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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Kouyoumdzian NM, Uceda A, Del Mauro JS, Pandolfo M, Gironacci MM, Puyó AM, Toblli JE, Fernández BE, Choi MR. Losartan prevents the imbalance between renal dopaminergic and renin angiotensin systems induced by fructose overload. l-Dopa/dopamine index as new potential biomarker of renal dysfunction. Metabolism 2018; 85:271-285. [PMID: 29727629 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin angiotensin system (RAS) and the renal dopaminergic system (RDS) act as autocrine and paracrine systems to regulate renal sodium management and inflammation and their alterations have been associated to hypertension and renal damage. Nearly 30-50% of hypertensive patients have insulin resistance (IR), with a strong correlation between hyperinsulinemia and microalbuminuria. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to demonstrate the existence of an imbalance between RAS and RDS associated to IR, hypertension and kidney damage induced by fructose overload (FO), as well as to establish their prevention, by pharmacological inhibition of RAS with losartan. MATERIALS/METHODS Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and studied at 4, 8 and 12 weeks: control group (C4, C8 and C12; tap water to drink); fructose-overloaded group (F4, F8 and F12; 10% w/v fructose solution to drink); losartan-treated control (L) group (L4, L8 and L12; losartan 30 mg/kg/day, in drinking water); and fructose-overloaded plus losartan group (F + L4, F + L8 and F + L12, in fructose solution). RESULTS FO induced metabolic and hemodynamic alterations as well as an imbalance between RAS and RDS, characterized by increased renal angiotensin II levels and AT1R overexpression, reduced urinary excretion of dopamine, increased excretion of l-dopa (increased l-dopa/dopamine index) and down-regulation of D1R and tubular dopamine transporters OCT-2, OCT-N1 and total OCTNs. This imbalance was accompanied by an overexpression of renal tubular Na+, K+-ATPase, pro-inflammatory (NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6) and pro-fibrotic (TGF-β1 and collagen) markers and by renal damage (microalbuminuria and reduced nephrin expression). Losartan prevented the metabolic and hemodynamic alterations induced by FO from week 4. Increased urinary l-dopa/dopamine index and decreased D1R renal expression associated to FO were also prevented by losartan since week 4. The same pattern was observed for renal expression of OCTs/OCTNs, Na+, K+-ATPase, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic markers from week 8. The appearance of microalbuminuria and reduced nephrin expression was prevented by losartan at week 12. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide new insight regarding the mechanisms by which a pro-hypertensive and pro-inflammatory system, such as RAS, downregulates another anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory system such as RDS. Additionally, we propose the use of l-dopa/dopamine index as a biochemical marker of renal dysfunction in conditions characterized by sodium retention, IR and/or hypertension, and as a predictor of response to treatment and follow-up of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lucía Rukavina Mikusic
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Martín Kouyoumdzian
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Uceda
- Hospital Alemán, Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Av Pueyrredón 1640, C1118AAT CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Sofía Del Mauro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Cátedra de Farmacología, Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Pandolfo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Mercedes Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Puyó
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Eduardo Toblli
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Alemán, Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Av Pueyrredón 1640, C1118AAT CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belisario Enrique Fernández
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Av. Gral Las Heras 2191, C1127AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Roberto Choi
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Av. Gral Las Heras 2191, C1127AAD CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang Z, Zeng C, Villar VAM, Chen SY, Konkalmatt P, Wang X, Asico LD, Jones JE, Yang Y, Sanada H, Felder RA, Eisner GM, Weir MR, Armando I, Jose PA. Human GRK4γ142V Variant Promotes Angiotensin II Type I Receptor-Mediated Hypertension via Renal Histone Deacetylase Type 1 Inhibition. Hypertension 2015; 67:325-34. [PMID: 26667412 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a single gene on the pathogenesis of essential hypertension may be difficult to ascertain, unless the gene interacts with other genes that are germane to blood pressure regulation. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4 (GRK4) is one such gene. We have reported that the expression of its variant hGRK4γ(142V) in mice results in hypertension because of impaired dopamine D1 receptor. Signaling through dopamine D1 receptor and angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) reciprocally modulates renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Here, we demonstrate the ability of the hGRK4γ(142V) to increase the expression and activity of the AT1R. We show that hGRK4γ(142V) phosphorylates histone deacetylase type 1 and promotes its nuclear export to the cytoplasm, resulting in increased AT1R expression and greater pressor response to angiotensin II. AT1R blockade and the deletion of the Agtr1a gene normalize the hypertension in hGRK4γ(142V) mice. These findings illustrate the unique role of GRK4 by targeting receptors with opposite physiological activity for the same goal of maintaining blood pressure homeostasis, and thus making the GRK4 a relevant therapeutic target to control blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Laureano D Asico
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - John E Jones
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Yu Yang
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Hironobu Sanada
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Robin A Felder
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Gilbert M Eisner
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Matthew R Weir
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Ines Armando
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Pedro A Jose
- From the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University of School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Z.W.); Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (C.Z.); Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P.R. China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (V.A.M.V., X.W., L.D.A., J.E.J., Y.Y., M.R.W., I.A., P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (S.-Y.C.); Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan (H.S.); Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (R.A.F.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.M.E.); Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.
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