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Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhong Y, Chen J, Qi X. Deciphering the functional roles of transporter proteins in subcellular metal transportation of plants. PLANTA 2023; 258:17. [PMID: 37314548 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The role of transporters in subcellular metal transport is of great significance for plants in coping with heavy metal stress and maintaining their proper growth and development. Heavy metal toxicity is a serious long-term threat to plant growth and agricultural production, becoming a global environmental concern. Excessive heavy metal accumulation not only damages the biochemical and physiological functions of plants but also causes chronic health hazard to human beings through the food chain. To deal with heavy metal stress, plants have evolved a series of elaborate mechanisms, especially a variety of spatially distributed transporters, to strictly regulate heavy metal uptake and distribution. Deciphering the subcellular role of transporter proteins in controlling metal absorption, transport and separation is of great significance for understanding how plants cope with heavy metal stress and improving their adaptability to environmental changes. Hence, we herein introduce the detrimental effects of excessive common essential and non-essential heavy metals on plant growth, and describe the structural and functional characteristics of transporter family members, with a particular emphasis on their roles in maintaining heavy metal homeostasis in various organelles. Besides, we discuss the potential of controlling transporter gene expression by transgenic approaches in response to heavy metal stress. This review will be valuable to researchers and breeders for enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Yuanchun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Yuqing Zhong
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Suzhou City, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China.
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2
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Perry-Hauser NA, Kaoud TS, Stoy H, Zhan X, Chen Q, Dalby KN, Iverson TM, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Short Arrestin-3-Derived Peptides Activate JNK3 in Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158679. [PMID: 35955810 PMCID: PMC9368909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins were first discovered as suppressors of G protein-mediated signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. It was later demonstrated that arrestins also initiate several signaling branches, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Arrestin-3-dependent activation of the JNK family can be recapitulated with peptide fragments, which are monofunctional elements distilled from this multi-functional arrestin protein. Here, we use maltose-binding protein fusions of arrestin-3-derived peptides to identify arrestin elements that bind kinases of the ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade and the shortest peptide facilitating JNK signaling. We identified a 16-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide expressed as a Venus fusion that leads to activation of JNK3α2 in cells. The strength of the binding to the kinases does not correlate with peptide activity. The ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade has been implicated in neuronal apoptosis. While inhibitors of MAP kinases exist, short peptides are the first small molecule tools that can activate MAP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamer S. Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Henriette Stoy
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Ramistrasse 71, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xuanzhi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tina M. Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vsevolod V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence: (V.V.G.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Eugenia V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence: (V.V.G.); (E.V.G.)
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Kook S, Zhan X, Thibeault K, Ahmed MR, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Mdm2 enhances ligase activity of parkin and facilitates mitophagy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5028. [PMID: 32193420 PMCID: PMC7081349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin have been implicated in the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the root cause of dopamine deficit in the striatum in Parkinson's disease. Parkin ubiquitinates proteins on mitochondria that lost membrane potential, promoting the elimination of damaged mitochondria. Neuroprotective activity of parkin has been linked to its critical role in the mitochondria maintenance. Here we report a novel regulatory mechanism: another E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 directly binds parkin and enhances its enzymatic activity in vitro and in intact cells. Mdm2 translocates to damaged mitochondria independently of parkin, enhances parkin-dependent ubiquitination of the outer mitochondria membrane protein mitofusin1. Mdm2 facilitates and its knockdown reduces parkin-dependent mitophagy. Thus, ubiquitously expressed Mdm2 might enhance cytoprotective parkin activity. The data suggest that parkin activation by Mdm2 could be targeted to increase its neuroprotective functions, which has implications for anti-parkinsonian therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyi Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xuanzhi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA
| | - Kimberly Thibeault
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mohamed R Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratories, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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4
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Targeting arrestin interactions with its partners for therapeutic purposes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 121:169-197. [PMID: 32312421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most vertebrates express four arrestin subtypes: two visual ones in photoreceptor cells and two non-visuals expressed ubiquitously. The latter two interact with hundreds of G protein-coupled receptors, certain receptors of other types, and numerous non-receptor partners. Arrestins have no enzymatic activity and work by interacting with other proteins, often assembling multi-protein signaling complexes. Arrestin binding to every partner affects cell signaling, including pathways regulating cell survival, proliferation, and death. Thus, targeting individual arrestin interactions has therapeutic potential. This requires precise identification of protein-protein interaction sites of both participants and the choice of the side of each interaction which would be most advantageous to target. The interfaces involved in each interaction can be disrupted by small molecule therapeutics, as well as by carefully selected peptides of the other partner that do not participate in the interactions that should not be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. The structural basis of the arrestin binding to GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:34-41. [PMID: 30703488 PMCID: PMC6377262 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of signaling proteins targeted by more clinically used drugs than any other protein family. GPCR signaling via G proteins is quenched (desensitized) by the phosphorylation of the active receptor by specific GPCR kinases (GRKs) followed by tight binding of arrestins to active phosphorylated receptors. Thus, arrestins engage two types of receptor elements: those that contain GRK-added phosphates and those that change conformation upon activation. GRKs attach phosphates to serines and threonines in the GPCR C-terminus or any one of the cytoplasmic loops. In addition to these phosphates, arrestins engage the cavity that appears between trans-membrane helices upon receptor activation and several other non-phosphorylated elements. The residues that bind GPCRs are localized on the concave side of both arrestin domains. Arrestins undergo a global conformational change upon receptor binding (become activated). Arrestins serve as important hubs of cellular signaling, emanating from activated GPCRs and receptor-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a promiscuous peptide, similar to many other members of the calcitonin family of peptides. The potential of CGRP to act on many different receptors with differing affinities and efficacies makes deciphering the signalling from the CGRP receptor a challenging task for researchers.Although it is not a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in that it is composed not just of a GPCR, the CGRP receptor activates many of the same signalling pathways common for other GPCRs. This includes the family of G proteins and a variety of protein kinases and transcription factors. It is now also clear that in addition to the initiation of cell-surface signalling, GPCRs, including the CGRP receptor, also activate distinct signalling pathways as the receptor is trafficking along the endocytic conduit.Given CGRP's characteristic of activating multiple GPCRs, we will first consider the complex of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) as the CGRP receptor. We will discuss the discovery of the CGRP receptor components, the molecular mechanisms controlling its internalization and post-endocytic trafficking (recycling and degradation) and the diverse signalling cascades that are elicited by this receptor in model cell lines. We will then discuss CGRP-mediated signalling pathways in primary cells pertinent to migraine including neurons, glial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.Investigation of all the CGRP- and CGRP receptor-mediated signalling cascades is vital if we are to fully understand CGRP's role in migraine and will no doubt unearth new targets for the treatment of migraine and other CGRP-driven diseases.
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Perry NA, Zhan X, Gurevich EV, Iverson TM, Gurevich VV. Using In Vitro Pull-Down and In-Cell Overexpression Assays to Study Protein Interactions with Arrestin. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:107-120. [PMID: 30919350 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonvisual arrestins (arrestin-2/arrestin-3) interact with hundreds of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes and dozens of non-receptor signaling proteins. Here we describe the methods used to identify the interaction sites of arrestin-binding partners on arrestin-3 and the use of monofunctional individual arrestin-3 elements in cells. Our in vitro pull-down assay with purified proteins demonstrates that relatively few elements in arrestin engage each partner, whereas cell-based functional assays indicate that certain arrestin elements devoid of other functionalities can perform individual functions in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Perry
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xuanzhi Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA
| | | | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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8
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Differential manipulation of arrestin-3 binding to basal and agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Signal 2017; 36:98-107. [PMID: 28461104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-visual arrestins interact with hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we show that by introducing mutations into elements that directly bind receptors, the specificity of arrestin-3 can be altered. Several mutations in the two parts of the central "crest" of the arrestin molecule, middle-loop and C-loop, enhanced or reduced arrestin-3 interactions with several GPCRs in receptor subtype and functional state-specific manner. For example, the Lys139Ile substitution in the middle-loop dramatically enhanced the binding to inactive M2 muscarinic receptor, so that agonist activation of the M2 did not further increase arrestin-3 binding. Thus, the Lys139Ile mutation made arrestin-3 essentially an activation-independent binding partner of M2, whereas its interactions with other receptors, including the β2-adrenergic receptor and the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, retained normal activation dependence. In contrast, the Ala248Val mutation enhanced agonist-induced arrestin-3 binding to the β2-adrenergic and D2 dopamine receptors, while reducing its interaction with the D1 dopamine receptor. These mutations represent the first example of altering arrestin specificity via enhancement of the arrestin-receptor interactions rather than selective reduction of the binding to certain subtypes.
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Lally CCM, Bauer B, Selent J, Sommer ME. C-edge loops of arrestin function as a membrane anchor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14258. [PMID: 28220785 PMCID: PMC5321764 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors are membrane proteins that are regulated by a small family of arrestin proteins. During formation of the arrestin-receptor complex, arrestin first interacts with the phosphorylated receptor C terminus in a pre-complex, which activates arrestin for tight receptor binding. Currently, little is known about the structure of the pre-complex and its transition to a high-affinity complex. Here we present molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed fluorescence experiments on arrestin-1 interactions with rhodopsin, showing that loops within the C-edge of arrestin function as a membrane anchor. Activation of arrestin by receptor-attached phosphates is necessary for C-edge engagement of the membrane, and we show that these interactions are distinct in the pre-complex and high-affinity complex in regard to their conformation and orientation. Our results expand current knowledge of C-edge structure and further illuminate the conformational transitions that occur in arrestin along the pathway to tight receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara C M. Lally
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Brian Bauer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Carrer del Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
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Rajagopal S, Shenoy SK. GPCR desensitization: Acute and prolonged phases. Cell Signal 2017; 41:9-16. [PMID: 28137506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce a wide array of extracellular signals and regulate virtually every aspect of physiology. While GPCR signaling is essential, overstimulation can be deleterious, resulting in cellular toxicity or uncontrolled cellular growth. Accordingly, nature has developed a number of mechanisms for limiting GPCR signaling, which are broadly referred to as desensitization, and refer to a decrease in response to repeated or continuous stimulation. Short-term desensitization occurs over minutes, and is primarily associated with β-arrestins preventing G protein interaction with a GPCR. Longer-term desensitization, referred to as downregulation, occurs over hours to days, and involves receptor internalization into vesicles, degradation in lysosomes and decreased receptor mRNA levels through unclear mechanisms. Phosphorylation of the receptor by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and the recruitment of β-arrestins is critical to both these short- and long-term desensitization mechanisms. In addition to phosphorylation, both the GPCR and β-arrestins are modified post-translationally in several ways, including by ubiquitination. For many GPCRs, receptor ubiquitination promotes degradation of agonist-activated receptors in the lysosomes. Other proteins also play important roles in desensitization, including phosphodiesterases, RGS family proteins and A-kinase-anchoring proteins. Together, this intricate network of kinases, ubiquitin ligases, and adaptor proteins orchestrate the acute and prolonged desensitization of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Alekhina O, Marchese A. β-Arrestin1 and Signal-transducing Adaptor Molecule 1 (STAM1) Cooperate to Promote Focal Adhesion Kinase Autophosphorylation and Chemotaxis via the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26083-26097. [PMID: 27789711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its chemokine ligand CXCL12 mediate directed cell migration during organogenesis, immune responses, and metastatic disease. However, the mechanisms governing CXCL12/CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the β-arrestin1·signal-transducing adaptor molecule 1 (STAM1) complex, initially identified to govern lysosomal trafficking of CXCR4, also mediates CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis. Expression of minigene fragments from β-arrestin1 or STAM1, known to disrupt the β-arrestin1·STAM1 complex, and RNAi against β-arrestin1 or STAM1, attenuates CXCL12-induced chemotaxis. The β-arrestin1·STAM1 complex is necessary for promoting autophosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is necessary for CXCL12-induced chemotaxis and associates with and localizes with β-arrestin1 and STAM1 in a CXCL12-dependent manner. Our data reveal previously unknown roles in CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis for β-arrestin1 and STAM1, which we propose act in concert to regulate FAK signaling. The β-arrestin1·STAM1 complex is a promising target for blocking CXCR4-promoted FAK autophosphorylation and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Alekhina
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Adriano Marchese
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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