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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Collins C, Saha SK, Major I, Murray P. Sustainable production and pharmaceutical applications of β-glucan from microbial sources. Microbiol Res 2023; 274:127424. [PMID: 37301079 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides found in abundant sources. Our dietary sources of β-glucans are cereals that include oats and barley, and non-cereal sources can consist of mushrooms, microalgae, bacteria, and seaweeds. There is substantial clinical interest in β-glucans; as they can be used for a variety of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular conditions. Suitable sources of β-glucans for biopharmaceutical applications include bacteria, microalgae, mycelium, and yeast. Environmental factors including culture medium can influence the biomass and ultimately β-glucan content. Therefore, cultivation conditions for the above organisms can be controlled for sustainable enhanced production of β-glucans. This review discusses the various sources of β-glucans and their cultivation conditions that may be optimised to exploit sustainable production. Finally, this article discusses the immune-modulatory potential of β-glucans from these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Murphy
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland; PRISM Research Institute, Midlands Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Ireland.
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Catherine Collins
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- PRISM Research Institute, Midlands Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
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Abstract
The principle of trained immunity represents innate immune memory due to sustained, mainly epigenetic, changes triggered by endogenous or exogenous stimuli in bone marrow (BM) progenitors (central trained immunity) and their innate immune cell progeny, thereby triggering elevated responsiveness against secondary stimuli. BM progenitors can respond to microbial and sterile signals, thereby possibly acquiring trained immunity-mediated long-lasting alterations that may shape the fate and function of their progeny, for example, neutrophils. Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cell population, are produced in the BM from committed progenitor cells in a process designated granulopoiesis. Neutrophils are the first responders against infectious or inflammatory challenges and have versatile functions in immunity. Together with other innate immune cells, neutrophils are effectors of peripheral trained immunity. However, given the short lifetime of neutrophils, their ability to acquire immunological memory may lie in the central training of their BM progenitors resulting in generation of reprogrammed, that is, "trained", neutrophils. Although trained immunity may have beneficial effects in infection or cancer, it may also mediate detrimental outcomes in chronic inflammation. Here, we review the emerging research area of trained immunity with a particular emphasis on the role of neutrophils and granulopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kalafati
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Li X, Zhou L, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Sun B. The Potential Functions and Mechanisms of Oat on Cancer Prevention: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14588-14599. [PMID: 36376030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oat is classified as a whole grain and contains high contents of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins). In recent years, studies have focused on the effects of oat consumption on reducing the risk of a variety of diseases. Reports have indicated that an oat diet exerts certain biological functions, such as preventing cardiovascular diseases, reducing blood glucose, and promoting intestinal health, along with antiallergy, antioxidation, and cancer preventive effects. At present, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The natural products of oat are an important breakthrough for developing new strategies of cancer prevention, and their ability to interact with multiple cellular targets helps to combat the complexity of cancer pathogenesis. In addition, the comprehensive study of the cancer prevention activity and potential mechanism of oat nutrients and phytochemicals has become a research hotspot. In this Review, we focused on the potential functions of peptides, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals in oats on cancer prevention and further revealed novel mechanisms and prospects for clinical application. These findings might provide a novel approach to deeply understand the functions and mechanisms for cancer prevention of oat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Linyue Zhou
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Chan ASH, Kangas TO, Qiu X, Uhlik MT, Fulton RB, Ottoson NR, Gorden KB, Yokoyama Y, Danielson ME, Jevne TM, Michel KS, Graff JR, Bose N. Imprime PGG Enhances Anti-Tumor Effects of Tumor-Targeting, Anti-Angiogenic, and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:869078. [PMID: 35692755 PMCID: PMC9178990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.869078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprime PGG (Imprime) is in late-stage clinical development as a combinatorial agent with several therapeutic modalities. Here we present pre-clinical mechanistic data supportive of Imprime, a soluble yeast β-1,3/1,6-glucan pathogen-associated molecular pattern able to prime innate immune cells in a Dectin-1dependent manner. In tumor-free mice, Imprime evoked broad innate immune responses (type I interferon signature, mobilization of myeloid cells, dendritic cell and monocyte/macrophage expression of co-stimulatory ligands like CD86, and activation of natural killer cells). Imprime-mediated activation of myeloid cells also resulted in functional priming of antigen-specific CD8 T cell response. In tumor-bearing mice, Imprime monotherapy further resulted in activation of systemic and tumor infiltrating macrophages and enhanced cytotoxic CD8 T cell trafficking. Imprime enhanced the anti-tumor activity of several combinatorial agents in mouse cancer models; anti-tyrosinase-related protein 1 antibody in B16F10 melanoma experimental lung metastasis model, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antibody in H1299 and H441 lung cancer, and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody in MC38 colon cancer models. Mechanistically, combining Imprime with these combinatorial therapeutic agents elicited enhanced innate immune activation, supporting immunological synergy. Finally, Imprime treatment induced similar in vitro phenotypic and functional activation of human innate immune cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate Imprime’s potential to orchestrate a broad, yet coordinated, anti-cancer immune response and complement existing cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa S. H. Chan
- HiberCell Inc., Roseville, MN, United States
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | - Takashi O. Kangas
- HiberCell Inc., Roseville, MN, United States
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | - Xiaohong Qiu
- HiberCell Inc., Roseville, MN, United States
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | - Mark T. Uhlik
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | | | | | | | - Yumi Yokoyama
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | - Michael E. Danielson
- HiberCell Inc., Roseville, MN, United States
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | - Trinda M. Jevne
- HiberCell Inc., Roseville, MN, United States
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | - Kyle S. Michel
- HiberCell Inc., Roseville, MN, United States
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | | | - Nandita Bose
- HiberCell Inc., Roseville, MN, United States
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Nandita Bose,
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Caseiro C, Dias JNR, de Andrade Fontes CMG, Bule P. From Cancer Therapy to Winemaking: The Molecular Structure and Applications of β-Glucans and β-1, 3-Glucanases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3156. [PMID: 35328577 PMCID: PMC8949617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are a diverse group of polysaccharides composed of β-1,3 or β-(1,3-1,4) linked glucose monomers. They are mainly synthesized by fungi, plants, seaweed and bacteria, where they carry out structural, protective and energy storage roles. Because of their unique physicochemical properties, they have important applications in several industrial, biomedical and biotechnological processes. β-glucans are also major bioactive molecules with marked immunomodulatory and metabolic properties. As such, they have been the focus of many studies attesting to their ability to, among other roles, fight cancer, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and control diabetes. The physicochemical and functional profiles of β-glucans are deeply influenced by their molecular structure. This structure governs β-glucan interaction with multiple β-glucan binding proteins, triggering myriad biological responses. It is then imperative to understand the structural properties of β-glucans to fully reveal their biological roles and potential applications. The deconstruction of β-glucans is a result of β-glucanase activity. In addition to being invaluable tools for the study of β-glucans, these enzymes have applications in numerous biotechnological and industrial processes, both alone and in conjunction with their natural substrates. Here, we review potential applications for β-glucans and β-glucanases, and explore how their functionalities are dictated by their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Caseiro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Nunes Ribeiro Dias
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Spacek J, Vocka M, Zavadova E, Konopasek B, Petruzelka L. Immunomodulation with β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus in patients with endocrine-dependent breast cancer. Immunotherapy 2021; 14:31-40. [PMID: 34784798 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the effect of pleuran (β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) administration on the immune profile of patients with endocrine-dependent breast cancer (clinical stages I-II) in clinical and imaging remission. Methodology: Antitumor cellular immunity (CD19+, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells) of 195 patients (49 in the pleuran group and 146 in the control group) was measured by flow cytometry. Results: We observed a significant increase in the absolute number of CD3+, CD19+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the pleuran group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Our results suggest potential benefit of continuous pleuran administration on immune rehabilitation of cellular antitumor immunity and better prognosis in breast cancer patients in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spacek
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University & General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, Praha 2, 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vocka
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University & General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, Praha 2, 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zavadova
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University & General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, Praha 2, 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Konopasek
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University & General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, Praha 2, 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Lubos Petruzelka
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University & General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, Praha 2, 128 08, Czech Republic
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7
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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Major I, Rowan NJ, Laffey JG. β-Glucan Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential for Clinical Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E356. [PMID: 33322069 PMCID: PMC7770584 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are complex polysaccharides that are found in several plants and foods, including mushrooms. β-glucans display an array of potentially therapeutic properties. β-glucans have metabolic and gastro-intestinal effects, modulating the gut microbiome, altering lipid and glucose metabolism, reducing cholesterol, leading to their investigation as potential therapies for metabolic syndrome, obesity and diet regulation, gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel, and to reduce cardiovascular and diabetes risk. β-glucans also have immune-modulating effects, leading to their investigation as adjuvant agents for cancers (solid and haematological malignancies), for immune-mediated conditions (e.g., allergic rhinitis, respiratory infections), and to enhance wound healing. The therapeutic potential of β-glucans is evidenced by the fact that two glucan isolates were licensed as drugs in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980. Significant challenges exist to further clinical testing and translation of β-glucans. The diverse range of conditions for which β-glucans are in clinical testing underlines the incomplete understanding of the diverse mechanisms of action of β-glucans, a key knowledge gap. Furthermore, important differences appear to exist in the effects of apparently similar β-glucan preparations, which may be due to differences in sources and extraction procedures, another poorly understood issue. This review will describe the biology, potential mechanisms of action and key therapeutic targets being investigated in clinical trials of β-glucans and identify and discuss the key challenges to successful translation of this intriguing potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland;
| | - Neil J. Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - John G. Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
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8
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Del Cornò M, Gessani S, Conti L. Shaping the Innate Immune Response by Dietary Glucans: Any Role in the Control of Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010155. [PMID: 31936360 PMCID: PMC7016572 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans represent a heterogeneous group of naturally occurring and biologically active polysaccharides found in many kinds of edible mushrooms, baker’s yeast, cereals and seaweeds, whose health-promoting effects have been known since ancient times. These compounds can be taken orally as food supplements or as part of daily diets, and are safe to use, nonimmunogenic and well tolerated. A main feature of β-glucans is their capacity to function as biological response modifiers, exerting regulatory effects on inflammation and shaping the effector functions of different innate and adaptive immunity cell populations. The potential to interfere with processes involved in the development or control of cancer makes β-glucans interesting candidates as adjuvants in antitumor therapies as well as in cancer prevention strategies. Here, the regulatory effects of dietary β-glucans on human innate immunity cells are reviewed and their potential role in cancer control is discussed.
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10
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Bose N, Ottoson NR, Qiu X, Harrison B, Lowe JR, Uhlik MT, Rathmann BT, Kangas TO, Jordan LR, Ertelt KE, Jonas AB, Walsh RM, Chan ASH, Fulton RB, Leonardo SM, Fraser KA, Gorden KB, Matson MA, Graff JR, Huhn RD. Immune Pharmacodynamic Responses of the Novel Cancer Immunotherapeutic Imprime PGG in Healthy Volunteers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2945-2956. [PMID: 30988115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Imprime PGG (Imprime) is an i.v. administered, yeast β-1,3/1,6 glucan in clinical development with checkpoint inhibitors. Imprime-mediated innate immune activation requires immune complex formation with naturally occurring IgG anti-β glucan Abs (ABA). We administered Imprime to healthy human volunteers to assess the necessity of ABA for Imprime-mediated immunopharmacodynamic (IPD) changes. Imprime (4 mg/kg) was administered i.v. in single and multiple infusions. Subsets of subjects were premedicated with antihistamine and corticosteroid. Peripheral blood was measured before, during and after Imprime administration for IPD changes (e.g., ABA, circulating immune complexes, complement activation, complete blood counts, cytokine/chemokine, and gene expression changes). IPD changes were analyzed based on pretreatment serum ABA levels: low-ABA (<20 μg/ml), mid-ABA (≥20-50 μg/ml), and high-ABA (≥50 μg/ml). At the end of infusion, free serum ABA levels decreased, circulating immune complex levels increased, and complement activation was observed. At ∼1-4 h after end of infusion, increased expression of cytokines/chemokines, a 1.5-4-fold increase in neutrophil and monocyte counts and a broad activation of innate immune genes were observed. Low-ABA subjects typically showed minimal IPD changes except when ABA levels rose above 20 μg/ml after repeated Imprime dosing. Mild-to-moderate infusion-related reactions occurred in subjects with ABA ≥20 μg/ml. Premedications alleviated some of the infusion-related reactions, but also inhibited cytokine responses. In conclusion, ABA levels, being critical for Imprime-mediated immune activation may provide a plausible, mechanism-based biomarker to identify patients most likely to respond to Imprime-based anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Bose
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eagan, MN 55121; and
| | | | - Xiaohong Qiu
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eagan, MN 55121; and
| | - Ben Harrison
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eagan, MN 55121; and
| | - Jamie R Lowe
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eagan, MN 55121; and
| | - Mark T Uhlik
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eagan, MN 55121; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ross B Fulton
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eagan, MN 55121; and
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Ma S, Platanias LC. Can early intervention with pharmacotherapy reduce the morbidity and mortality of chronic lymphocytic leukemia? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1171-1175. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1498844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ma
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM. Hypothesis: stimulation of trained immunity as adjunctive immunotherapy in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1323-1332. [PMID: 29018149 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ri0217-064rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has steadily progressed during the past decades, with checkpoint inhibitor therapy becoming the latest and one of the most promising treatments. Despite the progress, most of the patients do not respond or develop resistance, and novel additional approaches are needed to improve the clinical effectiveness of immunotherapy. Trained immunity (TI) has been described recently as a process of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming that induces a long-term enhanced function of innate immune cells. TI is considered to have beneficial effects in improving host response to infections and vaccination, and increasing evidence suggests that TI-mediated mechanisms also have useful and potent antitumor effects. We hypothesized that novel and more effective approaches for immunotherapy in cancer may involve induction of TI, alone or in combination with current immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Imprime PGG-Mediated Anti-Cancer Immune Activation Requires Immune Complex Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165909. [PMID: 27812183 PMCID: PMC5094785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprime PGG (Imprime), an intravenously-administered, soluble β-glucan, has shown compelling efficacy in multiple phase 2 clinical trials with tumor targeting or anti-angiogenic antibodies. Mechanistically, Imprime acts as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) directly activating innate immune effector cells, triggering a coordinated anti-cancer immune response. Herein, using whole blood from healthy human subjects, we show that Imprime-induced anti-cancer functionality is dependent on immune complex formation with naturally-occurring, anti-β glucan antibodies (ABA). The formation of Imprime-ABA complexes activates complement, primarily via the classical complement pathway, and is opsonized by iC3b. Immune complex binding depends upon Complement Receptor 3 and Fcg Receptor IIa, eliciting phenotypic activation of, and enhanced chemokine production by, neutrophils and monocytes, enabling these effector cells to kill antibody-opsonized tumor cells via the generation of reactive oxygen species and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Importantly, these innate immune cell changes were not evident in subjects with low ABA levels but could be rescued with exogenous ABA supplementation. Together, these data indicate that pre-existing ABA are essential for Imprime-mediated anti-cancer immune activation and suggest that pre-treatment ABA levels may provide a plausible patient selection biomarker to delineate patients most likely to benefit from Imprime-based therapy.
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14
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Barton C, Vigor K, Scott R, Jones P, Lentfer H, Bax HJ, Josephs DH, Karagiannis SN, Spicer JF. Beta-glucan contamination of pharmaceutical products: How much should we accept? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1289-1301. [PMID: 27473075 PMCID: PMC5069311 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beta-glucans are large polysaccharides produced by a range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. They have potential immunostimulatory properties and have been used with therapeutic intent as anti-microbial and anti-tumour agents. A range of other potentially beneficial effects have been described, and oral forms of beta-glucans are widely available over-the-counter and online. Parenteral formulations are popular in parts of Asia and are the subject of ongoing trials, worldwide. Beta-glucans are also potential contaminants of pharmaceutical products, and high levels have been described in some blood products. However, little is known about the clinical effects of such contamination, considerable uncertainty exists over the level at which immunostimulation may occur, and there are no guidelines available on acceptable levels. We encountered beta-glucan contamination of one of our products, and we suspect that others may encounter similar issues since the origin of beta-glucan contamination includes commonly used filters and solutions applied in the manufacture of biotherapeutic agents. It is likely that regulators will increasingly enquire about beta-glucan levels in pharmaceutical products, especially those with an immunomodulatory mechanism of action. Here, we review the literature on beta-glucans in pharmaceutical products and propose an acceptable level for therapeutic agents for parenteral use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Barton
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, Angel Building, 407 St John Street, London, EC1V 4AD, UK.
| | - Kim Vigor
- Biotherapeutics Development Unit, Cancer Research UK, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Robert Scott
- Biotherapeutics Development Unit, Cancer Research UK, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Paul Jones
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, Angel Building, 407 St John Street, London, EC1V 4AD, UK
| | - Heike Lentfer
- Biotherapeutics Development Unit, Cancer Research UK, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Heather J Bax
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, King's College London, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Research Oncology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Debra H Josephs
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, King's College London, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Research Oncology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, King's College London, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - James F Spicer
- Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Research Oncology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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15
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Zent CS, Wang XV, Ketterling RP, Hanson CA, Libby EN, Barrientos JC, Call TG, Chang JE, Liu JJ, Calvo AR, Lazarus HM, Rowe JM, Luger SM, Litzow MR, Tallman MS. A phase II randomized trial comparing standard and low dose rituximab combined with alemtuzumab as initial treatment of progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia in older patients: a trial of the ECOG-ACRIN cancer research group (E1908). Am J Hematol 2016; 91:308-12. [PMID: 26662208 PMCID: PMC4806550 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) patients requiring initial therapy are often older and frailer and unsuitable candidates for standard chemoimmunotherapy regimens. Shorter duration combination monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy using alemtuzumab and rituximab has been shown to be effective and tolerable treatment for CLL. Standard dose anti-CD20 mAb therapy causes loss of CD20 expression by surviving CLL cells, which can be minimized by decreasing the mAb dose. We report a randomized phase II clinical trial enrolling older (≥ 65 years) patients (median age 76 years, n = 31) with treatment naïve progressive CLL. Patients received 8-12 weeks of standard subcutaneous alemtuzumab with either intravenous standard (375 mg/m(2) weekly)(n = 16) or low dose (20 mg/m(2) 3x week)(n = 15) rituximab. This study was closed before full accrual because the manufacturer withdrew alemtuzumab for treatment of CLL. The overall response rate was 90% with an 45% complete response rate, median progression-free survival of 17.9 months and no significant differences in outcome between the low and standard dose rituximab arms. The major toxicities were cytopenia and infection with one treatment fatality caused by progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy but no other opportunistic infections. Combination mAb therapy was effective and tolerable treatment for older and frailer patients with progressive CLL, achieving a high rate of complete remissions. These data support the role of mAb in therapy for less fit CLL patients and the further study of low dose higher frequency anti-CD20 mAb therapy as a potentially more effective use of anti-CD20 mAb in the treatment of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Disease-Free Survival
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Rituximab/administration & dosage
- Rituximab/adverse effects
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Zent
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (current location) Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (former location)
| | - Xin Victoria Wang
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute – ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Edward N. Libby
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington (current location) University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin S. Tallman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (current location) Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (former location)
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16
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Halstenson CE, Shamp T, Gargano MA, Walsh RM, Patchen ML. Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase 1 studies evaluating BTH1677, a 1, 3-1,6 beta glucan pathogen associated molecular pattern, in healthy volunteer subjects. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:202-15. [PMID: 26865390 PMCID: PMC4786610 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BTH1677 is a beta glucan pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) currently being investigated as a novel cancer therapy. Here, the initial safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) results of BTH1677 in healthy subjects are reported. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In the Phase 1a single-dosing study, subjects were randomized (3:1 per cohort) to a single intravenous (i.v.) infusion of BTH1677 at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 6 mg/kg or placebo, respectively. In the Phase 1b multi-dosing study, subjects were randomized (3:1 per cohort) to 7 daily i.v. infusions of BTH1677 at 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg or placebo, respectively. Safety and PK non-compartmental analyses were performed. RESULTS Thirty-six subjects (N = 24 Phase 1a; N = 12 Phase 1b) were randomized to treatment. No deaths or serious adverse events occurred in either study. Mild or moderate adverse events (AEs) occurred in 67% of BTH1677-treated subjects in both studies. Treatment-related AEs (occurring in ≥10% of subjects) included dyspnea, flushing, headache, nausea, paraesthesia, and rash in Phase 1a and conjunctivitis and headache in Phase 1b. BTH1677 serum concentration was linear with dose. Clearance, serum elimination half-life (t1/2) and volume of distribution (Vss) were BTH1677 dose-independent. In Phase 1b, area under the curve, t1/2, and Vss values were larger at steady state on days 6-30 versus day 0. CONCLUSIONS BTH1677 was well tolerated after single doses up to 6 mg/kg and after 7 daily doses up to 4 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Halstenson
- Prism Research, 1000 Westgate Drive, St. Paul, MN, 55114, USA
| | - T Shamp
- Prism Research, 1000 Westgate Drive, St. Paul, MN, 55114, USA.,Respiratory Consultants, 3366 Oakdale Avenue N, Robbinsdale, MN, 55422, USA
| | - M A Gargano
- Biothera Pharmaceutical Inc., 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - R M Walsh
- Biothera Pharmaceutical Inc., 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - M L Patchen
- Biothera Pharmaceutical Inc., 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA.
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17
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Langerbeins P, Groß-Ophoff-Müller C, Herling CD. Risk-Adapted Therapy in Early-Stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Oncol Res Treat 2016; 39:18-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000443013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Johnston JB. Enhancing monoclonal antibody activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:2231-2. [PMID: 26247301 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1080927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James B Johnston
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Section of Hematology/Oncology, Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba, Canada
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