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Henningson JN, Topliff CL, Gil LHV, Donis RO, Steffen DJ, Charleston B, Eskridge KM, Kelling CL. Effect of the viral protein Npro on virulence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and induction of interferon type I in calves. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1117-23. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.9.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective—To characterize the influence of the viral protein Npro on virulence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and on type I interferon responses in calves.
Animals—10 calves, 4 to 6 months of age.
Procedures—BVDV virulence and type I interferon responses of calves (n = 5) infected with a noncytopathic BVDV with a deleted Npro were compared with those of calves (5) infected with a noncytopathic BVDV with a functional Npro. Rectal temperatures, clinical signs, platelet counts, and total and differential WBC counts were evaluted daily. Histologic examinations and immunohistochemical analyses of tissues were conducted to assess lesions and distribution of viral antigens, respectively. Serum type I interferon concentrations were determined.
Results—Calves infected with Npro-deleted BVDV developed leukopenia and lymphopenia, without developing increased rectal temperatures or lymphoid depletion of target lymphoid organs. There was minimal antigen deposition in lymphoid organs. Calves infected with Npro BVDV developed increased rectal temperatures, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and lymphoid depletion with marked BVDV antigen deposition in lymphatic tissues. Interferon type I responses were detected in both groups of calves.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Deletion of Npro resulted in attenuation of BVDV as evidenced by reduced virulence in calves, compared with BVDV with a functional Npro. Deletion of Npro did not affect induction of type I interferon. The Npro-deleted BVDV mutant may represent a safe noncytopathic virus candidate for vaccine development.
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Delforge A, Vandenplas B, Lagneaux L, Loos M, Bron D, Debusscher L, Stryckmans P. Influence of recombinant alpha and gamma interferons on the in vitro proliferation of myeloid and leukemic progenitors. Eur J Haematol 1990; 44:307-11. [PMID: 2115009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1990.tb00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the effect of alpha 2-C and gamma recombinant interferons (rIFNs) on normal myeloid progenitors (N-CFU-GM), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) progenitors (CML-CFU-GM) and leukemic progenitors (L-CFU) of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) patients. Within 14 days of continuous exposure in culture, a dose-dependent inhibition of CFU-GM was seen for most normal subjects. Resistance to rIFNs was frequent in leukemic patients and even more in acute leukemia than in CML. Stimulation of clonogenic cell growth was seen for a minority of leukemic patients. When only the sensitive cases were considered, no difference in sensitivity was noticed between normal, CML and ANLL patients. A good correlation was observed between the activity or the lack of activity of alpha and gamma rIFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delforge
- Service de Médecine Interne et Laboratoire, d'Investigation Clinique Henri Tagnon, Institut J. Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
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Hess CB, Niesel DW, Holmgren J, Jonson G, Klimpel GR. Interferon production by Shigella flexneri-infected fibroblasts depends upon intracellular bacterial metabolism. Infect Immun 1990; 58:399-405. [PMID: 1688826 PMCID: PMC258469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.2.399-405.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of bacterial invasion and subsequent intracellular metabolism or replication, or both, in the induction of interferon (IFN) production in primary cultures of murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) was examined. IFN production appeared to be dependent upon bacterial invasion. MEFs that were challenged with Shigella flexneri cultured at 30 degrees C to inhibit the temperature-dependent virulence gene expression that is essential for invasion failed to produce IFN. Furthermore, inhibition of S. flexneri invasion by pretreatment of MEFs with cytochalasin B resulted in a reduction in IFN production. Intracellular bacterial residence alone, however, was not sufficient for the induction of IFN production since an avirulent isogenic variant of S. flexneri which invades but fails to grow intracellularly did not induce IFN production. In fact, the blocking of bacterial RNA synthesis immediately after cellular uptake of S. flexneri by rifampin inhibited IFN production by MEFs. Transfer of the invasion-encoding plasmid to a noninvasive Escherichia coli strain conferred upon the bacteria the ability to invade MEFs and induce IFN production. These results suggest that the induction of IFN production in S. flexneri-infected fibroblasts requires bacterial invasion and intracellular bacterial metabolism or replication, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Hess
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Hughes TK, Russell JK, Blalock JE. Induction of interferon by transformed cells: inhibition by retinoic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 138:47-53. [PMID: 3741417 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) inhibited transformed mouse L-929 and human WISH cell induction of interferon alpha/beta production by nonsensitized mouse spleen cells. The RA effect was both time and dose dependent and acted in near physiologic concentrations. The results suggest that the effect is due to a modulation of a previously described transformed cell surface associated glycoprotein IFN inducer.
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Nair PV, Tong MJ, Kempf R, Co R, Lee SD, Venturi CL. Clinical, serologic, and immunologic effects of human leukocyte interferon in HBsAg-positive primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1985; 56:1018-22. [PMID: 2990662 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19850901)56:5<1018::aid-cncr2820560507>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Five patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive chronic hepatitis and histologically confirmed primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) were treated with 3 X 10(6) units/day of partially purified human leukocyte interferon intramuscularly for 2 consecutive months. During interferon therapy, one patient had stable disease, while the remaining four patients had progressive disease. Following interferon therapy no changes were noted in the hepatitis B viral markers or in serum alphafetoprotein levels. Data on the effects of human leukocyte interferon on lymphocyte subpopulations and on the cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against a hepatitis B surface antigen expressing primary hepatocellular carcinoma cell line are presented.
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Foon KA, Bottino GC, Abrams PG, Fer MF, Longo DL, Schoenberger CS, Oldham RK. Phase II trial of recombinant leukocyte A interferon in patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Med 1985; 78:216-20. [PMID: 3970047 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant leukocyte A interferon is a highly purified single molecular species of alpha-interferon prepared by recombinant DNA methods. In 1982, a phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant leukocyte A interferon for patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia was begun, and 19 patients were entered in this study. Patients received one of two dose schedules depending on their pretreatment platelet counts. Those with platelet counts greater than 100,000/mm3 received 50 X 10(6) units/m2 intramuscularly three times weekly, with dose reductions to 25 X 10(6) units/m2 and 5 X 10(6) units/m2 for unacceptable toxicity. Those with platelet counts less than 100,000/mm3 received 5 X 10(6) units/m2 intramuscularly three times weekly. Toxicity was dose-dependent and included fever, chills, fatigue, anorexia, myalgias, headache, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Response was evaluable in all but one of the patients entered in this study. Two of the 12 patients treated with 50 X 10(6) units/m2 had a partial response, three had no response, and seven had progressive disease. Of the six patients starting at 5 X 10(6) units/m2 in whom response was evaluable, two had no response and four had progressive disease. Five patients with progressive disease (three at 50 X 10(6) units/m2 and two at 5 X 10(6) units/m2) had an acceleration of disease while receiving recombinant leukocyte A interferon. It is concluded that the dose and schedule of recombinant leukocyte A interferon therapy tested in this study are not effective in previously treated patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Kalman VK, Klimpel GR. Cyclosporin A inhibits the production of gamma interferon (IFN gamma), but does not inhibit production of virus-induced IFN alpha/beta. Cell Immunol 1983; 78:122-9. [PMID: 6406074 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(83)90265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on the production of gamma interferon (IFN gamma) versus IFN alpha/beta was studied using mouse and human lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Spleen cells from C57Bl/6 mice produced low but significant levels (40-60 U/ml) of IFN gamma after 2 to 3 days of culture with irradiated DBA spleen cells. The addition of CsA at concentrations as low as 0.1 microgram/ml completely inhibited (less than 10 U/ml) IFN gamma production in these cultures. High levels of IFN gamma (170-1200 U/ml) were produced when either C57Bl/6 spleen cells or Ficoll-Hypaque-purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were cultured with the T-cell mitogen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). The addition of CsA (0.1 microgram/ml) to these cultures also completely inhibited (less than 10 U/ml) IFN gamma production. This inhibition was shown not to be due to a change in the kinetics of IFN gamma production or to a change in the amount of SEA required for stimulation. IFN gamma production in SEA-stimulated mouse spleen cells was inhibited at 3 days of culture even when CsA was added at 24 or 48 hr postculture initiation. Thus, CsA inhibits IFN gamma production even when early events associated with lymphocyte activation have been allowed to take place. In contrast to IFN gamma production, IFN alpha/beta production by Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected mouse and human lymphocytes or fibroblasts was not inhibited by the addition of CsA (1 microgram/ml). CsA also did not block the action of IFN gamma or IFN alpha/beta since addition of CsA (1 microgram/ml) to reference IFN standards had no effect on their antiviral activity. Thus, CsA inhibits the production of IFN gamma by T cells but appears to have no effect on the production of IFN alpha/beta by virus-infected cells or on the antiviral action of already produced IFN gamma and IFN alpha/beta.
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Human β-type interferon enhances the expression and shedding of Ia-like antigens. Comparison to HLA-A,B,C and β2-microglobulin. Antiviral Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(82)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Roberts WK, Vasil A. Evidence for the identity of murine gamma interferon and macrophage activating factor. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1982; 2:519-32. [PMID: 6815284 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1982.2.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages activating factor (MAF) in mouse lymphokine preparations was quantitated using a tumor cell cytotoxicity assay. MAF activity was compared with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) activity, and the lymphokine mixture subjected to a variety of protein fractionation procedures. No significant difference in the ratio of MAF activity to IFN activity was observed following any of the fractionation steps, even after MAF had been purified to a specific activity of 1 X 10(6) u/mg protein. Gel permeation using high pressure liquid chromatography showed a coincident peak of MAF and IFN activity at approximately 55 kD. Both activities were reduced at similar rates following heating at 56 degrees C or incubation at 4 degrees C in pH 2 buffer. Finally, induction of lymphokines using different inducers (mitogens or antigens) or cell populations always resulted in similar ratios of MAF activity to IFN activity. These results support the hypothesis that MAF and IFN-gamma are identical proteins.
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Aguet M, Vignaux F, Fridman WH, Gresser I. Enhancement of Fc gamma receptor expression in interferon-treated mice. Eur J Immunol 1981; 11:926-30. [PMID: 6173231 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of C3H mice with partially purified or highly purified virus-induced interferon resulted in a marked increase in the expression of Fcgamma receptors (Fcgamma R) on splenic lymphocytes, mesenteric lymph node cells and thymocytes from cortisone-treated mice. An increase on Fcgamma R on splenic lymphocytes was seen as early as 5 h and lasted at least 72 h after a single injection of interferon. We suggest that enhancement of Fcgamma R is one of the mechanisms by which interferon exerts some immunostimulating effects in vivo.
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Hokland M, Heron I, Berg K. Increased expression of beta 2-microglobulin and histocompatibility antigens on human lymphoid cells induced by interferon. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1981; 1:483-94. [PMID: 6180082 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1981.1.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of interferon for various incubation periods. Subsequently, the amount of beta 2-Microglobulin and HLA-A, B and C surface antigens was estimated by means of quantitative immunofluorescence (flow cytofluorometry) and by a radioimmunoassay for beta 2-Microglobulin. It was found that the amounts of these MHC antigens increased in a dose and time-dependent way after interferon treatment. Furthermore, the influence of different temperatures on this IFN-induced increase in beta 2-Microglobulin was gradually enhanced after incubation at 37 degrees C to 39 degrees C incubation mostly suppressed the beta 2-Microglobulin increase observed at 39 degrees C. The total amount of membrane associated beta 2-Microglobulin was estimated by a radioimmunoassay. After interferon treatment a beta 2-Microglobulin increase was observed ranging from 39% to 122% in different experiments. It is shown that interferon is the substance responsible for the effects on lymphocytes reported here, because completely pure interferon-proteins had the same activity as has been shown for partially purified interferon preparations.
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Abstract
A set of stable mouse-human hybrids was constructed from the neoplastic lymphocytes from a patient with nodular lymphoma and from another with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Both patients had shown a clinical response to human leucocyte interferon. The same interferon preparation inhibited the growth rate of 14 out of 17 established hybrid cell lines. This system provides evidence of a direct growth inhibitory effect of interferon on neoplastic B lymphocytes. Such a system could be used to predict the sensitivity of a patient's tumour before therapy.
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that interferon exerts a major role in cellular regulatory processes. Besides its well known antiviral properties, interferon has been shown to affect cell surface antigen expression, lymphoid cell function, as well as cellular protein synthesis and growth. To date, however, there is little information available on the mechanism of interferon production in vivo except in response to a variety of exogenously administered viral and nonviral systemic inducers. We report here the detection of a pregnancy-associated elevation of interferon, or an interferon-like component, in selected reproductive tissues of mice.
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Secher DS, Burke DC. A monoclonal antibody for large-scale purification of human leukocyte interferon. Nature 1980; 285:446-50. [PMID: 6157091 DOI: 10.1038/285446a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A clone of hybrid myelomas (NK2), secreting a mouse monoclonal antibody to human leukocyte interferon, has been isolated. The antibody neutralizes the antiviral activity of the interferon and, when covalently attached to a solid support and used as an immunoadsorbent, allows interferon purification of up to 5,000-fold in a single step.
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Yaron M, Baratz M, Yaron I, Zor U. Acute induction of joint inflammation in the rat by poly I . poly C. Inflammation 1979; 3:243-51. [PMID: 478595 DOI: 10.1007/bf00914181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intraarticular injection of interferon inducer, double-stranded polyinosinate-polycytidylate (Poly I . C) caused acute synovitis in rats. This acute inflammatory response was accompanied by an increased concentration of prostaglandin E (PGE) in the synovial tissue. Double-stranded polyadenylate-polyuridylate (Poly A . Poly U) was less potent than Poly I . Poly C in inducing synovitis and increasing PGE concentration, while single-stranded polyinosinate (Poly I) or polycytidylate (Poly C) were inactive in these respects. Intraarticular injection of partially purified mouse fibroblast interferon also induced synovial inflammation. The present results suggest that interferon may be a mediator of viral inflammatory responses.
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Abstract
Mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) showed decreased thymidine incorporation when interferon (IF) had been added to the culture medium. The cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) potential generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures grown in the presence of IF was substantially augmented at a certain concentration range. Highly purified leucocyte IF also had this effect, whereas mock preparations did not. The CML-augmenting property was found in the antiviral fraction after separation of semipurified leucocyte IF (by the method of Dahl & Degree). The possibility that the effects were due to a shift in kinetics after culturing in the presence of IF has been excluded. The killer-enhancing properties of IF did not seem to be due to an enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens, the selective inhibition of CML suppressor cells, or a change in the specificity of recognized target cells. The results of secondary in vitro MLC-CML experiments, in which primary MLC had been carried out in the presence or absence of IF, indicated that the compound acts (in vitro) through preferential selection of cells that are less sensitive to inhibition by IF and more likely to kill.
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Heron I, Hokland M, Møller-Larsen A, Berg K. The effect of interferon on lymphocyte-mediated effector cell functions: selective enhancement of natural killer cells. Cell Immunol 1979; 42:183-7. [PMID: 155499 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gidlund M, Orn A, Wigzell H, Senik A, Gresser I. Enhanced NK cell activity in mice injected with interferon and interferon inducers. Nature 1978; 273:759-61. [PMID: 566386 DOI: 10.1038/273759a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Finlay GJ, Booth RJ, Marbrook J. Interferon-induced antibody suppression: a selective effect on high density, late responding precursor cells. Eur J Immunol 1977; 7:123-6. [PMID: 558882 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse spleen cells have been fractionated into three subpopulations by density gradient centrifugation and the effect of interferon on the ability of each fraction to generate an antibody response in vitro has been examined. The results show that only the antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP) of the high density, late responding fraction are suppressed by interferon. The presence of interferon had no effect on either the number or the mean size of clones of antibody-forming cells in cultures of the low and medium density fractions. Interferon-mediated suppression of the response of high density precursors was due to a decrease in the number but not the size of responding clones. These results suggest that interferon suppresses antibody responses by affecting the degree to which high density AFCP can becoming activated rather than the degree to which precursors proliferate.
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