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Molina M, Cioci G, Moulis C, Séverac E, Remaud-Siméon M. Bacterial α-Glucan and Branching Sucrases from GH70 Family: Discovery, Structure-Function Relationship Studies and Engineering. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081607. [PMID: 34442685 PMCID: PMC8398850 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucansucrases and branching sucrases are classified in the family 70 of glycoside hydrolases. They are produced by lactic acid bacteria occupying very diverse ecological niches (soil, buccal cavity, sourdough, intestine, dairy products, etc.). Usually secreted by their producer organisms, they are involved in the synthesis of α-glucans from sucrose substrate. They contribute to cell protection while promoting adhesion and colonization of different biotopes. Dextran, an α-1,6 linked linear α-glucan, was the first microbial polysaccharide commercialized for medical applications. Advances in the discovery and characterization of these enzymes have remarkably enriched the available diversity with new catalysts. Research into their molecular mechanisms has highlighted important features governing their peculiarities thus opening up many opportunities for engineering these catalysts to provide new routes for the transformation of sucrose into value-added molecules. This article reviews these different aspects with the ambition to show how they constitute the basis for promising future developments.
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Wangpaiboon K, Waiyaseesang N, Panpetch P, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Nepogodiev SA, Ekgasit S, Field RA, Pichayangkura R. Characterisation of insoluble α-1,3-/α-1,6 mixed linkage glucan produced in addition to soluble α-1,6-linked dextran by glucansucrase (DEX-N) from Leuconostoc citreum ABK-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:473-482. [PMID: 32097735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucansucrases catalyse the formation of glucans from sucrose. The glucansucrase-encoding gene from Leuconostoc citreum ABK-1, dex-N, was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21 Star (DE3). DEX-N produces 2 types of glucans: soluble (S-dextran) and insoluble (I-glucan) glucans. The S-dextran was determined to be ca. 10 kDa in size and contained >90% α-1,6 linkages; along with its water solubility, this is similar to commercial dextran. On the other hand, I-glucan was water-insoluble, harbouring a block-wise pattern of α-1,3 and α-1,6 linkages in its structure. Notably, the FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction pattern of I-glucan exhibited a combination of features found in α-1,6-linked dextran and α-1,3-linked mutan. Although both I-glucan and mutan are insoluble glucans, their physical characteristics are notably dissimilar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nisachon Waiyaseesang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Panpetch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sanong Ekgasit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Rath Pichayangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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An α-1,6-and α-1,3-linked glucan produced by Leuconostoc citreum ABK-1 alternansucrase with nanoparticle and film-forming properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8340. [PMID: 29844508 PMCID: PMC5974361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26721-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternansucrase catalyses the sequential transfer of glucose residues from sucrose onto another sucrose molecule to form a long chain polymer, known as “alternan”. The alternansucrase-encoding gene from Leuconostoc citreum ABK-1 (Lcalt) was successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Lcalt encoded LcALT of 2,057 amino acid residues; the enzyme possessed an optimum temperature and pH of 40 °C and 5.0, respectively, and its’ activity was stimulated up to 2.4-fold by the presence of Mn2+. Kinetic studies of LcALT showed a high transglycosylation activity, with Km 32.2 ± 3.2 mM and kcat 290 ± 12 s−1. Alternan generated by LcALT (Lc-alternan) harbours partially alternating α-1,6 and α- 1,3 glycosidic linkages confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and partial hydrolysis of Lc-alternan products. In contrast to previously reported alternans, Lc-alternan can undergo self-assembly, forming nanoparticles with an average size of 90 nm in solution. At concentrations above 15% (w/v), Lc-alternan nanoparticles disassemble and form a high viscosity solution, while this polymer forms a transparent film once dried.
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Sun J, Yang X, Xu QA, Bian Z, Chen Z, Fan M. Protective efficacy of two new anti-caries DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27:7459-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shinozaki-Kuwahara N, Takada K, Hirasawa M. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of novel glucosyltransferase genes of mutans streptococci isolated from pig oral cavity. J Microbiol 2008; 46:202-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-007-0199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Monchois V, Arguello-Morales M, Russell RR. Isolation of an active catalytic core of Streptococcus downei MFe28 GTF-I glucosyltransferase. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:2290-2. [PMID: 10094712 PMCID: PMC93647 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.7.2290-2292.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncated variants of GTF-I from Streptococcus downei MFe28 were purified by means of a histidine tag. Sequential deletions showed that the C-terminal domain was not directly involved in the catalytic process but was required for primer activation. A fully active catalytic core of only 100 kDa was isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Monchois
- Department of Oral Biology, The Dental School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, United Kingdom.
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Vickerman MM, Sulavik MC, Nowak JD, Gardner NM, Jones GW, Clewell DB. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Streptococcus gordonii glucosyltransferase gene, gtfG. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1997; 7:83-95. [PMID: 9063645 DOI: 10.3109/10425179709020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii has an extracellular glucosyltransferase (GTF) that polymerizes the glucose moiety of sucrose to form both water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans. Whereas multiple gtf genes have been identified in strains of mutans streptococci and Streptococcus salivarius, a single gene, designated gtfG, encodes the GTF of S. gordonii Challis. gtfG is also unique among the characterized gtfs in that it has a described regulatory determinant, rgg. Furthermore, the GTF activity in S. gordonii undergoes reversible phase variation between high and low levels. In order to gain insight into this novel GTF system, the nucleotide sequence of gtfG was determined and found to consist of a 4,734 base pair open reading frame encoding a protein with a deduced molecular weight of ca. 174,000. gtfG was similar to other sequenced gtfs with a conserved signal sequence followed by a ca. 600-bp region distinctive for gtfG, a conserved region encoding a putative catalytic active site and a series of six direct repeats in the carboxyl terminal region implicated in glucan binding. Although comparison of gtfG to other gtfs did not show a basis for the primer-independence of the encoded enzyme or the nature of the glucan products, the gtfG sequence data provide an important basis for further studies of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vickerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0620, USA.
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Vickerman MM, Sulavik MC, Clewell DB. Oral streptococci with genetic determinants similar to the glucosyltransferase regulatory gene, rgg. Infect Immun 1995; 63:4524-7. [PMID: 7591096 PMCID: PMC173645 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.11.4524-4527.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus gordonii Challis glucosyltransferase structural gene, gtfG, is positively regulated by the upstream gene, rgg, the only described gtf regulatory determinant in oral streptococci. Southern hybridization analyses indicated that rgg-like and gtfG-like determinants were present on the same HindIII fragment in strains of S. gordonii, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus oralis, whereas no rgg-like determinants were detected in mutans streptococci, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vickerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Simpson CL, Giffard PM, Jacques NA. Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975 possesses at least two genes coding for primer-independent glucosyltransferases. Infect Immun 1995; 63:609-21. [PMID: 7822030 PMCID: PMC173040 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.2.609-621.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractionation of the culture medium showed that Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975 secreted a glucosyltransferase (Gtf) that was primer independent. On the basis of this observation, a gene library of S. salivarius chromosomal DNA cloned into lambda L47.1 was screened for a gene(s) coding for such an activity. As a result of this screening process, two new gtf genes, gtfL and gtfM, both of which coded for primer-independent Gtf activities, were isolated. GtfL produced an insoluble glucan that was refractory to digestion by the endo-(1-->6)-alpha-D-glucanase. of Chaetonium gracile, while GtfM produced a soluble glucan that was readily degraded by the glucanase. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of gtfL and gtfM with 10 other available Gtf sequences allowed the relatedness of the conserved catalytic regions to be assessed. This analysis showed that the 12 enzymes did not form clusters based on their primer dependencies or on their product solubilities. Further analysis of the YG repeats in the C-terminal glucan-binding domains of GtfJ, GtfK, GtfL, and GtfM from S. salivarius showed that there was strong homology between a block of contiguous triplet YG repeats present in the four alleles. These blocks of YG repeats were coded for by a region of each gene that appeared to have arisen as a result of a recent duplication event(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Simpson
- Institute of Dental Research, Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia
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