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Paillassa J, Maitre E, Belarbi Boudjerra N, Madani A, Benlakhal R, Matthes T, Van Den Neste E, Cailly L, Inchiappa L, Bekadja MA, Tomowiak C, Troussard X. Recommendations for the Management of Patients with Hairy-Cell Leukemia and Hairy-Cell Leukemia-like Disorders: A Work by French-Speaking Experts and French Innovative Leukemia Organization (FILO) Group. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2185. [PMID: 38927891 PMCID: PMC11201647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hairy-cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorder (B-CLPD), whose favorable prognosis has changed with the use of purine nucleoside analogs (PNAs), such as cladribine (CDA) or pentostatin (P). However, some patients eventually relapse and over time HCL becomes resistant to chemotherapy. Many discoveries have been made in the pathophysiology of HCL during the last decade, especially in genomics, with the identification of the BRAFV600E mutation and cellular biology, including the importance of signaling pathways as well as tumor microenvironment. All of these new developments led to targeted treatments, especially BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis), MEK inhibitors (MEKis), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors (BTKis) and recombinant anti-CD22 immunoconjugates. RESULTS The following major changes or additions were introduced in these updated guidelines: the clinical relevance of the changes in the classification of splenic B-cell lymphomas and leukemias; the increasingly important diagnostic role of BRAFV600E mutation; and the prognostic role of the immunoglobulin (IG) variable (V) heavy chain (H) (IGHV) mutational status and repertory. We also wish to insist on the specific involvement of bones, skin, brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the disease at diagnosis or during the follow-up, the novel targeted drugs (BRAFi and MEKi) used for HCL treatment, and the increasing role of minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment. CONCLUSION Here we present recommendations for the diagnosis of HCL, treatment in first line and in relapsed/refractory patients as well as for HCL-like disorders including HCL variant (HCL-V)/splenic B-cell lymphomas/leukemias with prominent nucleoli (SBLPN) and splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Paillassa
- Service des Maladies du Sang, CHU d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France;
| | - Elsa Maitre
- Hématologie Biologique, Structure Fédérative D’oncogénétique Cyto-Moléculaire du CHU de Caen (SF-MOCAE), CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France;
- Unité MICAH, INSERM1245, Université Caen-Normandie, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Abdallah Madani
- Service d’Hématologie, CHU de Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
| | | | - Thomas Matthes
- Service d’Hématologie, Département d’Oncologie et Service de Pathologie Clinique, Département de Diagnostic, Hôpital Universitaire de Genève, 1205 Genève, Switzerland;
| | - Eric Van Den Neste
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Laura Cailly
- Service d’Onco-Hématologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (L.C.)
| | - Luca Inchiappa
- Service d’Hématologie, Institut Paoli-Calmette, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Cécile Tomowiak
- Service d’Onco-Hématologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (L.C.)
| | - Xavier Troussard
- Hématologie Biologique, Structure Fédérative D’oncogénétique Cyto-Moléculaire du CHU de Caen (SF-MOCAE), CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France;
- Hematologie CHU Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France
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2
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Tadmor T, Levy Yurkovski I. Therapy with mosunetuzumab, a bispecific antibody for relapsed/refractory hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2024; 65:684-687. [PMID: 38247446 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2304026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion International Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilana Levy Yurkovski
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion International Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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3
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Tadmor T, Melamed G, Patalon T, Alapi H, Rokach L. The course of patients with hairy cell leukemia during the omicron surge of the Covid-19 pandemic. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41:894-903. [PMID: 37440316 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to explore the outcomes of Covid-19 infection in patients with Hairy cell leukemia (HCL). The cohort is based on data obtained from electronic medical records. It includes 218 consecutive patients diagnosed with HCL between 16 June 1998, and 20 September 2022, out of which the coronavirus has infected 85 patients during the Omicron surge. Out of 85 patients with HCL who were infected by Covid-19; 7 patients (8.2%) have been hospitalized, and the mortality rate was 2.3% (two patients). Thirteen of the 85 patients had been infected by Covid-19 in previous waves, including 9/13 after vaccination, and none of them developed a severe disease. Humoral immune response after three doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination regimen was evaluated in 40 patients and was attained in 67.5%. Based on multivariate analysis: unfavorable outcome was significantly more common in patients with HCL above 65 years old, who had at least one cytopenia, and with comorbidity of cardiovascular disease or asplenia. Our results indicates that the course of COVID-19 in patients with HCL during the Omicron wave has been improved relatively favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Melamed
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center and Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Patalon
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center and Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hilel Alapi
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center and Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Rokach
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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4
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Annunzio K, Ozga M, Huang Y, Anghelina M, Bhat SA, Blachly JS, Grever MR, Lozanski G, Neal J, Shindiapina P, Rogers KA. Single-center study of outcomes of patients with hairy cell leukemia who contracted SARS-CoV-2. EJHAEM 2023; 4:1200-1202. [PMID: 38024604 PMCID: PMC10660372 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Annunzio
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Fellowship ProgramThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Michael Ozga
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Fellowship ProgramThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ying Huang
- Division of HematologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mirela Anghelina
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Seema A. Bhat
- Division of HematologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | | | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of PathologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jasmine Neal
- Center for Clinical and Translational ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Kerry A. Rogers
- Division of HematologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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5
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Andritsos LA, Anghelina M, Neal J, Blachly JS, Mathur P, Lele O, Dearden C, Iyengar S, Cross M, Zent CS, Rogers KA, Epperla N, Lozanski G, Oakes CC, Kraut E, Ruppert AS, Zhao Q, Bhat SA, Forconi F, Banerji V, Handunnetti S, Tam CS, Seymour JF, Else M, Kreitman RJ, Saven A, Call T, Parikh SA, Ravandi F, Johnston JB, Tiacci E, Troussard X, Tallman MS, Dietrich S, Tadmor T, Gozzetti A, Zinzani PL, Robak T, Quest G, Demeter J, Rai K, Fernandez SA, Grever M. Development of a distributed international patient data registry for hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:3021-3031. [PMID: 36070610 PMCID: PMC9990910 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2109157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder, comprising only 2% of all leukemias. The Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation (HCLF) has developed a patient data registry to enable investigators to better study the clinical features, treatment outcomes, and complications of patients with HCL. This system utilizes a centralized registry architecture. Patients are enrolled at HCL Centers of Excellence (COE) or via a web-based portal. All data are de-identified, which reduces regulatory burden and increases opportunities for data access and re-use. To date, 579 patients have been enrolled in the registry. Efforts are underway to engage additional COE's to expand access to patients across the globe. This international PDR will enable researchers to study outcomes in HCL in ways not previously possible due to the rarity of the disease and will serve as a platform for future prospective research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Andritsos
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mirela Anghelina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jasmine Neal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James S Blachly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Puneet Mathur
- Department of Research Information Technology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Omkar Lele
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Clive S Zent
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kerry A Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Narendranath Epperla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher C Oakes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric Kraut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy S Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Seema A Bhat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Sciences and Haematology Department, University of Southampton Hospital Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Versha Banerji
- Department of Internal Medicine & Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sasanka Handunnetti
- Haematology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre & Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Constantine S Tam
- Haematology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre & Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F Seymour
- Haematology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre & Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Monica Else
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert J Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan Saven
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Call
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James B Johnston
- Department of Internal Medicine & Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Xavier Troussard
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cote de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Division, Bnai Zion Medical Center and The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alessandro Gozzetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Siena Policlinico S Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università degli Studi, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna and Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Bologna, Italy
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Graeme Quest
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada
| | - Judit Demeter
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kanti Rai
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Soledad A Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Grever
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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6
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Moradians V, Shateri Amiri B, Bahadorizadeh L, Gholizadeh Mesgarha M, Sadeghi S. Concurrent COVID-19 and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient subsequently found to have underlying hairy cell leukemia. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:3238-3242. [PMID: 35795327 PMCID: PMC9249992 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection manifestation has great diversity and it becomes even greater while co-infection occurs or there is a serious underlying disease in an affected patient. In this case report, we present a case of a 71-year-old man who underwent a chest CT scan following the development of fever, weakness, and pulmonary symptoms. Chest CT scan showed segmental consolidation with centrilobular nodular infiltration, ground glass opacifications in the inferior segment of the left upper and lower lobes, and left lung pleural thickening which was atypical for either COVID-19 infection or pneumocystis carinii pneumonia but his SARS-CoV-2 PCR result was positive and he received COVID-19 treatment. His symptoms recurred after a few months with the same chest CT findings and subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage revealed the presence of pneumocystis carinii infection. Consequently, he received cotrimoxazole which caused improvement in symptoms, nonetheless splenomegaly and anemia remained in his clinical and laboratory investigation. Accordingly, bone marrow study and flow cytometry was done and confirmed the previously undiagnosed hairy cell leukemia. This case accentuates the fact that when we face atypical clinical or paraclinical features in a COVID-19 patient, we should explore for coinfection or unknown underlying diseases.
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7
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Pagano L, Criscuolo M, Broccoli A, Piciocchi A, Varettoni M, Galli E, Anastasia A, Cantonetti M, Trentin L, Kovalchuk S, Orsucci L, Frustaci A, Spolzino A, Volpetti S, Annibali O, Storti S, Stelitano C, Marchesi F, Offidani M, Casadei B, Nizzoli ME, De Luca ML, Fianchi L, Motta M, Guarnera L, Simonetti E, Visentin A, Vassallo F, Deodato M, Sarlo C, Olivieri A, Falini B, Pulsoni A, Tiacci E, Zinzani PL. Long-term follow-up of cladribine treatment in hairy cell leukemia: 30-year experience in a multicentric Italian study. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:109. [PMID: 35853850 PMCID: PMC9296486 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disease with an excellent prognosis after treatment with cladribine (2CDA), although relapse may occur during follow-up. The aim of the study is to review the efficacy, safety, long-term remission rate, and overall survival (OS) in those patients who received 2CDA as first-line treatment. We retrospectively reviewed data of HCL patients treated with 2CDA between March 1991 and May 2019 at 18 Italian Hematological centers: 513 patients were evaluable for study purpose. The median age was 54 years (range 24–88) and ECOG was 0 in 84.9% of cases. A total of 330 (64.3%) patients received 2CDA intravenously and 183 (35.7%) subcutaneously. ORR was 91.8%: CR was obtained in 335 patients (65.3%), PR in 96 (18.7%), and hematological response in 40 (7.8%) patients; in 42 (8.2%) no response was observed. Hemoglobin value (p = 0.044), frequency of circulating hairy cells (p = 0.039), recovery of absolute neutrophil count (p = 0.006), and normalization of spleen (p ≤ 0.001) were associated with CR compared to PR in univariable analysis. At a median follow-up of 6.83 years (range 0.04–28.52), the median time to relapse was 12.2 years. A significant difference in duration of response was identified between patients that obtained a CR and PR (19.4 years versus 4.8 years, p < 0.0001). Non-hematological grade 3 or higher early toxicity was reported in 103 (20.1%) patients. Median OS was not reached: 95.3%, 92.4%, and 81.8% of patients were estimated to be alive at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Forty-nine patients died (9.5%), following an infection in 14 cases (2.7%), natural causes in 14 (2.7%), cardiovascular events in 13 (2.5%), a second neoplasm in 6 (1.2%), and progression of HCL in 2 cases (0.4%). Following treatment of HCL with 2CDA, 80% of patients are estimated to be alive 15 years after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Pagano
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.,Sezione di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Marianna Criscuolo
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Broccoli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Varettoni
- Divisione di Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Galli
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.,Sezione di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cantonetti
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia Policlinico Tor Vergata, Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Division of Haematology and Clinical Immunology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Lorella Orsucci
- S.C. Ematologia, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Annamaria Frustaci
- Divisione di Ematologia, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelica Spolzino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.,Oncoematologia, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCSS, Castelfranco Veneto, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpetti
- Clinica Ematologia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Udine, Italy
| | - Ombretta Annibali
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Storti
- UOC Oncoematologia Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura Giovanni Paolo II, Campobasso - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Caterina Stelitano
- Divisione di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera "Bianchi Melacrino Morelli", Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Offidani
- Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Casadei
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Nizzoli
- Divisione di Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia De Luca
- Divisione di Ematologia, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Fianchi
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Marina Motta
- Department of Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Guarnera
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia Policlinico Tor Vergata, Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Simonetti
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Division of Haematology and Clinical Immunology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Vassallo
- S.C. Ematologia, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Deodato
- Divisione di Ematologia, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarlo
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Roma, Italy
| | - Attilio Olivieri
- Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pulsoni
- Divisione di Ematologia, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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COVID-19 and Hairy-Cell Leukemia: An EPICOVIDEHA Survey. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3870-3874. [PMID: 35500220 PMCID: PMC9068260 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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9
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Falini B, De Carolis L, Tiacci E. How I treat refractory/relapsed hairy cell leukemia with BRAF inhibitors. Blood 2022; 139:2294-2305. [PMID: 35143639 PMCID: PMC11022828 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) responds very well to frontline chemotherapy with purine analogs (cladribine and pentostatine). However, approximately half of patients experience 1 or more relapses, which become progressively resistant to these myelotoxic and immunosuppressive agents. At progression, standard therapeutic options include a second course of purine analogs alone or in combination with rituximab and, upon second relapse, therapy with the anti-CD22 immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox. Furthermore, blockade of the mutant BRAF-V600E kinase (the pathogenetic hallmark of HCL) through orally available specific inhibitors (vemurafenib or dabrafenib) effaces the peculiar morphologic, phenotypic, and molecular identity of this disease and its typical antiapoptotic behavior and is emerging as an attractive chemotherapy-free strategy in various clinical scenarios. These include patients with, or at risk of, severe infections and, in a highly effective combination with rituximab, patients with relapsed or refractory HCL. Other treatments explored in clinical trials are BTK inhibition with ibrutinib and co-inhibition of BRAF (through dabrafenib or vemurafenib) and its downstream target MEK (through trametinib or cobimetinib). Here, we focus on our experience with BRAF inhibitors in clinical trials and as off-label use in routine practice by presenting 3 challenging clinical cases to illustrate their management in the context of all available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunangelo Falini
- Brunangelo Falini, Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia and Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Piazzale Menghini 8, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca De Carolis
- Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia and Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Enrico Tiacci, Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia and Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Piazzale Menghini 8, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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10
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A Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Triggered by Disseminated Tuberculosis and Hairy Cell Leukaemia after SARS-CoV2 Infection. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening disease that can occur either as a primary condition or as a consequence of a variety of triggers, including infectious diseases. Here we present a case of secondary HLH triggered by systemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a 59-year-old immunocompromised Hairy Cell Leukemia and previous SARS-CoV2 infected patient. This case report underlines the role of Etoposide-based chemotherapy in treating the severe inflammation that is the defining factor of HLH, suggesting how, even when such therapy is not effective, it may still give the clinicians time to identify the underlying condition and start the appropriate targeted therapy. Moreover, it gives insight on our decision to treat the underlying haematological condition with a BRAF-targeted therapy rather than purine analog-based chemotherapy to reduce the risk of future severe infections.
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11
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Smirnova SY, Al-Radi LS, Moiseeva TN, Gemdzhian EG, Yakutik IA, Julhakyan HL, Novikov VA, Galstyan GM, Sudarikov AB. Inhibitor of BRAF V600E Mutation as a Treatment Option for Hairy Cell Leukemia With Deep Neutropenia and Infectious Complications. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2021; 21:427-430. [PMID: 33811006 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Standard therapy in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is often impossible at the time of deep neutropenia/agranulocytosis with or without infectious complications; it is thus a complex therapeutic problem. Vemurafenib has been used to treat resistant HCL since 2012. Because vemurafenib does not have a myelotoxic effect, we thought that it could be used to treat HCL associated with deep neutropenia/agranulocytosis with or without the development of infectious complications as a preliminary stage before treatment with cladribine. We conducted a retrospective analysis of treatment with vemurafenib followed by a standard course of cladribine provided to 22 patients with deep neutropenia/agranulocytosis with or without infectious complications at diagnosis. Vemurafenib was provided to 22 patients with HCL. The response to therapy was evaluated by complete blood cell count (absolute neutrophil count [ANC], hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, absence of hairy cells), spleen size (assessed by ultrasound), and reduce infectious complications. After that, a standard course of cladribine was provided. Among the 22 patients, the male/female sex ratio was 2:1, and median (range) age was 52 (24-78) years. There were 7 patients with severe infectious manifestations admitted to the intensive care unit, including 1 patient during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The median (range) ANC at diagnosis was 0.3 (0.04-0.7) × 109/L. Vemurafenib was provided at a dosage of 240 mg 1 or 2 times a day. In 20 patients, vemurafenib was provided for 3 months or more. In 1 case, the effect was not obtained during 1 month of treatment, and the patient died from severe infectious complications during prolonged agranulocytosis. In 21 patients treated with vemurafenib, an increase of ANC was observed and the infectious complications resolved, thus allowing the application of cladribine therapy. After a standard course (0.1 mg/kg per day for 7 days) of cladribine chemotherapy, 18 patients (90%) experienced complete clinical remission and 2 patients (10%) experienced partial remission with residual splenomegaly. In 1 patient, vemurafenib therapy was still ongoing 2 months after initiating therapy. In cases of proven BRAFV600E mutation, vemurafenib can be successfully used as an effective preliminary therapy in patients with deep neutropenia/agranulocytosis with or without infectious complications before standard therapy with purine analogs.
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12
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Ramos Perez J, Ravandi-Kashani F. The pharmacological management of hairy cell leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1337-1344. [PMID: 32378970 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1754397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a B-cell lymphoid malignancy that accounts for approximately 2% of all leukemias. Treatment with purine nucleoside analogs (PNA) results in a high response rate and remains the standard of care. Long term follow-up shows that most patients relapse and require retreatment. Newer combination strategies and agents have emerged to try to reduce the relapse rate and to address cases of PNA refractoriness. AREAS COVERED The authors reviewed the literature on the pharmacological management of HCL, including recent studies that led to new agents being incorporated into practice. EXPERT OPINION Combination of cladribine plus rituximab produces a high rate of measurable residual disease-negative complete remission. In our center, newly diagnosed patients are offered cladribine followed by 8 weekly doses of rituximab in an ongoing phase II trial. Patients in first relapse are also offered this combination if they were initially treated with a single-agent PNA, or if the remission duration was ≥5 years after first-line cladribine plus rituximab. Patients who relapse within 5 years are offered therapy with a novel agent that may include the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, alone or in combination with rituximab, dabrafenib in combination with trametinib, the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, or moxetumomab pasudotox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramos Perez
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi-Kashani
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Epperla N, Pavilack M, Olufade T, Bashyal R, Li J, Kabadi SM, Yuce H, Andritsos L. Adverse event rates and economic burden associated with purine nucleoside analogs in patients with hairy cell leukemia: a US population-retrospective claims analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:47. [PMID: 32054500 PMCID: PMC7020358 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Purine nucleoside analogs (PNAs) are the recommended first-line treatment for patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL), but they are associated with adverse events (AEs). Due to a lack of real-world evidence regarding AEs that are associated with PNAs, we used commercial data to assess AE rates, AE-related health care resource utilization (HCRU), and costs among PNA-treated patients with HCL. Adults aged ≥18 years with ≥2 claims for HCL ≥30 days apart from 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2015 were included. Included patients had ≥1 claim for HCL therapy (cladribine ± rituximab or pentostatin ± rituximab [index date: first claim date]) and continuous enrollment for a ≥ 6-month baseline and ≥ 12-month follow-up period. Patient sub-cohorts were based on the occurrence of myelosuppression and opportunistic infections (OIs). Generalized linear models were used to compare HCRU and costs. Results In total, 647 PNA-treated patients were identified (mean age: 57.1 years). Myelosuppression and OI incidence were 461 and 42 per 1000 patient-years, respectively. Adjusted results indicated that those with myelosuppression had higher rates of hospitalization (47.4% vs 12.4%; P < .0001) and incurred higher mean inpatient costs ($23,517 vs $12,729; P = .011) and total costs ($57,325 vs $34,733; P = .001) as compared with those without myelosuppression. Similarly, patients with OIs had higher rates of hospitalization (53.8% vs 30.8%; P = .025) and incurred higher mean inpatient costs ($21,494 vs $11,229; P < .0001) as compared with those without OIs. Conclusions PNA therapy is highly effective but associated with significant toxicities that increase costs; these findings indicate a need for therapies with improved toxicity profiles and better risk stratification of patients at risk of developing myelosuppression and OIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendranath Epperla
- Division of Hematology, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, A346 Starling Loving Hall, 320W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jieni Li
- STATinMED Research, Plano, TX, USA
| | | | - Huseyin Yuce
- New York City College of Technology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie Andritsos
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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14
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Shallis RM, Patel TH, Podoltsev NA, Xu ML, Azar MM, Gore SD. Disseminated, yet dissembled: Rare infections behind the veil of classical hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Res 2020; 90:106315. [PMID: 32036123 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Shallis
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Timil H Patel
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Nikolai A Podoltsev
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Mina L Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Steven D Gore
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
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15
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Classic hairy cell leukemia complicated by pancytopenia and severe infection: a report of 3 cases treated with vemurafenib. Blood Adv 2020; 3:116-118. [PMID: 30630817 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HCL patients, and myelosuppressive therapies increase the risk of poor outcomes. Vemurafenib achieves rapid hematologic improvement in HCL and may facilitate management during life-threatening infection.
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16
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Tadmor T, Levy I, Herishanu Y, Goldschmidt N, Bairey O, Yuklea M, Shvidel L, Fineman R, Aviv A, Ruchlemer R, Braester A, Dally N, Rouvio O, Shaulov A, Greenbaum U, Inbar M, Polliack A. Primary peg-filgrastim prophylaxis versus filgrastim given "on demand" for neutropenia during therapy with cladribine for hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Res 2019; 82:24-28. [PMID: 31152919 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major advances in the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) have been made following the introduction of purine analogues. The major significant short-term toxicity of cladribine therapy are neutropenia and neutropenic fever (NF) which may be life-threatening. AIM In this retrospective study, we compared the incidence and duration of neutropenia and hospitalization in patients with HCL treated with cladribine followed by peg-filgrastim as primary prophylaxis versus daily filgrastim given "on demand" according to absolute neutrophil count (ANC). METHODS Medical records of patients with HCL diagnosed and followed in 12 medical centers in Israel during 1985-2015 were examined for details of disease at diagnosis. The efficacy of peg-filgrastim and filgrastim was assessed by evaluating the incidence of neutropenia (ANC < 1.0 × 10 [9]/L), number and length of hospitalizations, and number of days from the last day of therapy to recovery of ANC to >1.0 × 10 [9]/L. RESULTS The study population included 202 patients with HCL, 159 of whom (80.7%) were treated with cladribine; 78 patients (49%) required hospitalization for the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics due to NF. Twenty-eight (19%) patients were treated with peg-filgrastim as primary prophylaxis, while 74 (64%) received filgrastim "on demand" due to neutropenia. Median length of hospitalization, and nadir duration were 8 and 18 days respectively (p = 0.71, p = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS Infectious complications post-cladribine treatment remain high. No difference was found in terms of incidence of NF, number of febrile days, and nadir duration in patients receiving primary peg-filgrastim prophylaxis compared to filgrastim given on demand. Both approaches are justifiable, and the choice remains at the physician's discretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Ilana Levy
- Internal Medicine B, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yair Herishanu
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Goldschmidt
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Osnat Bairey
- Department of Hematology, Rabin Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv Petah-Tikvah, Israel
| | - Mona Yuklea
- Department of Hematology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - Lev Shvidel
- Hematology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Riva Fineman
- Department of Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Aviv
- Hematology Unit, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Rosa Ruchlemer
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Najib Dally
- Hematology Unit, Ziv Medical center, Safed, Israel
| | - Ory Rouvio
- Department of Hematology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Adir Shaulov
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Uri Greenbaum
- Department of Hematology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Inbar
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aaron Polliack
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical center, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Zahid MF, Mehdi MQ, Ali N. Outcome of hairy cell leukemia patients treated with cladribine - a 10-year single-center experience in Pakistan. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2019; 41:134-138. [PMID: 31084763 PMCID: PMC6517679 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon, indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Therapy with cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) is able to induce complete remission (CR) in the majority of patients after a single course of treatment. We report the outcomes of patients treated at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS This was a retrospective review. Medical records of patients were used to collect data. RESULTS A total of 21 patients with hairy cell leukemia were treated with cladribine. All patients achieved an initial CR. Four patients (19%) required hospitalization and therapy for neutropenic fever. Six patients (29%) relapsed at a median of 48 months. All 6 patients were treated for relapse, out of which 4 achieved CR, 1 had partial response and 1 had refractory disease. The overall survival rate was 90.5%, with a median follow-up of 35 months. CONCLUSION A single course of cladribine is able to induce CR in a vast majority of patients. Unfortunately, relapse is not uncommon. Patients who relapse can be successfully retreated with cladribine. Cladribine has impressive efficacy and a favorable acute and long-term toxicity profile when administered to patients with HCL.
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18
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Abstract
Unexplained cytopenia is one of the most common indications for performing trephine bone marrow (BM) biopsy (BMB). The histopathological examination in this regard must be seen in the broader context of a multimodal approach in order to reach an as entity-specific as possible diagnosis, considering medical history, physical examination, laboratory data, peripheral blood morphology, BM aspiration smear, flow cytometry results and, if indicated, cytogenetics and molecular genetics. The particular irreplaceability of the histopathological work-up and the expectations to the BMB lie especially in the detection of fibrosing and/or focal processes (e.g. localized islets of blasts) and disorders extrinsic to the BM such as e.g. metastases, thrombotic microangiopathies, granulomatous myelitides etc. We propose a systematic combined histopathological pattern-based and blood count-based approach that can be applied in such circumstances to achieve a precise diagnosis or, at least, a clinically useful differential diagnosis, particularly taking into consideration specific morphologic pitfalls and application of ancillary techniques. Constitutional BM failure syndromes will not be profoundly addressed.
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19
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Öngören Ş, Eşkazan AE, Berk S, Elverdi T, Salihoğlu A, Ar MC, Başlar Z, Aydın Y, Tüzüner N, Soysal T. Retrospective Evaluation of Hairy Cell Leukemia Patients Treated with Three Different First-Line Treatment Modalities in the Last Two Decades: A Single-Center Experience. Turk J Haematol 2017; 34:291-299. [PMID: 29199176 PMCID: PMC5774373 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2016.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcome, treatment responses, infectious complications, and survival rates of 71 hairy cell leukemia (HCL) cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-seven patients received a first-line treatment and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine-2-CdA) was administered in 31 cases, 19 patients received interferon-alpha (INF-α), splenectomy was performed in 16 cases, and rituximab was used in one. RESULTS Although the highest overall response rate (ORR) was observed in patients receiving 2-CdA upfront, ORRs were comparable in the 2-CdA, INF-α, and splenectomy subgroups. Relapse rates were significantly lower in patients who received first-line 2-CdA. The progression-free survival (PFS) rate with 2-CdA was significantly higher than in patients with INF-α and splenectomy, but we found similar overall survival rates with all three upfront treatment modalities. Infections including tuberculosis were a major problem. CONCLUSION Although purine analogues have improved the ORRs and PFS, there is still much progress to make with regard to overall survival and relapsed/refractory disease in patients with HCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeniz Öngören
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Emre Eşkazan
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Berk
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğrul Elverdi
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Salihoğlu
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhlis Cem Ar
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Başlar
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yıldız Aydın
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nükhet Tüzüner
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Teoman Soysal
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
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20
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Grever MR, Abdel-Wahab O, Andritsos LA, Banerji V, Barrientos J, Blachly JS, Call TG, Catovsky D, Dearden C, Demeter J, Else M, Forconi F, Gozzetti A, Ho AD, Johnston JB, Jones J, Juliusson G, Kraut E, Kreitman RJ, Larratt L, Lauria F, Lozanski G, Montserrat E, Parikh SA, Park JH, Polliack A, Quest GR, Rai KR, Ravandi F, Robak T, Saven A, Seymour JF, Tadmor T, Tallman MS, Tam C, Tiacci E, Troussard X, Zent CS, Zenz T, Zinzani PL, Falini B. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with classic hairy cell leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:553-560. [PMID: 27903528 PMCID: PMC5290982 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-689422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematologic malignancy characterized by pancytopenia and marked susceptibility to infection. Tremendous progress in the management of patients with this disease has resulted in high response rates and improved survival, yet relapse and an appropriate approach to re-treatment present continuing areas for research. The disease and its effective treatment are associated with immunosuppression. Because more patients are being treated with alternative programs, comparison of results will require general agreement on definitions of response, relapse, and methods of determining minimal residual disease. The development of internationally accepted, reproducible criteria is of paramount importance in evaluating and comparing clinical trials to provide optimal care. Despite the success achieved in managing these patients, continued participation in available clinical trials in the first-line and particularly in the relapse setting is highly recommended. The Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation convened an international conference to provide common definitions and structure to guide current management. There is substantial opportunity for continued research in this disease. In addition to the importance of optimizing the prevention and management of the serious risk of infection, organized evaluations of minimal residual disease and treatment at relapse offer ample opportunities for clinical research. Finally, a scholarly evaluation of quality of life in the increasing number of survivors of this now manageable chronic illness merits further study. The development of consensus guidelines for this disease offers a framework for continued enhancement of the outcome for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Grever
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Leslie A Andritsos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Versha Banerji
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Barrientos
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | - James S Blachly
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Daniel Catovsky
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dearden
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Royal Marsden Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Demeter
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monica Else
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Haematology Department, University Hospital Trust and Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and National Institute for Health Research Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James B Johnston
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Jones
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Gunnar Juliusson
- Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital and Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eric Kraut
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert J Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Loree Larratt
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Francesco Lauria
- Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Emili Montserrat
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jae H Park
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Aaron Polliack
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Graeme R Quest
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Section of Developmental Therapeutics, Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alan Saven
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA
| | - John F Seymour
- Haematology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Constantine Tam
- Haematology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Institute of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Xavier Troussard
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Clive S Zent
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) have highly favourable outcomes after purine analogue therapy. However, most patients subsequently relapse and require re-treatment. A minority of patients develop purine analogue-refractory disease. Targeted therapies have improved outcomes for such patients. Recently, the BRAF V600E mutation was identified in most patients with classical HCL, resulting in constitutive mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation; impressive responses are achieved in heavily pre-treated patients with BRAF inhibition. The CD22-targeted immunoconjugate moxetumomab pasudotox and BTK inhibitor ibrutinib also achieve responses in relapsed and refractory patients. HCL variant and the IGHV4-34 molecular variant of HCL lack BRAF mutation and have inferior outcomes with standard purine analogue therapy. The addition of rituximab to purine analogues achieves very high rates of minimal residual disease-negative complete remission and improves outcomes for patients with HCL variant. Given the rarity of HCL, optimal integration of novel therapies into treatment algorithms will require well-designed, collaborative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thompson
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Morjaria S, Epstein DJ, Romero FA, Taur Y, Seo SK, Papanicolaou GA, Hatzoglou V, Rosenblum M, Perales MA, Scordo M, Kaltsas A. Toxoplasma Encephalitis in Atypical Hosts at an Academic Cancer Center. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw070. [PMID: 27096140 PMCID: PMC4834739 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma encephalitis is a well recognized complication of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, solid organ transplantation, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, patients with hematologic malignancies not treated with allogeneic HSCT may also develop this condition, which requires high clinical suspicion and consideration for prophylactic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Epstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine
| | | | - Ying Taur
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine; Departments ofMedicine
| | - Susan K Seo
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine; Departments ofMedicine
| | | | - Vaios Hatzoglou
- Neuroradiology Service, Department of Radiology; Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
| | | | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York; Departments ofMedicine
| | - Michael Scordo
- Bone Marrow Transplant Service , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York
| | - Anna Kaltsas
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine; Departments ofMedicine
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23
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Tadmor T, Polliack A. Hairy cell leukemia: Uncommon clinical features, unusual sites of involvement and some rare associations. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2015; 28:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Quest GR, Johnston JB. Clinical features and diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2015; 28:180-92. [PMID: 26614896 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) have recently been made. Improved distinction of HCL from its mimics though clinical presentations, morphologic and immunophenotypic features, and more recently molecular biology, has highlighted marked differences in treatment response and overall prognosis between these disorders. As our understanding of the unique pathobiology of HCL has grown, exciting new avenues of treatment as well as insight into immune function have been obtained. This review provides an overview of the clinical features and diagnostic attributes of HCL, with contrast to other mature B cell lymphoproliferative disorders with overlapping features.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Fatigue/diagnosis
- Fatigue/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/surgery
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell/surgery
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/surgery
- Male
- Mutation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Sex Factors
- Splenectomy
- Splenomegaly/diagnosis
- Splenomegaly/pathology
- Splenomegaly/surgery
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Vemurafenib
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/diagnosis
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/drug therapy
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/pathology
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme R Quest
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - James B Johnston
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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25
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Andritsos LA, Dunavin N, Lozanski G, Jones JA, Blachly JS, Lucas DM, Byrd JC, Kraut E, Grever MR. Reduced dose pentostatin for initial management of hairy cell leukemia patients who have active infection or risk of hemorrhage is safe and effective. Haematologica 2015; 100:e18-20. [PMID: 25361945 PMCID: PMC4281329 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.113290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Andritsos
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH
| | - Neil Dunavin
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Hematology Branch, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH
| | - James S Blachly
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH
| | - David M Lucas
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH
| | - John C Byrd
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH
| | - Eric Kraut
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael R Grever
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH
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26
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Hairy cell leukemia: short review, today's recommendations and outlook. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e184. [PMID: 24531447 PMCID: PMC3944661 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is part of the low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma family and represents approximately 2% of all leukemias. Treatment with splenectomy and interferon-α historically belonged to the first steps of therapeutic options, achieving partial responses/remissions (PR) in most cases with a median survival between 4 and 6 years in the 1980s. The introduction of the purine analogs (PA) pentostatin and cladribine made HCL a well-treatable disease: overall complete response rates (CRR) range from 76 to 98%, with a median disease-free survival (DFS) of 16 years a normal lifespan can be reached and HCL-related deaths are rare. However, insufficient response to PA with poorer prognosis and relapse rates of 30–40% after 5–10 years of follow-up may require alternative strategies. Minimal residual disease can be detected by additional examinations of bone marrow specimens after treatment with PA. The use of immunotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAB) like rituximab as a single agent or in combination with a PA or more recently clinical trials with recombinant immunotoxins (RIT) show promising results to restrict these problems. Recently, the identification of the possible disease-defining BRAF V600E mutation may allow the development of new therapeutic targets.
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27
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Lad DP, Malhotra P, Khadwal A, Prakash G, Suri V, Kumari S, Jain S, Das R, Varma N, Varma S. Outcomes of splenectomy versus cladribine for hairy cell leukemia in resource limited settings. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:1428-30. [PMID: 24001131 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.839786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh P Lad
- Clinical Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
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28
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Rossi B, Epelboin L, Jauréguiberry S, Lecso M, Roos-Weil D, Gabarre J, Grenier PA, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Melioidosis and hairy cell leukemia in 2 travelers returning from Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:503-5. [PMID: 23750355 PMCID: PMC3647669 DOI: 10.3201/eid1903.121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphane Jauréguiberry
- Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B. Rossi, L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, M. Lecso, D. Roos-Weil, J. Gabarre, P. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris VI, Paris (L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, D. Roos-Weil, P.A. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
| | - Maryline Lecso
- Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B. Rossi, L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, M. Lecso, D. Roos-Weil, J. Gabarre, P. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris VI, Paris (L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, D. Roos-Weil, P.A. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
| | - Damien Roos-Weil
- Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B. Rossi, L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, M. Lecso, D. Roos-Weil, J. Gabarre, P. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris VI, Paris (L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, D. Roos-Weil, P.A. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
| | - Jean Gabarre
- Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B. Rossi, L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, M. Lecso, D. Roos-Weil, J. Gabarre, P. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris VI, Paris (L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, D. Roos-Weil, P.A. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
| | - Philippe A. Grenier
- Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B. Rossi, L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, M. Lecso, D. Roos-Weil, J. Gabarre, P. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris VI, Paris (L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, D. Roos-Weil, P.A. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
| | - François Bricaire
- Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B. Rossi, L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, M. Lecso, D. Roos-Weil, J. Gabarre, P. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris VI, Paris (L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, D. Roos-Weil, P.A. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
| | - Eric Caumes
- Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B. Rossi, L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, M. Lecso, D. Roos-Weil, J. Gabarre, P. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris VI, Paris (L. Epelboin, S. Jauréguiberry, D. Roos-Weil, P.A. Grenier, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes)
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29
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Girardi K, Paviglianiti A, Cirillo M, Bianchi A, Gherardi G, Annibali O, Cerchiara E, Marchesi F, Tomarchio V, Miglio C, Tirindelli M, Onetti Muda A, Avvisati G. Tuberculous meningoencephalitis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia in complete remission. J Clin Exp Hematop 2012; 52:31-4. [PMID: 22706528 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.52.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningoencephalitis is a rare disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. We report a patient with hairy cell leukemia in complete remission who, after a single cycle of chemotherapy with cladribine, presented fever and neurological deficits. Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculous meningoencephalitis was made by polymerase chain reaction testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid. Despite the prompt institution of antitubercular-therapy, patient's general condition did not improve and he died. Mycobacterial infection should be considered in patients with intra-cranial lesions, affected by hematological malignancies and persistent immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Girardi
- Department of Hematology, Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy.
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