russo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," National Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisPodenzano, Italy
| | - Michela Tilola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Reparto Tecnologie Acidi Nucleici Applicate Agli AlimentiBrescia, Italy
| | - Marco A Bellotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Laboratory for Tularemia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini"Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Reparto Tecnologie Acidi Nucleici Applicate Agli AlimentiBrescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Oken HA, Saleeb PG, Redfield RR, Schimpff SC. Is Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis the Trigger in the Crohn's Disease Spectrum? Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx104. [PMID: 28685154 PMCID: PMC5493936 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present and discuss a 30-month investigation of a patient that presented with abdominal pain, postprandial diarrhea, bloating, and night sweats and was treated for Crohn’s disease without significant improvement. The patient underwent an ileocecetomy with removal of an atonic segment with resolution of functional gastrointestinal symptoms, but profound night sweats continued postoperatively. The patient was presumptively treated for a mixed mycobacterial infection, blood cultures later grew Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), and she improved over time. We discuss MAP and its possible relationship to Crohn’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Oken
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul G Saleeb
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
McAloon CG, Macken-Walsh Á, Moran L, Whyte P, More SJ, O'Grady L, Doherty ML. Johne's disease in the eyes of Irish cattle farmers: A qualitative narrative research approach to understanding implications for disease management. Prev Vet Med 2017; 141:7-13. [PMID: 28532994 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Johne's Disease (JD) is a disease characterised by chronic granulomatous enteritis which manifests clinically as a protein-losing enteropathy causing diarrhoea, hypoproteinaemia, emaciation and, eventually death. Some research exists to suggest that the aetiologic pathogen Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis may pose a zoonotic risk. Nationally coordinated control programmes have been introduced in many of the major milk producing countries across the world. However, JD is challenging to control in infected herds owing to limitations of diagnostic tests and the long incubation period of the disease. Internationally, research increasingly recognises that improved understanding of farmers' subjective views and behaviours may inform and enhance disease management strategies and support the identification and implementation of best practice at farm level. The aim of this study was to use qualitative research methods to explore the values and knowledges of farmers relative to the control of JD at farm level. The Biographical Narrative Interpretive Method (BNIM) was used to generate data from both infected and presumed uninfected farms in Ireland. Qualitative analysis revealed that cultural and social capital informed farmers' decisions on whether to introduce control and preventive measures. Cultural capital refers to the pride and esteem farmers associate with particular objects and actions whereas social capital is the value that farmers associate with social relationships with others. On-farm controls were often evaluated by farmers as impractical and were frequently at odds with farmers' knowledge of calf management. Knowledge from farmers of infected herds did not disseminate among peer farmers. Owners of herds believed to be uninfected expressed a view that controls and preventive measures were not worthy of adoption until there was clear evidence of JD in the herd. These findings highlight important barriers and potential aids to prevention and control in both infected and uninfected herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Áine Macken-Walsh
- Teagasc, Rural Economy and Development Research Centre (REDP), Áras Uí Mhaoílíosa, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - Lisa Moran
- UNESCO Child and Family Research Centre, School of Political Science and Sociology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Serological, culture and molecular survey of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in a goat flock in Tuscany. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 62:471-477. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
42
|
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis – An Overview of the Publications from 2011 to 2016. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
43
|
Acharya KR, Dhand NK, Whittington RJ, Plain KM. PCR Inhibition of a Quantitative PCR for Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis DNA in Feces: Diagnostic Implications and Potential Solutions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:115. [PMID: 28210245 PMCID: PMC5288348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are increasingly being applied for the diagnosis of Johne's disease, a chronic intestinal infection of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Feces, as the primary test sample, presents challenges in terms of effective DNA isolation, with potential for PCR inhibition and ultimately for reduced analytical and diagnostic sensitivity. However, limited evidence is available regarding the magnitude and diagnostic implications of PCR inhibition for the detection of MAP in feces. This study aimed to investigate the presence and diagnostic implications of PCR inhibition in a quantitative PCR assay for MAP (High-throughput Johne's test) to investigate the characteristics of samples prone to inhibition and to identify measures that can be taken to overcome this. In a study of fecal samples derived from a high prevalence, endemically infected cattle herd, 19.94% of fecal DNA extracts showed some evidence of inhibition. Relief of inhibition by a five-fold dilution of the DNA extract led to an average increase in quantification of DNA by 3.3-fold that consequently increased test sensitivity of the qPCR from 55 to 80% compared to fecal culture. DNA extracts with higher DNA and protein content had 19.33 and 10.94 times higher odds of showing inhibition, respectively. The results suggest that the current test protocol is sensitive for herd level diagnosis of Johne's disease but that test sensitivity and individual level diagnosis could be enhanced by relief of PCR inhibition, achieved by five-fold dilution of the DNA extract. Furthermore, qualitative and quantitative parameters derived from absorbance measures of DNA extracts could be useful for prediction of inhibitory fecal samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal R. Acharya
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of SydneyCamden, NSW, Australia
- Department of Livestock Services, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDhangadhi, Nepal
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of SydneyCamden, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of SydneyCamden, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M. Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of SydneyCamden, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mataragka A, Leousi E, Liandris E, Ntafis V, Leontides L, Aggelidou E, Bossis I, Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Theodoropoulou I, Ikonomopoulos J. Faecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis reduces before parturition in sheep? Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
45
|
Ricchi M, Mazzarelli A, Piscini A, Di Caro A, Cannas A, Leo S, Russo S, Arrigoni N. Exploring MALDI-TOF MS approach for a rapid identification of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis field isolates. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:568-577. [PMID: 27868301 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to explore the suitability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for a rapid and correct identification of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) field isolates. METHODS AND RESULTS MALDI-TOF MS approach is becoming one of the most popular tests for the identification of intact bacterial cells which has been shown to be fast and reliable. For this purpose, 36 MAP field isolates were analysed through MALDI-TOF MS and the spectra compared with two different databases: one provided by the vendor of the system employed (Biotyper ver. 3·0; Bruker Daltonics) and a homemade database containing spectra from both tuberculous and nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Moreover, principal component analysis procedure was employed to confirm the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to discriminate between very closely related subspecies. Our results suggest MAP can be differentiated from other Mycobacterium species, both when the species are very close (M. intracellulare) and when belonging to different subspecies (M. avium ssp. avium and M. avium ssp. silvaticum). CONCLUSIONS The procedure applied is fast, easy to perform, and achieves an earlier accurate species identification of MAP and nontuberculous Mycobacteria in comparison to other procedures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The gold standard test for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis is still isolation of MAP by cultural methods, but additional assays, such as qPCR and subculturing for determination of mycobactin dependency are required to confirm its identification. We have provided here evidence pertaining to the usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS approach for a rapid identification of this mycobacterium among other members of M. avium complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Gariga di Podenzano, Italy
| | - A Mazzarelli
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Banca Biologica, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - A Piscini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Banca Biologica, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - A Di Caro
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Banca Biologica, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - A Cannas
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Banca Biologica, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Leo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Gariga di Podenzano, Italy
| | - S Russo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Gariga di Podenzano, Italy
| | - N Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Gariga di Podenzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hussain T, Shah SZA, Zhao D, Sreevatsan S, Zhou X. The role of IL-10 in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:29. [PMID: 27905994 PMCID: PMC5131435 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen and is the causative agent of Johne's disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Johne's disease is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis leading to substantial economic losses to the livestock sector across the world. MAP persistently survives in phagocytic cells, most commonly in macrophages by disrupting its early antibacterial activity. MAP triggers several signaling pathways after attachment to pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytic cells. MAP adopts a survival strategy to escape the host defence mechanisms via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The signaling mechanism initiated through toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) activates MAPK-p38 results in up-regulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and subsequent repression of inflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory response of IL-10 is mediated through membrane-bound IL-10 receptors, leading to trans-phosphorylation and activation of Janus Kinase (JAK) family receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (TyKs), that promotes the activation of latent transcription factors, signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). IL-10 is an important inhibitory cytokine playing its role in blocking phagosome maturation and apoptosis. In the current review, we describe the importance of IL-10 in early phases of the MAP infection and regulatory mechanisms of the IL-10 dependent pathways in paratuberculosis. We also highlight the strategies to target IL-10, MAPK and STAT3 in other infections caused by intracellular pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN USA
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Serraino A, Bonilauri P, Giacometti F, Ricchi M, Cammi G, Piva S, Zambrini V, Canever A, Arrigoni N. Short communication: Investigation into Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in pasteurized milk in Italy. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:118-123. [PMID: 27816242 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the presence of viable Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in pasteurized milk produced by Italian industrial dairy plants to verify the prediction of a previously performed risk assessment. The study analyzed 160 one-liter bottles of pasteurized milk from 2 dairy plants located in 2 different regions. Traditional cultural protocols were applied to 500mL of pasteurized milk for each sample. The investigation focused also on the pasteurization parameters and data on the microbiological characteristics of raw milk (total bacterial count) and pasteurized milk (Enterobacteriaceae and Listeria monocytogenes). No sample was positive for MAP, the pasteurization parameters complied with European Union legislation, and the microbiological analysis of raw and pasteurized milk showed good microbiological quality. The results show that a 7-log (or >7) reduction could be a plausible value for commercial pasteurization. The combination of hygiene practices at farm level and commercial pasteurization yield very low or absent levels of MAP contamination in pasteurized milk, suggesting that pasteurized milk is not a significant source of human exposure to MAP in the dairies investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - P Bonilauri
- Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Via Pitagora 2, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - M Ricchi
- National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Strada della Faggiola 1, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano (PC), Italy
| | - G Cammi
- National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Strada della Faggiola 1, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano (PC), Italy
| | - S Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - V Zambrini
- Granarolo s.p.a, Via Cadriano 27/2, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Canever
- Granarolo s.p.a, Via Cadriano 27/2, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - N Arrigoni
- National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Strada della Faggiola 1, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano (PC), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Crohn's Disease: Evolution, Epigenetics, and the Emerging Role of Microbiome-Targeted Therapies. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2016; 18:13. [PMID: 26908281 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Originally described in 1932 as non-caseating granulomatous inflammation limited to the terminal ileum, it is now recognized as an expanding group of heterogeneous diseases defined by intestinal location, extent, behavior, and systemic extraintestinal manifestations. Joint diseases, including inflammatory spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, are the most common extraintestinal manifestations of CD and share more genetic susceptibility loci than any other inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) trait. The high frequency and overlap with genes associated with infectious diseases, specifically Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD), suggest that CD may represent an evolutionary adaptation to environmental microbes. Elucidating the diversity of the enteric microbiota and the protean mucosal immune responses in individuals may personalize microbiome-targeted therapies and molecular classifications of CD. This review will focus on CD's natural history and therapies in the context of epigenetics, immunogenetics, and the microbiome.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The cause of Crohn’s disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients’ inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The cause of Crohn's disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients' inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
Collapse
|