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Oh YS, Appel LJ, Galis ZS, Hafler DA, He J, Hernandez AL, Joe B, Karumanchi SA, Maric-Bilkan C, Mattson D, Mehta NN, Randolph G, Ryan M, Sandberg K, Titze J, Tolunay E, Toney GM, Harrison DG. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group Report on Salt in Human Health and Sickness: Building on the Current Scientific Evidence. Hypertension 2016; 68:281-8. [PMID: 27324228 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young S Oh
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.).
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Zorina S Galis
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - David A Hafler
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Jiang He
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Amanda L Hernandez
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Bina Joe
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Christine Maric-Bilkan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - David Mattson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Gwendolyn Randolph
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Michael Ryan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Jens Titze
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Eser Tolunay
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - Glenn M Toney
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (Y.S.O, Z.S.G., C.M.-B., E.T.) and Division of Intramural Research (N.N.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (L.J.A.); Department of Neurology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.L.H., D.A.H.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, OH (B.J.); Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.A.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.M.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (G.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (K.S.); Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.T., D.G.H.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (G.M.T.)
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