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A raising dawn of pentoxifylline in management of inflammatory disorders in Covid-19. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:799-809. [PMID: 35486310 PMCID: PMC9051499 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The existing pandemic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). SARS-CoV-2 exploits angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry-point into affected cells and down-regulation of ACE2 by this virus triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of angiotensin II. These changes may lead to hypercytokinemia and the development of cytokine storm with the development of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Different repurposed had been in use in the management of Covid-19, one of these agents is pentoxifylline (PTX) which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the objective of the present mini-review is to highlight the potential role of PTX in Covid-19 regarding its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. PTX is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate which stimulates protein kinase A and inhibits leukotriene and tumor necrosis factor. PTX has antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, thus it may attenuate SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperinflammation and related complications. As well, PTX can reduce hyper-viscosity and coagulopathy in Covid-19 through increasing red blood cell deformability and inhibition of platelet aggregations. In conclusion, PTX is a non-selective phosphodiesterase drug, that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects thereby can reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection-hyperinflammation and oxidative stress. Besides, PTX improves red blood cells (RBCs) deformability and reduces blood viscosity so can mitigate Covid-19-induced hyper-viscosity and RBCs hyper-aggregation which is linked with the development of coagulopathy. Taken together, PTX seems to be an effective agent against Covid-19 severity.
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Mayyas FA, Aljohmani AI, Alzoubi KH. The Impact of Spironolactone on Markers of Myocardial Oxidative Status, Inflammation and Remodeling in Hyperthyroid Rats. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 13:206-215. [PMID: 31729306 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666191113150553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroidism promotes the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Aldosterone, a key mediator of myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis, may be activated in hyperthyroidism. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of hyperthyroidism on aldosterone levels and myocardial oxidative status, inflammatory and fibrotic markers in hyperthyroid rats, and to test if the use of spironolactone (an aldosterone antagonist) attenuates these changes. METHODS Adult Wistar rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups; controls, spironolactone treated rats (Spir, 50mg/kg/day), hyperthyroid rats (Hyper, daily intraperitoneal levothyroxine 0.3mg/kg/day), and spironolactone treated hyperthyroid rats (Hyper+Spir) for 4 weeks. Blood pressure (Bp), and levels of serum and myocardial aldosterone, oxidants/antioxidants, inflammatory and fibrotic markers were measured. RESULTS Levothyroxine increased serum thyroid hormones and increased Bp, heart rate and heart to bodyweight ratio. Relative to control, serum aldosterone levels were increased in Hyper and Hyper+ Spir groups. In parallel, cardiac lipid peroxides and serum endothelin-1 were increased whereas cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and matrix metalloproteinase -2 were reduced in the Hyper group. Spironolactone decreased serum thyroid hormones and improved cardiac lipid peroxides and metalloproteinase -2 levels. The use of spironolactone decreased serum nitrite levels and increased cardiac SOD and glutathione. Cardiac levels of aldosterone, endothelin-1, transforming growth factor-beta and nitrite were similar among all groups. CONCLUSION Hyperthyroid status was associated with an increase in aldosterone and oxidant/ inflammatory biomarkers. The use of spironolactone enhanced antioxidant defenses. Aldosterone antagonists may serve as potential drugs to attenuate the development of cardiac disease in hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia A Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmad I Aljohmani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Pentoxifylline Attenuates Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Cardiac Oxidative Damage in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6406318. [PMID: 33505582 PMCID: PMC7810555 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6406318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential effect of pentoxifylline (PTX) against arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced cardiac oxidative damage in mice. Thirty-six male albino mice were divided into six groups and treated intraperitoneally with normal saline (group 1), ATO (5 mg/kg; group 2), PTX (100 mg/kg; group 3), and different doses of PTX (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg; groups 4, 5, and 6, respectively) with ATO. After four weeks, the blood sample was collected for biochemical experiments. In addition, cardiac tissue was removed for assessment of oxidative stress markers and histopathological changes (such as hemorrhage, necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and myocardial degeneration). The findings showed that ATO caused a significant raise in serum biochemical markers such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and troponin-I (cTnI), glucose, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels. In addition to histopathological changes in cardiac tissue, ATO led to the significant increase in cardiac lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO); remarkable decrease in the activity of cardiac antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and the depletion of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total thiol groups (TTGs). PTX was able to reduce the increased levels of serum cardiac markers (LDH, CPK, cTnI, TC, and TG), cardiac LPO, and improve antioxidant markers (TAC, TTGs, CAT, SOD, and GPx) alongside histopathologic changes. However, no significant changes were observed in elevated serum glucose and cardiac NO levels. In conclusion, the current study showed the potential therapeutic effect of PTX in the prevention of ATO-induced cardiotoxicity via reversing the oxidative stress.
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Mayyas F, Alsaheb A, Alzoubi KH. The role of fish oil in attenuating cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in rat model of thyrotoxicosis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02976. [PMID: 31872133 PMCID: PMC6909073 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism is associated with cardiovascular complications. Fish oil reduces risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to evaluate the impact of fish oil on myocardial oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in rat model of thyrotoxicosis. Rats were randomized into four groups; control rats, fish oil treated rats (FO, 100mg omega-3/100g body weight/day), hyperthyroid rats (Hyper, i.p levothyroxine 3 mg/kg/day), and hyperthyroid rats treated with fish oil (Hyper + FO) for 8 weeks. Changes in oxidants/antioxidants, inflammatory and fibrotic markers were measured. Thyrotoxicosis increased serum endothelin-1, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced activities of cardiac catalase and super oxide dismutase (SOD). Cardiac fibrosis paralleled with a decrease of matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP2) levels were observed in Hyper group. Use of FO increased activities of SOD and catalase, increased TBARS levels, and attenuated cardiac fibrosis by normalizing MMP-2 levels. Use of FO may attenuate cardiac oxidative stress and fibrosis in hyperthyroid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - A Alsaheb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - K H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Vitamin E modifies high-fat diet-induced reduction of seizure threshold in rats: Role of oxidative stress. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:200-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pentoxifylline prevents post-traumatic stress disorder induced memory impairment. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:263-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dong J, Yuan X, Xie W. Pentoxifylline exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral ischemia reperfusion‑induced injury in a rat model via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1141-1147. [PMID: 29115594 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentoxifylline exhibits complex functions with extensive pharmacological effects and is used therapeutically due to its therapeutic effects and rapid metabolism in the body, with no cumulative effects and few side effects. The present study investigated the effects of pentoxifylline on cerebral ischemia reperfusion‑induced injury (IRI) through suppression of inflammation in rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate the number of neurocytes, and ELISAs were applied to measure tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin‑6, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activities. Treatment with pentoxifylline significantly recovered the cerebral ischemia reperfusion‑induced neurological deficit score and cerebral infarct volume in rats. In addition, pentoxifylline treatment significantly reversed the cerebral ischemia reperfusion‑induced interleukin‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in vivo. Furthermore, pentoxifylline significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase‑2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein expression in cerebral IRI mice. Treatment with pentoxifylline also significantly suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase‑3 and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein in cerebral IRI mice. These results indicate that the protective effects of pentoxifylline on cerebral IRI may occur via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Dong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhangqiu People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
| | - Xinmei Yuan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhangqiu People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhangqiu People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
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Plotnikov MB, Shamanaev AY, Aliev OI, Sidekhmenova AV, Anishchenko AM, Arkhipov AM. Pentoxifylline treatment enhances antihypertensive activity of captopril through hemorheological improvement in spontaneously hypertensive rats during development of arterial hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:769-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Alzoubi KH, Mayyas FA, Mahafzah R, Khabour OF. Melatonin prevents memory impairment induced by high-fat diet: Role of oxidative stress. Behav Brain Res 2017; 336:93-98. [PMID: 28866128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) induces oxidative stress in the hippocampus that leads to memory impairment. Melatonin has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we hypothesized that chronic administration of melatonin can prevent memory impairment induced by consumption of HFD. Melatonin was administered to rats via oral gavage (100mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. HFD was also instituted for the same duration. Behavioral studies were conducted to test spatial memory using the radial arm water maze. Additionally, oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed in the hippocampus. Results showed that HFD impaired both short- and long- term memory (P<0.05), while melatonin treatment prevented such effects. Furthermore, melatonin prevented HFD-induced reduction in levels of GSH, and ratio of GSH/GSSG, and increase in GSSG in the hippocampus. Melatonin also prevented reduction in the catalase activity in hippocampus of animals on HFD. In conclusion, HFD induced memory impairment and melatonin prevented this impairment probably by preventing alteration of oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Fadia A Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rania Mahafzah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Plotnikov MB, Aliev OI, Shamanaev AY, Sidekhmenova AV, Anfinogenova Y, Anishchenko AM, Fomina TI, Arkhipov AM. Effects of pentoxifylline on hemodynamic, hemorheological, and microcirculatory parameters in young SHRs during arterial hypertension development. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:570-578. [PMID: 28722518 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1291662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of hypertension in young adults is isolated diastolic hypertension. Diastolic arterial pressure is determined by the total peripheral resistance and depends on both vascular hindrance and blood viscosity. The aim of our work was to study the efficiency of pentoxifylline (PTX) in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) during the development of arterial hypertension. The effects of a treatment course with PTX (100 mg/kg/day p.o. for 6 weeks, from 5 to 11 weeks old) on the mean, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure (BP); stroke volume; cardiac output; total peripheral resistance (TPR); whole blood viscosity (BV); plasma viscosity; hematocrit; RBC aggregation and deformability; local cerebral blood flow (lCBF); and microvascularization of the visual cortex were studied in SHRs in comparison with control SHRs and Wistar Kyoto rats. PTX-treated SHRs had significantly lower systolic, diastolic, and mean BP (by 24%, 26%, and 15%, respectively) and BV (by 5-9%) and a higher erythrocyte deformability index (by 1.5-2%), lCBF (by 42%), average diameter of capillaries (by 11%), density of the capillary network (by 23%), and percentage of capillaries with a diameter of 3-7 µm in comparison with control SHRs. In conclusion, PTX exerted positive effects on the hemodynamic, hemorheological, and microcirculatory parameters in SHRs during the development of arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Plotnikov
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Oleg I Aliev
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Alexander Y Shamanaev
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Anastasia V Sidekhmenova
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Yana Anfinogenova
- b Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia.,c RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Anna M Anishchenko
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Tatiana I Fomina
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Alexander M Arkhipov
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
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Mayyas F, Alzoubi KH, Bonyan R. The role of spironolactone on myocardial oxidative stress in rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 35. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fadia Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Ruwidah Bonyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
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Mayyas F, Alzoubi KH, Al-Taleb Z. Impact of high fat/high salt diet on myocardial oxidative stress. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:126-132. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1226894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadia Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zahraa Al-Taleb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Plotnikov MB, Aliev OI, Nosarev AV, Shamanaev AY, Sidekhmenova AV, Anfinogenova Y, Anishchenko AM, Pushkina EV. Relationship between arterial blood pressure and blood viscosity in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with pentoxifylline. Biorheology 2016; 53:93-107. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Plotnikov
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg I. Aliev
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Y. Shamanaev
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Sidekhmenova
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yana Anfinogenova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute for Cardiology”, Tomsk, Russia
- RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna M. Anishchenko
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Minicucci M, Oliveira F, Santos P, Polegato B, Roscani M, Fernandes AA, Lustosa B, Paiva S, Zornoff L, Azevedo P. Pentoxifylline Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling Induced by Tobacco Smoke Exposure. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 106:396-403. [PMID: 27096523 PMCID: PMC4914004 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoke exposure is an important risk factor for cardiac remodeling.
Under this condition, inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism
abnormalities, apoptosis, and hypertrophy are present. Pentoxifylline has
anti‑inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative
properties. Objective The present study tested the hypothesis that pentoxifylline would attenuate
cardiac remodeling induced by smoking. Methods Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: Control (C), Pentoxifylline
(PX), Tobacco Smoke (TS), and PX-TS. After two months, echocardiography,
invasive blood pressure measurement, biochemical, and histological studies
were performed. The groups were compared by two-way ANOVA with a
significance level of 5%. Results TS increased left atrium diameter and area, which was attenuated by PX. In
the isolated heart study, TS lowered the positive derivate (+dp/dt), and
this was attenuated by PX. The antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase and
glutathione peroxidase were decreased in the TS group; PX recovered these
activities. TS increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased
3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenases (OH-DHA) and citrate synthase (CS).
PX attenuated LDH, 3-OH-DHA and CS alterations in TS-PX group. TS increased
IL-10, ICAM-1, and caspase-3. PX did not influence these variables. Conclusion TS induced cardiac remodeling, associated with increased inflammation,
oxidative stress, apoptosis, and changed energy metabolism. PX attenuated
cardiac remodeling by reducing oxidative stress and improving cardiac
bioenergetics, but did not act upon cardiac cytokines and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Minicucci
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bertha Polegato
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Meliza Roscani
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Angelica Fernandes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Lustosa
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paiva
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Zornoff
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Azevedo
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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