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Whelan R, Hargaden GC, Knox AJS. Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1980. [PMID: 34834395 PMCID: PMC8618722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly secure blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug access to the brain, limiting the molecular toolkit for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases to small, lipophilic drugs. Development of a safe and effective BBB modulator would revolutionise the treatment of CNS diseases and future drug development in the area. Naturally, the field has garnered a great deal of attention, leading to a vast and diverse range of BBB modulators. In this review, we summarise and compare the various classes of BBB modulators developed over the last five decades-their recent advancements, advantages and disadvantages, while providing some insight into their future as BBB modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Whelan
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
- Chemical and Structural Biology, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne C. Hargaden
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Andrew J. S. Knox
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
- Chemical and Structural Biology, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
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Rani V, Venkatesan J, Prabhu A. Nanotherapeutics in glioma management: Advances and future perspectives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Siddiqi KS, Husen A, Sohrab SS, Yassin MO. Recent Status of Nanomaterial Fabrication and Their Potential Applications in Neurological Disease Management. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:231. [PMID: 30097809 PMCID: PMC6086777 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are receiving remarkable attention due to their unique properties and structure. They vary from atoms and molecules along with those of bulk materials. They can be engineered to act as drug delivery vehicles to cross blood-brain barriers (BBBs) and utilized with better efficacy and safety to deliver specific molecules into targeted cells as compared to conventional system for neurological disorders. Depending on their properties, various metal chelators, gold nanoparticles (NPs), micelles, quantum dots, polymeric NPs, liposomes, solid lipid NPs, microparticles, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes have been utilized for various purposes including the improvement of drug delivery system, treatment response assessment, diagnosis at early stage, and management of neurological disorder by using neuro-engineering. BBB regulates micro- and macromolecule penetration/movement, thus protecting it from many kinds of illness. This phenomenon also prevents drug delivery for the neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and primary brain tumors. For some neurological disorders (AD and PD), the environmental pollution was considered as a major cause, as observed that metal and/or metal oxide from different sources are inhaled and get deposited in the lungs/brain. Old age, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are other factors for rapid deterioration of human health and onset of AD. In addition, gene mutations have also been examined to cause the early onset familial forms of AD. AD leads to cognitive impairment and plaque deposits in the brain leading to neuronal cell death. Based on these facts and considerations, this review elucidates the importance of frequently used metal chelators, NMs and/or NPs. The present review also discusses the current status and future challenges in terms of their application in drug delivery for neurological disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azamal Husen
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, PO Box # 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box # 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mensur Osman Yassin
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, PO Box # 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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The role of non-endothelial cells on the penetration of nanoparticles through the blood brain barrier. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 159:39-49. [PMID: 28899762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a well-established cell-based membrane that circumvents the central nervous system (CNS), protecting it from harmful substances. Due to its robustness and cell integrity, it is also an outstanding opponent when it comes to the delivery of several therapeutic agents to the brain, which requires the crossing through its highly-organized structure. This regulation and cell-cell communications occur mostly between astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells. Therefore, alternative ways to deliver drugs to the CNS, overcoming the BBB are required, to improve the efficacy of brain target drugs. Nanoparticles emerge here as a promising drug delivery strategy, due to their ability of high drug loading and the capability to exploit specific delivery pathways that most drugs are unable to when administered freely, increasing their bioavailability in the CNS. Thus, further attempts to assess the possible influence of non-endothelial may have on the BBB translocation of nanoparticles are here revised. Furthermore, the use of macrophages and/or monocytes as nanoparticle delivery cells are also approached. Lastly, the temporarily disruption of the overall organization and normal structure of the BBB to promote the penetration of nanoparticles aimed at the CNS is described, as a synergistic path.
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Farré M, Pérez-Mañá C, Papaseit E, Menoyo E, Pérez M, Martin S, Bullich S, Rojas S, Herance JR, Trampal C, Labeaga L, Valiente R. Bilastine vs. hydroxyzine: occupation of brain histamine H1 -receptors evaluated by positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:970-80. [PMID: 24833043 PMCID: PMC4243871 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A close correlation exists between positron emission tomography (PET)-determined histamine H1 -receptor occupancy (H1 RO) and the incidence of sedation. Antihistamines with H1 RO <20% are classified as non-sedating. The objective was to compare the H1 RO of bilastine, a second generation antihistamine, with that of hydroxyzine. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, crossover study used PET imaging with [(11) C]-doxepin to evaluate H1 RO in 12 healthy males (mean age 26.2 years), after single oral administration of bilastine (20 mg), hydroxyzine (25 mg) or placebo. Binding potentials and H1 ROs were calculated in five cerebral cortex regions of interest: frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, insula. Plasma bilastine concentrations, subjective sedation (visual analogue scale), objective psychomotor performance (digital symbol substitution test), physiological variables and safety (adverse events, AEs), were also evaluated. RESULTS The mean binding potential of all five regions of interest (total binding potential) was significantly greater with bilastine than hydroxyzine (mean value 0.26 vs. 0.13, P < 0.01; mean difference and 95% CI -0.130 [-0.155, 0.105]). There was no significant difference between bilastine and placebo. Overall H1 RO by bilastine was significantly lower than that by hydroxyzine (mean value -3.92% vs. 53.95%, P < 0.01; mean difference and 95% CI 57.870% [42.664%, 73.075%]). There was no significant linear relationship between individual bilastine plasma concentrations and total binding potential values. No significant between-treatment differences were observed for sedation and psychomotor performance. Twenty-six non-serious AEs were reported. Sleepiness or sedation was not reported with bilastine but appeared in some subjects with hydroxyzine. CONCLUSIONS A single oral dose of bilastine 20 mg had minimal H1 RO, was not associated with subjective sedation or objective impairment of psychomotor performance and was devoid of treatment-related sedative AEs, thus satisfying relevant subjective, objective and PET criteria as a non-sedating antihistamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute-IMIM, and Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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Bhowmik A, Khan R, Ghosh MK. Blood brain barrier: a challenge for effectual therapy of brain tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:320941. [PMID: 25866775 PMCID: PMC4383356 DOI: 10.1155/2015/320941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors are one of the most formidable diseases of mankind. They have only a fair to poor prognosis and high relapse rate. One of the major causes of extreme difficulty in brain tumor treatment is the presence of blood brain barrier (BBB). BBB comprises different molecular components and transport systems, which in turn create efflux machinery or hindrance for the entry of several drugs in brain. Thus, along with the conventional techniques, successful modification of drug delivery and novel therapeutic strategies are needed to overcome this obstacle for treatment of brain tumors. In this review, we have elucidated some critical insights into the composition and function of BBB and along with it we have discussed the effective methods for delivery of drugs to the brain and therapeutic strategies overcoming the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Bhowmik
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Rajni Khan
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Mrinal Kanti Ghosh
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, Hajipour MJ, Kehoe PG, Mahmoudi M. Therapeutic Benefits from Nanoparticles: The Potential Significance of Nanoscience in Diseases with Compromise to the Blood Brain Barrier. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1877-903. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
| | - Gilles Defer
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Masoud Rahman
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Hajipour
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Current address: School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Gong W, Wang Z, Liu N, Lin W, Wang X, Xu D, Liu H, Zeng C, Xie X, Mei X, Lü W. Improving efficiency of adriamycin crossing blood brain barrier by combination of thermosensitive liposomes and hyperthermia. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1058-64. [PMID: 21720013 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADM)-encapsulated thermosensitive liposomes (ts-lip-ADM) and common liposomes (lip-ADM) were developed and evaluated. The encapsulation efficiency of the two liposomes were above 99%, and the average sizes of liposomes were about 120 nm. Temperature-dependent drug release from loaded liposomes in vitro was investigated: more than 90% of loaded ADM was released from ts-lip-ADM within 30 min at 42°C, while less than 3% was released from lip-ADM at 42°C beyond 120 min. An in vitro model of blood brain barrier (BBB) was established and evaluated by permeability and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The model was employed to study the permeability of liposomes in vitro. The permeability of ts-lip-ADM could be increased significantly after the temperature was raised to 42°C, which was about 10-16, 22-38, 38-45, 50-105 fold to that of ts-lip-ADM (37°C), lip-ADM (42°C), lip-ADM (37°C) and free ADM, respectively. C6 glioma-bearing mice model was developed and used to evaluate body distribution and anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. Mice were IV injected at a drug dose of 10 mg/kg. After administration the heads of mice were heated in water bath at 42°C for 30 min. The maximum brain concentration of ts-lip-ADM was 6.4, 3.7 fold compared with that of ADM solution and lip-ADM, respectively. The survival time of mice administered ts-lip-ADM (44 d) was remarkably longer than that of other three groups. This study indicates that ADM-encapsulated thermosensitive liposomes combined hyperthermia could enhance ADM delivery across BBB and prolong survival time of glioma-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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Sahni JK, Doggui S, Ali J, Baboota S, Dao L, Ramassamy C. Neurotherapeutic applications of nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2010; 152:208-31. [PMID: 21134407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in incidence of neurodegenerative disorders has been observed with the aging of the population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. It is characterized by memory dysfunction, loss of lexical access, spatial and temporal disorientation and impairment of judgement clinically. Unfortunately, clinical development of drugs for the symptomatic and disease-modifying treatment of AD has resulted in both promise and disappointment. Indeed, a large number of drugs with differing targets and mechanisms of action were investigated with only a few of them being clinically available. The targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, is restricted due to the limitations posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as due to opsonization by plasma proteins in the systemic circulation and peripheral side-effects. Over the last decade, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery represents one promising strategy to successfully increase the CNS penetration of several therapeutic moieties. Different nanocarriers are being investigated to treat and diagnose AD by delivering at a constant rate a host of therapeutics over times extending up to days, weeks or even months. This review provides a concise incursion on the current pharmacotherapies for AD besides reviewing and discussing the literature on the different drug molecules that have been successfully encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs). Some of them have been shown to cross the BBB and have been tested either for diagnosis or treatment of AD. Finally, the route of NPs administration and the future prospects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjeet Kaur Sahni
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boul. des Prairies, H7V 1B7 Laval, Québec, Canada
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Baseri B, Choi JJ, Tung YS, Konofagou EE. Multi-modality safety assessment of blood-brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound and definity microbubbles: a short-term study. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2010; 36:1445-59. [PMID: 20800172 PMCID: PMC3968780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As a potentially viable method of brain drug delivery, the safety profile of blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening using focused ultrasound (FUS) and ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) needs to be established. In this study, we provide a short-term (30-min or 5-h survival) histological assessment of murine brains undergoing FUS-induced BBB opening. Forty-nine mice were intravenously injected with Definity microbubbles (0.05 microL/kg) and sonicated under the following parameters: frequency of 1.525 MHz, pulse length of 20 ms, pulse repetition frequency of 10 Hz, peak rarefactional acoustic pressures of 0.15-0.98 MPa and two 30-s sonication intervals with an intermittent 30-s delay. The BBB opening threshold was found to be 0.15-0.3 MPa based on fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging of systemically injected tracers. Analysis of three histological measures in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections revealed the safest acoustic pressure to be within the range of 0.3-0.46 MPa in all examined time periods post sonication. Across different pressure amplitudes, only the samples 30 min post opening showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the average number of distinct damaged sites, microvacuolated sites, dark neurons and sites with extravasated erythrocytes. Enhanced fluorescence around severed microvessels was also noted and found to be associated with the largest tissue effects, whereas mildly diffuse BBB opening with uniform fluorescence in the parenchyma was associated with no or mild tissue injury. Region-specific areas of the sonicated brain (thalamus, hippocampal fissure, dentate gyrus and CA3 area of hippocampus) exhibited variation in fluorescence intensity based on the position, orientation and size of affected vessels. The results of this short-term histological analysis demonstrated the feasibility of a safe FUS-UCA-induced BBB opening under a specific set of sonication parameters and provided new insights on the mechanism of BBB opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Baseri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - James J. Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yao-Sheng Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Elisa E. Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Saeed H, Florence R, Yokel RA, Malkawi AH. Intranasal drug delivery of didanosine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for brain targeting; an attractive route against infections caused by aids viruses. J Drug Target 2009; 18:381-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903483396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bennewitz MF, Saltzman WM. Nanotechnology for delivery of drugs to the brain for epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:323-36. [PMID: 19332327 PMCID: PMC2673491 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy results from aberrant electrical activity that can affect either a focal area or the entire brain. In treating epilepsy with drugs, the aim is to decrease seizure frequency and severity while minimizing toxicity to the brain and other tissues. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are usually administered by oral and intravenous routes, but these drug treatments are not always effective. Drug access to the brain is severely limited by a number of biological factors, particularly the blood-brain barrier, which impedes the ability of AEDs to enter and remain in the brain. To improve the efficacy of AEDs, new drug delivery strategies are being developed; these methods fall into the three main categories: drug modification, blood-brain barrier modification, and direct drug delivery. Recently, all three methods have been improved through the use of drug-loaded nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F. Bennewitz
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 414 Malone Engineering Center, 55 Prospect Street, 06520-8260 New Haven, CT
| | - W. Mark Saltzman
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 414 Malone Engineering Center, 55 Prospect Street, 06520-8260 New Haven, CT
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Bellavance MA, Blanchette M, Fortin D. Recent advances in blood-brain barrier disruption as a CNS delivery strategy. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:166-77. [PMID: 18446517 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex functional barrier composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytic endfeets and neuronal cells. This highly organized complex express a selective permeability for molecules that bear, amongst other parameters, adequate molecular weight and sufficient liposolubility. Unfortunately, very few therapeutic agents currently available do cross the BBB and enters the CNS. As the BBB limitation is more and more acknowledged, many innovative surgical and pharmacological strategies have been developed to circumvent it. This review focuses particularly on the osmotic opening of the BBB, a well-documented approach intended to breach the BBB. Since its inception by Rapoport in 1972, pre-clinical studies have provided important information on the extent of BBB permeation. Thanks to Neuwelt and colleagues, the osmotic opening of the BBB made its way to the clinic. However, many questions remain as to the detailed physiology of the procedure, and its best application to the clinic. Using different tools, amongst which MRI as a real-time in vivo characterization of the BBB permeability and CNS delivery, we attempt to better define the osmotic BBB permeabilization physiology. These ongoing studies are described, and data related to spatial and temporal distribution of a molecule after osmotic BBB breaching, as well as the window of BBB permeabilization, are discussed. We also summarize recent clinical series highlighting promising results in the application of this procedure to maximize delivery of chemotherapy in the treatment of brain tumor patients.
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Xie Y, Ye L, Zhang X, Cui W, Lou J, Nagai T, Hou X. Transport of nerve growth factor encapsulated into liposomes across the blood–brain barrier: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Control Release 2005; 105:106-19. [PMID: 15893839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A nerve growth factor (NGF) was encapsulated into liposomes in order to protect it from the enzyme degradation in vivo and promote it permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). RMP-7, a ligand to the B2 receptor on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), was combined with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[poly(ethylenegly-col)]-hydroxy succinamide (DSPE-PEG-NHS) to obtain DSPE-PEG-RMP-7. Then DSPE-PEG-RMP-7 was incorporated into the liposomes' surface to target sterically stabilized liposomes (SSL-T) to the brain. The highest percent of NGF encapsulated into liposomes was about 34%, and the average size of liposomes was below 100 nm. A primary model of BBB was established and evaluated by morphological, permeability, and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The BBB model was employed to study the permeability of NGF liposomes in vitro. The results indicated that the liposomes could enhance transport of NGF across the BBB. The best transport rate was received with NGF-SSL-T. The brain distribution of NGF liposomes was studied in vivo, the amount of NGF in the brain was increased in the order: NGF-SSL-T>NGF-SSL+RMP-7>NGF-SSL>NGF-L. The maximum concentration of NGF was recorded in 30 min following the intravenous injection. In particular, a majority of NGF was distributed in striatum, hippocampus and cortex, and the concentration of NGF was relatively lower in olfactory bulb, cerebellum and brain stem. There was a close relationship between P(e) (permeability coefficient on in vitro BBB model) and T(e) (brain targeted coefficient in vivo) for NGF encapsulated into the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xueyuan Road #38, Peking University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Fortin D. Altering the properties of the blood-brain barrier: disruption and permeabilization. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2004; 61:125-54. [PMID: 14674611 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8049-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Fortin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Holgate ST, Canonica GW, Simons FER, Taglialatela M, Tharp M, Timmerman H, Yanai K. Consensus Group on New-Generation Antihistamines (CONGA): present status and recommendations. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1305-24. [PMID: 12956754 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S T Holgate
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Infection, Inflammation, and Repair Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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Siegal T, Zylber-Katz E. Strategies for increasing drug delivery to the brain: focus on brain lymphoma. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41:171-86. [PMID: 11929318 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200241030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a gate that controls the influx and efflux of a wide variety of substances and consequently restricts the delivery of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Brain tumours may disrupt the function of this barrier locally and nonhomogeneously. Therefore, the delivery of drugs to brain tumours has long been a controversial subject. The current concept is that inadequate drug delivery is a major factor that explains the unsatisfactory response of chemosensitive brain tumours. Various strategies have been devised to circumvent the BBB in order to increase drug delivery to the CNS. The various approaches can be categorised as those that attempt to increase delivery of intravascularly administered drugs, and those that attempt to increase delivery by local drug administration. Strategies that increase delivery of intravascularly injected drugs can manipulate either the drugs or the capillary permeability of the various barriers (BBB or blood-tumour barrier), or may attempt to increase plasma concentration or the fraction of the drug reaching the tumour (high-dose chemotherapy, intra-arterial injection). Neurotoxicity is a major concern with increased penetration of drugs into the CNS or when local delivery is practised. Systemic toxicity remains the limiting factor for most methods that use intravascular delivery. This review evaluates the strategies used to increase drug delivery in view of current knowledge of drug pharmacokinetics and its relevance to clinical studies of chemosensitive brain tumours. The main focus is on primary CNS lymphoma, as it is a chemosensitive brain tumour and its management routinely utilises specialised strategies to enhance drug delivery to the affected CNS compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Siegal
- Neuro-Oncology Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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19
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Mesiwala AH, Farrell L, Wenzel HJ, Silbergeld DL, Crum LA, Winn HR, Mourad PD. High-intensity focused ultrasound selectively disrupts the blood-brain barrier in vivo. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2002; 28:389-400. [PMID: 11978420 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(01)00521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been shown to generate lesions that destroy brain tissue while disrupting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the periphery of the lesion. BBB opening, however, has not been shown without damage, and the mechanisms by which HIFU induces BBB disruption remain unknown. We show that HIFU is capable of reversible, nondestructive, BBB disruption in a targeted region-of-interest (ROI) (29 of 55 applications; 26 of 55 applications showed no effect); this opening reverses after 72 h. Light microscopy demonstrates that HIFU either entirely preserves brain architecture while opening the BBB (18 of 29 applications), or generates tissue damage in a small volume within the region of BBB opening (11 of 29 applications). Electron microscopy supports these observations and suggests that HIFU disrupts the BBB by opening capillary endothelial cell tight junctions, an isolated ultrastructural effect that is different from the mechanisms through which other (untargeted) modalities, such as hyperosmotic solutions, hyperthermia and percussive injury disrupt the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Mesiwala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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20
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Rapoport SI. Advances in osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier to enhance CNS chemotherapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1809-18. [PMID: 11772287 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.10.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) to water-soluble drugs and macromolecules can be opened in vivo by infusing a hypertonic solution of arabinose or mannitol into the carotid artery for 30 sec. Opening involves widening of tight junctions between endothelial cells of the cerebrovasculature and is mediated by endothelial cell shrinkage, vascular dilatation associated with removal of water from brain, and modulation of the contractile state of the endothelial cytoskeleton and junctional proteins by increased intracellular calcium. A 10-fold increase in BBB permeability to intravascular substances, lasting about 10 min following osmotic exposure, reflects both increased diffusion and bulk fluid flow from blood into brain. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that the duration of peak BBB opening can be extended beyond 30 min, by pre-treatment with a Na(+)/Ca(2+) channel blocker. In experimental animals, the osmotic method has been used to grant wide access to brain of water-soluble drugs, peptides, antibodies, boron compounds for neutron capture therapy, viral vectors for gene therapy and enzymes. Ongoing multi-centre clinical studies suggest that the method, when used with intra-arterially administered anticancer drugs, can prolong survival in patients with malignant brain tumours, with minimal morbidity. However, controlled clinical trials are critical to see if the osmotic procedure with intra-arterial drugs enhances survival in brain tumour patients compared with intra-arterial drug alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Bldg. 10, Rm. 6N 202, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Temsamani J, Rousselle C, Rees AR, Scherrmann JM. Vector-mediated drug delivery to the brain. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1:773-82. [PMID: 11728213 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.1.5.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of the growing ageing population, many neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and infections of the brain will become more prevalent. Despite major advances in neuroscience, many potential therapeutic agents are denied access to the central nervous system (CNS) because of the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier is formed by the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries and its primary characteristic is the impermeability of the capillary wall due to the presence of complex tight junctions and a low endocytic activity. The BBB behaves as a continuous lipid bilayer and prevents the passage of polar and lipid-insoluble substances. The BBB is, therefore, the major obstacle to drugs that are potentially useful for combating diseases affecting the CNS. Extensive efforts have been made to develop CNS drug delivery strategies in order to enhance delivery of therapeutic molecules across the BBB. The current challenge is to develop drug-delivery strategies that will allow the passage of therapeutic drugs through the BBB in a safe and effective manner. This review focuses specifically on the strategies developed to enhance drug delivery across the BBB with an emphasis on the vector-mediated strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Temsamani
- Syntem, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France.
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22
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Sakaeda T, Tada Y, Sugawara T, Ryu T, Hirose F, Yoshikawa T, Hirano K, Kupczyk-Subotkowska L, Siahaan TJ, Audus KL, Stella VJ. Conjugation with L-Glutamate for in vivo brain drug delivery. J Drug Target 2001; 9:23-37. [PMID: 11378521 DOI: 10.3109/10611860108995630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that conjugation of a model compound [p-di(hydroxyethyl)-amino-D-phenylalanine (D-MOD)] with L-Glu can improve D-MOD permeation through the bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayers (Sakaeda et al., 2000). The transport of this D-MOD-L-Glu conjugate is facilitated by the L-Glu transport system. In this paper, we evaluate the in vivo brain delivery of model compounds (i.e. D-MOD, p-nitro-D-phenylalanine (p-nitro-D-Phe), 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (DCKA) and D-kyotorphin) and their L-Glu conjugates. DCKA was also conjugated with L-Asp and L-Gln amino acids. The analgesic activities of D-kyotorphin and its L-Glu conjugate were also evaluated. The results showed that the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio of D-MOD-L-Glu was higher than the D-MOD alone; however, the plasma concentration of both compounds were the same. The plasma concentration of p-nitro-D-Phe-L-Glu conjugate was higher than the parent p-nitro-D-Phe; however, the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio of p-nitro-D-Phe was higher than its conjugate. On the other hand, both DCKA and DCKA conjugates have a low brain-to-plasma concentration ratio due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The L-Asp and L-Glu conjugates of DCKA have elevated plasma concentrations relative to DCKA; however, the DCKA-L-Gln conjugate has the same plasma concentration as DCKA. For D-kyotorphin, both the parent and the L-Glu conjugate showed similar analgesic activity. In conclusion, conjugation of a non-permeable drug with L-Glu may improve the drug's brain delivery; however, this improvement may depend on the physicochemical and receptor binding properties of the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakaeda
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 5-12-4, Sagisu Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0002, Japan
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23
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Abstract
The blood--brain barrier (BBB) represents an insurmountable obstacle for a large number of drugs, including antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, and a variety of central nervous system (CNS)-active drugs, especially neuropeptides. One of the possibilities to overcome this barrier is a drug delivery to the brain using nanoparticles. Drugs that have successfully been transported into the brain using this carrier include the hexapeptide dalargin, the dipeptide kytorphin, loperamide, tubocurarine, the NMDA receptor antagonist MRZ 2/576, and doxorubicin. The nanoparticles may be especially helpful for the treatment of the disseminated and very aggressive brain tumors. Intravenously injected doxorubicin-loaded polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles were able to lead to a 40% cure in rats with intracranially transplanted glioblastomas 101/8. The mechanism of the nanoparticle-mediated transport of the drugs across the blood-brain barrier at present is not fully elucidated. The most likely mechanism is endocytosis by the endothelial cells lining the brain blood capillaries. Nanoparticle-mediated drug transport to the brain depends on the overcoating of the particles with polysorbates, especially polysorbate 80. Overcoating with these materials seems to lead to the adsorption of apolipoprotein E from blood plasma onto the nanoparticle surface. The particles then seem to mimic low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and could interact with the LDL receptor leading to their uptake by the endothelial cells. After this the drug may be released in these cells and diffuse into the brain interior or the particles may be transcytosed. Other processes such as tight junction modulation or P-glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibition also may occur. Moreover, these mechanisms may run in parallel or may be cooperative thus enabling a drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kreuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Biozentrum, J.W.Goethe-Universität, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
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24
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Lowry KS, Murray SS, Coulson EJ, Epa R, Bartlett PF, Barrett G, Cheema SS. Systemic administration of antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides rescues axotomised spinal motor neurons. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64:11-7. [PMID: 11276046 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 75 kD low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) is expressed in developing and axotomised spinal motor neurons. There is now convincing evidence that p75(NTR) can, under some circumstances, become cytotoxic and promote neuronal cell death. We report here that a single application of antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides to the proximal nerve stumps of neonatal rats significantly reduces the loss of axotomised motor neurons compared to controls treated with nonsense oligodeoxynucleotides or phosphate-buffered saline. Our investigations also show that daily systemic intraperitoneal injections of antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides for 14 days significantly reduce the loss of axotomised motor neurons compared to controls. Furthermore, we found that systemic delivery over a similar period continues to be effective following axotomy when intraperitoneal injections were 1) administered after a delay of 24 hr, 2) limited to the first 7 days, or 3) administered every third day. In addition, p75(NTR) protein levels were reduced in spinal motor neurons following treatment with antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides. There were also no obvious side effects associated with antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotide treatments as determined by behavioural observations and postnatal weight gain. Our findings indicate that antisense-based strategies could be a novel approach for the prevention of motor neuron degeneration associated with injuries or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lowry
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
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25
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Abstract
The blood--brain barrier (BBB) represents an insurmountable obstacle for a large number of drugs, including antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, and a variety of central nervous system (CNS)-active drugs, especially neuropeptides. One of the possibilities to overcome this barrier is a drug delivery to the brain using nanoparticles. Drugs that have successfully been transported into the brain using this carrier include the hexapeptide dalargin, the dipeptide kytorphin, loperamide, tubocurarine, the NMDA receptor antagonist MRZ 2/576, and doxorubicin. The nanoparticles may be especially helpful for the treatment of the disseminated and very aggressive brain tumors. Intravenously injected doxorubicin-loaded polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles were able to lead to a 40% cure in rats with intracranially transplanted glioblastomas 101/8. The mechanism of the nanoparticle-mediated transport of the drugs across the blood-brain barrier at present is not fully elucidated. The most likely mechanism is endocytosis by the endothelial cells lining the brain blood capillaries. Nanoparticle-mediated drug transport to the brain depends on the overcoating of the particles with polysorbates, especially polysorbate 80. Overcoating with these materials seems to lead to the adsorption of apolipoprotein E from blood plasma onto the nanoparticle surface. The particles then seem to mimic low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and could interact with the LDL receptor leading to their uptake by the endothelial cells. After this the drug may be released in these cells and diffuse into the brain interior or the particles may be transcytosed. Other processes such as tight junction modulation or P-glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibition also may occur. Moreover, these mechanisms may run in parallel or may be cooperative thus enabling a drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kreuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Biozentrum, J.W.Goethe-Universität, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
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26
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Timmerman H. Factors involved in the absence of sedative effects by the second-generation antihistamines. Allergy 2001; 55 Suppl 60:5-10. [PMID: 10887969 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.055supp60005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Timmerman
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Dept. Farmacochemie, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Sakaeda T, Siahaan TJ, Audus KL, Stella VJ. Enhancement of transport of D-melphalan analogue by conjugation with L-glutamate across bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayers. J Drug Target 2000; 8:195-204. [PMID: 10938529 DOI: 10.3109/10611860008996865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the L-glutamate (L-Glu) transport system was targeted to improve the delivery of a model compound, p-di(hydroxyethyl)-amino-D-phenylalanine (D-MOD), through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro cell culture model. D-MOD is an analogue of an antitumor agent D-melphalan. To target the L-Glu transport system, D-MOD was conjugated to L-Glu to give D-MOD-L-Glu conjugate. D-MOD and D-MOD-L-Glu transport properties were evaluated using the bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell (BBMEC) monolayers. The results suggest that D-MOD-L-Glu conjugate permeates through the BBMEC monolayers more readily than the parent D-MOD. The improvement of transport may be due to the recognition of D-MOD-L-Glu by the L-Glu transport system. The transport mechanism was evaluated using several different experiments including: (a) concentration-dependent studies; (b) temperature-dependent studies; (c) substrate inhibition studies; and (d) metabolic inhibitor studies. The D-MOD-L-Glu transport was inhibited by the change of temperature from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C. At higher concentrations, the transport of D-MOD-L-Glu reached plateau due to saturation. Furthermore, some amino acids (i.e., L-Glu, L-Asp, D-Asp, and L-Gln) inhibited the transport of D-MOD-L-Glu; presumably the conjugate was competing with these amino acids for the same transport system. Metabolic inhibitors (i.e., 2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide) suppressed the transport of the conjugate. However, the conjugate was not transported by monocarboxylic acid, dipeptide and neutral amino acid transporters. In conclusion, the L-Glu transport system can be utilized to facilitate a non-permeable drug across the BBB by conjugating the drug with L-Glu amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakaeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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28
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Schroeder U, Schroeder H, Sabel BA. Body distribution of 3H-labelled dalargin bound to poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles after i.v. injections to mice. Life Sci 2000; 66:495-502. [PMID: 10794066 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of substances into the brain. Because many drugs, particularly peptides, therefore can not be delivered to the brain, carrier systems were developed to overcome this problem. In earlier studies we demonstrated central analgesic effects of a peptide, dalargin (dal), after systemic administration when this substance was bound onto the surface of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles and coated with polysorbate 80 but not when it was given alone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the body distribution of 3H-labelled dal bound to nanoparticles compared to unbound dal after i.v. injection in mice. The radioactivity in several tissues, including the brain, was separated in subcellular preparations and was measured after a single i.v. injection over time. Dal radioactivity level in brain preparations was 3 times higher when the drug was bound to nanoparticles whereas the first pass pathway in liver was reduced. The results support previous data that nanoparticles can be used to transport peptides across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-v.-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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29
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Temsamani J, Scherrmann JM, Rees AR, Kaczorek M. Brain drug delivery technologies: novel approaches for transporting therapeutics. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 3:155-162. [PMID: 10785657 DOI: 10.1016/s1461-5347(00)00258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) denies many therapeutic agents access to brain tumours and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of the brain diseases and the actions of neuroactive agents, drug delivery to the brain remains a challenge. For more than 20 years, extensive efforts have been made to enhance delivery of therapeutic molecules across vascular barriers of the CNS. The current challenge is to develop drug-delivery strategies that will allow the passage of drug molecules through the BBB in a safe and effective manner, and this review will provide an insight into some of the strategies developed to enhance drug delivery across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Temsamani
- Synt:em Parc Scientifique Georges Besse F-30000 N mes France
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30
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Rapoport SI. Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier: principles, mechanism, and therapeutic applications. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2000; 20:217-30. [PMID: 10696511 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007049806660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier by intracarotid infusion of a hypertonic arabinose or mannitol solution is mediated by vasodilatation and shrinkage of cerebrovascular endothelial cells, with widening of the interendothelial tight junctions to an estimated radius of 200 A. The effect may be facilitated by calcium-mediated contraction of the endothelial cytoskeleton. 2. The marked increase in apparent blood-brain barrier permeability to intravascular substances (10-fold for small molecules) following the osmotic procedure is due to both increased diffusion and bulk fluid flow across the tight junctions. The permeability effect is largely reversed within 10 min. 3. In experimental animals, the osmotic method has been used to grant wide access to the brain of water-soluble drugs, peptides, antibodies, boron compounds for neutron capture therapy, and viral vectors for gene therapy. The method also has been used together with anticancer drugs to treat patients with metastatic or primary brain tumors, with some success and minimal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Rapoport
- Section on Brain Physiology and Metabolism, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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31
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Siegal T, Rubinstein R, Bokstein F, Schwartz A, Lossos A, Shalom E, Chisin R, Gomori JM. In vivo assessment of the window of barrier opening after osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption in humans. J Neurosurg 2000; 92:599-605. [PMID: 10761648 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.92.4.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Osmotic blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption induced by intraarterial infusion of mannitol is used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat human brain tumors. The time course to barrier closure, or the so-called therapeutic window, has been examined in animals but little information is available in humans. The authors, therefore assessed the time course to barrier closure after osmotic BBB disruption in humans. METHODS Disruption of the BBB was demonstrated using 99mTc-glucoheptonate (TcGH) single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scanning in 12 patients who were treated monthly with combination chemotherapy in conjunction with BBB disruption. The primary diagnosis was primary central nervous system lymphoma in seven patients and primitive neuroectodermal tumors in five. The TcGH (20 mCi) was injected at 1- to 480-minute intervals after osmotic BBB disruption, and patients underwent SPECT scanning after 4 hours. A total of 38 studies was performed. Good-to-excellent BBB disruption was obtained in 29 procedures and poor-to-moderate disruption was seen in the other nine studies. The TcGH indices correlated with the degree of BBB disruption as measured postprocedure on contrast-enhanced CT scans (r = 0.852). Mean baseline TcGH indices were 1.02+/-0.07. For the group of patients with good-to-excellent disruptions the mean indices at 1 minute postdisruption measured 2.19+/-0.18. After 40 minutes no significant change was noted (mean index 2.13+/-0.2). Then the indices declined more steeply and at 120 minutes after the disruption the index was 1.36+/-0.02. A very slow decline was noted between 120 and 240 minutes after mannitol infusion. At 240 minutes the barrier was still open for all good-to-excellent disruptions (index 1.33+/-0.08) but at 480 minutes the mean indices had returned to the baseline level. CONCLUSIONS Results of these in vivo human studies indicate that the time course to closure of the disrupted BBB for low-molecular-weight complexes is longer than previously estimated. The barrier is widely open during the first 40 minutes after osmotic BBB disruption and returns to baseline levels only after 6 to 8 hours following the induction of good or excellent disruption. These findings have important clinical implications for the design of therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Siegal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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32
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Schroeder U, Sabel BA, Schroeder H. Diffusion enhancement of drugs by loaded nanoparticles in vitro. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1999; 23:941-9. [PMID: 10509386 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Dalargin, a Leu-enkephaline analogue, does normally not pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). When it was adsorbed onto the surface of polybutylcyanoacrylate, nanoparticles dalargin can cross the BBB and induce central analgesic effects after intravenously as well as after oral application. 2. The mechanisms of this effect are unknown. Therefore, the authors evaluated whether neuronal transport was involved in this effect. In hippocampal synaptosomes and in tissue slices in vitro the active neuronal uptake and diffusion processes were determined by use of labelled D-aspartate as a marker of the aspartate/glutamate transporter and orotic acid as marker of diffusion. 3. Transporter-mediated uptake into hippocampal tissue preparations was not altered in comparison to control whereas diffusion processes were enhanced. These data indicate that the nanoparticles can modify neuronal uptake mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-v.-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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33
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Metting TL, Burgio DE, Terry AV, Beach JW, McCurdy CR, Allen DD. Inhibition of brain choline uptake by isoarecolone and lobeline derivatives: implications for potential vector-mediated brain drug delivery. Neurosci Lett 1998; 258:25-8. [PMID: 9876043 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of certain compounds to brain is restricted by the nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many valuable pharmaceuticals are excluded from the CNS due to hydrophilicity or charge. These limitations have been overcome by numerous methods. One method we use is to take advantage of saturable nutrient transporters located at the barrier. These systems transport hydrophilic and charged nutrients into brain such as choline, a quaternized neurotransmitter precursor. Using knowledge of their substrate specificity, it is possible to deliver agents into brain using these nutrient carriers. In this report, derivatives of lobeline and isoarecolone were evaluated to determine if they may gain access to brain by the blood-brain barrier basic amine transporter using the in situ brain perfusion technique. These compounds do bind the blood-brain barrier basic amine transporter and may enter brain by this transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Metting
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo 79106-1712, USA
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34
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Schroeder U, Sommerfeld P, Ulrich S, Sabel BA. Nanoparticle technology for delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87:1305-7. [PMID: 9811481 DOI: 10.1021/js980084y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Leu-enkephalin dalargin and the Met-enkephalin kyotorphin normally do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when given systemically. To transport these neuropeptides across the BBB they were adsorbed onto the surface of poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (NPs) and the NPs were coated with polysorbate 80. Central analgesia was measured by the hot plate test in mice. The antidepressant amitriptyline, which normally penetrates the BBB, was used to examine the versatility of the NP method. The concentration of amitriptyline in serum and brain of mice was determined by a gas chromatographic method. Furthermore, NPs were fabricated with different stabilizers. After the adsorption of the peptides on polysorbate 85-stabilized NPs, analgesia was noted after intravenous application when NPs were not coated. The amitriptyline level was significantly enhanced in brain when the substance was adsorbed onto the NP and coated or when the particles were stabilized with polysorbate 85.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Otto-v.-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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35
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Schroeder U, Sommerfeld P, Sabel BA. Efficacy of oral dalargin-loaded nanoparticle delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Peptides 1998; 19:777-80. [PMID: 9622035 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Leu-enkephalin dalargin normally does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when given intravenously. To transport dalargin across the blood-brain barrier, the peptide was adsorbed onto the surface of poly(butyl)cyanoacrylate nanoparticles and coated with polysorbate 80. After systemic administration the central analgesia was measured by hot plate test. Furthermore, nanoparticles were fabricated with different stabilizers. After the adsorption of the peptide on polysorbate 85 stabilized nanoparticles analgesia was observable after intravenously and oral application even when nanoparticles were not coated. Thus, our data support the usefulness of nanoparticles as a method to deliver drugs to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-v.-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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