1
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Doxakis E. Therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides for movement disorders. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:2656-2688. [PMID: 32656818 DOI: 10.1002/med.21706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions characterized by abnormalities of movement and posture. They are broadly divided into akinetic and hyperkinetic syndromes. Until now, no effective symptomatic or disease-modifying therapies have been available. However, since many of these disorders are monogenic or have some well-defined genetic component, they represent strong candidates for antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies. ASO therapies are based on the use of short synthetic single-stranded ASOs that bind to disease-related target RNAs via Watson-Crick base-pairing and pleiotropically modulate their function. With information arising from the RNA sequence alone, it is possible to design ASOs that not only alter the expression levels but also the splicing defects of any protein, far exceeding the intervention repertoire of traditional small molecule approaches. Following the regulatory approval of ASO therapies for spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy in 2016, there has been tremendous momentum in testing such therapies for other neurological disorders. This review article initially focuses on the chemical modifications aimed at improving ASO effectiveness, the mechanisms by which ASOs can interfere with RNA function, delivery systems and pharmacokinetics, and the common set of toxicities associated with their application. It, then, describes the pathophysiology and the latest information on preclinical and clinical trials utilizing ASOs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and ataxias 1, 2, 3, and 7. It concludes with issues that require special attention to realize the full potential of ASO-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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2
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The number of disease-associated protein targets has significantly increased over the past decade due to advances in molecular and cellular biology technologies, human genetic mapping efforts and information gathered from the human genome project. The identification of gene products that appear to be involved in supporting the underlying cause of disease has offered the biopharmaceutical industry an opportunity to develop compounds that can specifically target these molecules to improve therapeutic responses and lower the risk of unwanted side effects that are commonly seen in traditional small chemical-based medicines. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW An overview of targeted drug therapies is presented in this review. We include a review of the various classes of targeted therapeutic agents, the types of disease-associated molecules being targeted by these agents and the challenges currently being encountered for the successful development of these various platforms for the treatment of disease. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An understanding of the current targeted therapy landscape, the discovery and selection of disease-specific gene products that are being targeted, and an overview of targeted therapies in preclinical and clinical studies. A description of the various targeted therapeutic platforms, target selection criteria and examples of each are discussed in order to provide the reader with the current status of the field and emerging areas of targeted therapy discovery and development. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Novel medications are in demand for the treatment of serious medical conditions including cancer, autoimmune, infectious and metabolic diseases. Targeted therapies offer a way to develop very specific treatments for serious medical conditions while concomitantly resulting in little to no off-target toxicity. Targeted therapies provide an opportunity to develop personalized medicines with superior treatment modalities for the patient and a better quality of life.
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3
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Abstract
Over the past 5 years, the Raf kinase family has emerged as a promising target for protein-directed cancer therapy development. The goal of this review is to first provide a concise summary of the data validating Raf proteins as high-interest therapeutic targets. The authors then outline the mode of action of Raf kinases, emphasizing how Raf activities and protein interactions suggest specific approaches to inhibiting Raf. The authors then summarize the set of drugs, antisense reagents and antibodies available or in development for therapeutically targeting Raf or Raf-related proteins, as well as existing strategies combining these and other therapeutic agents. Finally, the authors discuss recent results from systems biology analyses that have the potential to increasingly guide the intelligent selection of combination therapies involving Raf-targeting agents and other therapeutics.
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4
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Meidan VM, Glezer J, Salomon S, Sidi Y, Barenholz Y, Cohen JS, Lilling G. Specific lipoplex-mediated antisense against Bcl-2 in breast cancer cells: a comparison between different formulations. J Liposome Res 2006; 16:27-43. [PMID: 16556548 DOI: 10.1080/08982100500528685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
G3139 is an antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) that can down-regulate bcl-2, thus potentially acting as a potent anticancer drug. However, effective therapy requires efficient ODN delivery, which may be achieved by employing G3139 lipoplexes. Yet, lipofection is a complex, multifactorial process that is still poorly understood. In order to shed more light on this issue, we prepared 18 different G3139 lipoplex formulations and compared them in terms of their capability to transfect MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Each formulation was composed of a cationic lipid and sometimes a helper lipid. The cationic lipid was either DOTAP (N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride), DC-CHOL (3ss[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]-cholesterol), or CCS (ceramide carbomoyl spermine). The helper lipid was either DOPC, DOPE, or cholesterol. Each lipid combination existed in two different structural forms--either large unilamellar vesicles (approximately 100 nm LUV) or unsized heterolamellar vesicles (UHV). Cell proliferation assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of G3139 lipoplexes, control cationic lipid assemblies, and free G3139. Western blots were used to confirm the specific activity of G3139 as an anti-bcl-2 antisense agent. We determined that treatment of MCF-7 cells with G3139:CCS lipoplexes (UHV-derived) produced a maximal 50-fold improvement in antisense efficacy compared to treatment with free G3139. The other G3139 lipoplexes were not superior to free G3139. Thus, successful lipofection requires precise optimization of lipoplex lipid composition, structure, and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Meidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SIBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
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5
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanism of oligonucleotide (ON) uptake and cellular distribution is important for rational design of ON-based therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between cellular distribution of ON and the protein pigpen. METHODS In vitro interaction of ON with the protein pigpen was detected using mass spectrometry. Cellular distribution of pigpen and co-localization of pigpen with ON was studied by fluorescence microscopy in endothelial YPEN and microglial N9 cells. RESULTS Pigpen had similar distribution patterns in endothelial YPEN and microglial N9 cells. Pigpen was localized to the cytoplasm of both cell types. In addition, pigpen distributed to nuclei, excluding the nucleoli, and concentrated along the nuclear membrane and plasma membrane. Intensely stained foci were only observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of YPEN cells. Although co-localization of pigpen with phosphorothioate (PS) ON was not observed for the first hour after ON uptake, co-localization was observed 8 h later. DISCUSSION These data suggest that pigpen binds therapeutic ON and thus might contribute to ON cellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Calwer Strasse 3, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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6
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Zhang XY, Yi YF, Xiao CW. MUC2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits proliferation of human gastric carcinoma cells in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1278-1282. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i11.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of mucin gene (MUC2) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASODNs) on proliferation of gastric cancer cells SGC7901.
METHODS: Phosphorothioate MUC2 ASODNs were synthesized and then transfected into gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells mediated by lipofectin. The inhibitory effects on cell proliferation were determined by MTT method, light and electronic microscopy, flow cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: MUC2 ASODN at varied concentration significantly inhibited the growth of SGC7901 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The inhibitory peak appeared at 48th hour after transfection, and the inhibition rate reached 55% when the concentration of MUC2 ASODN was 0.5 mol/L. After transfected with MUC2 ASODN, SGC7901 cells decreased in number, volume and karyokinesis, increased in necrosis under light microscopy. And most of the cells arrested in S phase. Swollen mitochondrion, increased liposomes, myelin figures, chromatin margination were found under electronic microscopy. Immunohistochemistry indicated that after transfected with MUC2 ASODN, the expression of MUC2 and nm23 protein were down-regulated, but the expression of p16 protein was up-regulated.
CONCLUSION: MUC2 ASODN transfection can significantly inhibit the proliferation of gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells.
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7
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Gilmore IR, Fox SP, Hollins AJ, Sohail M, Akhtar S. The design and exogenous delivery of siRNA for post-transcriptional gene silencing. J Drug Target 2005; 12:315-40. [PMID: 15545082 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400006257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural cellular process that effects post-transcriptional gene silencing in eukaryotic systems. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules are the key intermediaries in this process which when exogenously administered can inhibit or "silence" the expression of any given target gene. Thus, siRNA molecules hold great promise as biological tools and as potential therapeutic agents for targeted inhibition of disease-causing genes. However, key challenges to the effective and widespread use of these polyanionic, macromolecular duplexes of RNA are their appropriate design and efficient delivery to cells in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the current strategies used in the design of effective siRNA molecules and also summarises the main strategies being considered for the exogenous delivery of siRNA for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Gilmore
- Centre for Genome-based Therapeutics, The Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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8
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Islam A, Thompson KSJ, Akhtar S, Handley SL. Increased 5-HT2A receptor expression and function following central glucocorticoid receptor knockdown in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 502:213-20. [PMID: 15476747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Central glucocorticoid receptor function may be reduced in depression. In vivo modelling of glucocorticoid receptor underfunctionality would assist in understanding its role in depressive illness. The role of glucocorticoid receptors in modulating 5-HT(2A) receptor expression and function in the central nervous system (CNS) is presently unclear, but 5-HT(2A) receptor function also appears altered in depression. With the aid of RNAse H accessibility mapping, we have developed a 21-mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (5'-TAAAAACAGGCTTCTGATCCT-3', termed GRAS-5) that showed 56% reduction in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and 80% down-regulation in glucocorticoid receptor protein in rat C6 glioma cells. Sustained delivery to rat cerebral ventricles in slow release biodegradable polymer microspheres produced a marked decrease in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein in hypothalamus (by 39% and 80%, respectively) and frontal cortex (by 26% and 67%, respectively) 5 days after a single injection, with parallel significant up-regulation of 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA expression (13%) and binding (21%) in frontal cortex. 5-HT(2A) receptor function, determined by DOI-head-shakes, showed a 55% increase. These findings suggest that central 5-HT(2A) receptors are, directly or indirectly, under tonic inhibitory control by glucocorticoid receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/physiology
- Gene Silencing/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/deficiency
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- LHS, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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9
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10
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Dinauer N, Lochmann D, Demirhan I, Bouazzaoui A, Zimmer A, Chandra A, Kreuter J, von Briesen H. Intracellular tracking of protamine/antisense oligonucleotide nanoparticles and their inhibitory effect on HIV-1 transactivation. J Control Release 2004; 96:497-507. [PMID: 15120905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transport of antisense oligonucleotides (ODN) is an inefficient process which requires special carriers for their intracellular delivery. We have developed a delivery system for AS-ODN and their phosphorothioate analogues (AS-PTO) directed against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) tat mRNA for efficient transfection of HIV-1 target cells. Protamine was used to complex AS-ODN and AS-PTO to form nanoparticles with diameters of about 180 nm and surface charges in the range of -18 to +30 mV. Cellular uptake of these nanoparticles was significantly enhanced compared to naked oligonucleotides. A double labeling technique with fluorescently tagged protamine and AS-ODN was used to follow the intracellular fate of the nanoparticles. Protamine/AS-ODN nanoparticles showed release of the antisense compound leading to specific inhibition of tat mediated HIV-1 transactivation. In contrast, protamine/AS-PTO complexes were stable over 72 h, and failed to release AS-PTO. These results demonstrate that protamine/AS-ODN nanoparticles are useful for future therapeutical application to inhibit viral gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Gene Products, tat/chemistry
- Gene Products, tat/metabolism
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/genetics
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Light
- Microspheres
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacokinetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Particle Size
- Protamines/administration & dosage
- Protamines/pharmacokinetics
- Protamines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Scattering, Radiation
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Surface Properties
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Dinauer
- Department of Virology and Cell Biology, Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Roth CM, Sundaram S. Engineering synthetic vectors for improved DNA delivery: insights from intracellular pathways. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004; 6:397-426. [PMID: 15255775 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the area of nonviral gene delivery to date. Yet, synthetic vectors remain less efficient by orders of magnitude than their viral counterparts. Research continues toward unraveling and overcoming various barriers to the efficient delivery of DNA, whether in plasmid form encoding a gene or as an oligonucleotide for the selective inhibition of target gene expression. Novel components for overcoming these hurdles are continually being incorporated into the design of synthetic vectors, leading to increasingly more virus-like particles. Despite these advances, general principles defining the design of synthetic vectors are yet to be developed fully. A more quantitative analysis of the cellular uptake and intracellular processing of these vectors is required for the rational manipulation of vector design. Mathematical frameworks with a more conceptual basis will help obtain an integrated perspective on these complex systems. In this review, we critically examine the progress made toward the improved design of synthetic vectors by the strategic exploitation of intracellular mechanisms and explore newer possibilities to overcome obstacles in the practical realization of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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12
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Petch AK, Sohail M, Hughes MD, Benter I, Darling J, Southern EM, Akhtar S. Messenger RNA expression profiling of genes involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signalling in human cancer cells treated with scanning array-designed antisense oligonucleotides. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:819-30. [PMID: 12948863 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Scanning oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) arrays appear promising in vitro tools for the prediction of effective antisense reagents but their usefulness has not yet been reported in mammalian systems. In this study, we have evaluated the use of scanning ODN arrays to predict efficacious antisense ODNs targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA in a human epidermoid cancer cell line and in primary human glioma cells. Hybridisation accessibility profile of the first 120nt in the coding region of the human EGFR mRNA was determined by hybridising a radiolabelled EGFR transcript to a scanning array of 2684 antisense sequences ranging from monomers to 27-mers. Two ODNs, AS1 and AS2, complementary to accessible sequences within the EGFR mRNA, were designed and their ability to hybridise to EGFR mRNA was further confirmed by in vitro RNase H-mediated cleavage assays. Phosphorothioate-modified 21-mer AS1 and AS2 ODNs inhibited the growth of an established human A431 cancer cell line as well as primary glioma cells from human subjects when delivered as cationic lipoplexes. In contrast, scrambled controls and AS3-an antisense ODN complementary to an inaccessible site in EGFR mRNA-were inactive. Western blots showed that AS1 ODN exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of EGFR protein expression in A431 cells in the nanomolar range. Microarray-based gene expression profiling studies of A431 cells treated with the 21-mer phosphorothioate AS1 ODN demonstrated successful inhibition of downstream signalling molecules further confirming the effective inhibition of EGFR expression in human cancer cells by antisense ODNs designed by scanning ODN array technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia K Petch
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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13
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Hu Q, Bally MB, Madden TD. Subcellular trafficking of antisense oligonucleotides and down-regulation of bcl-2 gene expression in human melanoma cells using a fusogenic liposome delivery system. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:3632-41. [PMID: 12177306 PMCID: PMC137064 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ODN) targeted to specific genes have shown considerable potential as therapeutic agents. The polyanionic charges carried by these molecules, however, present a barrier to efficient cellular uptake and consequently their biological effects on gene regulation are compromised. To overcome this obstacle, a rationally designed carrier system is desirable for antisense delivery. This carrier should assist antisense ODN penetrate the cell membrane and, once inside the cell, then release the ODN and make them available for target binding. We have developed a carrier formulation employing programmable fusogenic vesicles (PFV) as the antisense delivery mediator. This study investigates the intracellular fate of PFV-ODN and bioavailability of antisense ODN to cells. The subcellular distribution of PFV and ODN was examined by monitoring the trafficking of FITC-labeled ODN and rhodamine/phosphatidylethanolamine (Rh-PE)-labeled PFV using confocal microscopy. Fluorescently tagged ODN were first co-localized with the liposomal carrier in the cytoplasm, presumably in endosome/lysosome compartments, shortly after incubation of PFV-ODN with HEK 293 and 518A2 cells. Between 24 and 48 h incubation, however, separation of FITC-ODN from the carrier and subsequent accumulation in the nucleus was observed. In contrast, the Rh-PE label was localized to the cell cytoplasm. The enhanced cellular uptake achieved using the PFV carrier, compared to incubation of free ODN with cells, and subsequent release of ODN from the carrier resulted in significant down-regulation of mRNA expression. Specifically, G3139, an antisense construct targeting the apoptotic antagonist gene bcl-2, was examined in the human melanoma cell line 518A2. Upon exposure to PFV-encapsulated G3139, cells displayed a time-dependent reduction in bcl-2 message levels. The bcl-2 mRNA level was reduced by 50% after 24 h treatment and by approximately 80% after 72 h when compared to cells treated with free G3139, empty PFV or PFV-G3622, a control ODN sequence. Our results establish that ODN can be released from PFV after intracellular uptake and can then migrate to the nucleus and selectively down-regulate target mRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Genes, bcl-2/genetics
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Liposomes/administration & dosage
- Liposomes/chemistry
- Liposomes/metabolism
- Liposomes/toxicity
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/pathology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/toxicity
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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14
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Hughes MD, Hussain M, Nawaz Q, Sayyed P, Akhtar S. The cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:303-315. [PMID: 11257582 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes for the treatment of diseases arising from genetic abnormalities has become a real possibility over the past few years. Improvements in oligonucleotide chemistry have led to the synthesis of nucleic acids that are relatively stable in the biological milieu. However, advances in cellular targeting and intracellular delivery will probably lead to more widespread clinical applications. This review looks at recent advances in the in vitro and in vivo delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D. Hughes
- Aston Centre for Gene-based Therapeutics (ACGT), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
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15
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Akhtar S, Hughes MD, Khan A, Bibby M, Hussain M, Nawaz Q, Double J, Sayyed P. The delivery of antisense therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 44:3-21. [PMID: 11035194 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and DNAzymes have emerged as novel, highly selective inhibitors or modulators of gene expression. Indeed, their use in the treatment of diseases arising from genetic abnormalities has become a real possibility over the past few years. The first antisense drug molecule is now available for clinical use in Europe and USA. However, their successful application in the clinic will require improvements in cellular targeting and intracellular delivery. This review aims to look at recent advances in the in vitro and in vivo delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akhtar
- Aston Centre for Gene-based Therapeutics (ACGT), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
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