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Renin-Angiotensin System Induced Secondary Hypertension: The Alteration of Kidney Function and Structure. Int J Nephrol 2021. [PMID: 31628476 PMCID: PMC8505109 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term hypertension is known as a major risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in hypertension pathogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) enhancement in Ang II-dependent hypertension leads to progressive CKD and kidney fibrosis. In the two-kidney one-clip model (2K1C), more renin is synthesized in the principal cells of the collecting duct than juxtaglomerular cells (JGCs). An increase of renal Ang I and Ang II levels and a decrease of renal cortical and medullary Ang 1–7 occur in both kidneys of the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. In addition, the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) increases, while ACE2's activity decreases in the medullary region of both kidneys in the 2K1C hypertensive model. Also, the renal prolyl carboxypeptidase (PrCP) expression and its activity reduce in the clipped kidneys. The imbalance in the production of renal ACE, ACE2, and PrCP expression causes the progression of renal injury. Intrarenal angiotensinogen (AGT) expression and urine AGT (uAGT) excretion rates in the unclipped kidney are greater than the clipped kidney in the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. The enhancement of Ang II in the clipped kidney is related to renin secretion, while the elevation of intrarenal Ang II in the unclipped kidney is related to stimulation of AGT mRNA and protein in proximal tubule cells by a direct effect of systemic Ang II level. Ang II-dependent hypertension enhances macrophages and T-cell infiltration into the kidney which increases cytokines, and AGT synthesis in proximal tubules is stimulated via cytokines. Accumulation of inflammatory cells in the kidney aggravates hypertension and renal damage. Moreover, Ang II-dependent hypertension alters renal Ang II type 1 & 2 receptors (AT1R & AT2R) and Mas receptor (MasR) expression, and the renal interstitial fluid bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cGMP response to AT1R, AT2R, or BK B2-receptor antagonists. Based on a variety of sources including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science-Direct, in the current review, we will discuss the role of RAS-induced secondary hypertension on the alteration of renal function.
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Romero Caimi G, Gorzalczany S, Bonazzola P, Deza Z, Rosón MI, Alvarez L, Castilla R. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor is involved in hypertension and vascular alterations caused by environmental toxicant hexachlorobenzene. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1599-1606. [PMID: 34522623 PMCID: PMC8424126 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental hexachlorobenzene (HCB) increases blood pressure (BP) in female rats, causing alterations in arterial structure and function. Here we study the role of Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) in HCB-induced hypertension through the use of AT1 antagonist losartan. HCB-treated male rats showed a 22.7% increase in BP which was prevented by losartan. Losartan blocked HCB-induced changes in arterial morphology (decreased aorta cell number and increased wall thickness). Losartan also prevented HCB-induced alterations in artery relaxation by acetylcholine and nitroprusside but not the reduction in the maximum contraction by phenylephrine. Losartan rescued arterial molecular alterations caused by HCB (i.e. an increase in TGF-β1 and AT1 expression and a decrease in eNOS expression and nitrite levels) and reduced hydrogen sulfide plasma concentration. In conclusion: in this work we demonstrate that AT1 activity is involved in HCB effects on the vascular system leading to hypertension.
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Key Words
- AT1
- AT1, angiotensin II receptor type 1
- Ach, acetylcholine
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- Aorta
- BP, systolic blood pressure
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HCB, hexachlorobenzene
- Hexachlorobenzene
- Hypertension
- Losartan
- NO, nitric oxide
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- POPs, persistent organic pollutant
- Phe, phenylephrine
- SNP, nitroprusside
- TGF-β1, Transforming Growth Factor-β1
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Romero Caimi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Gorzalczany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Cátedra de Farmacología, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Bonazzola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zahira Deza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Rosón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Castilla
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tufiño C, Vanegas M, Velázquez Nevárez R, Villanueva López C, Bobadilla Lugo RA. Divergent impact of gestational diabetes mellitus between the thoracic and abdominal rat aorta: Influence of endothelium and angiotensin II receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:173981. [PMID: 33689706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 5-10% of pregnancies and increases the risk of fetal and maternal adverse outcomes. Interestingly, the vascular response to AngII is decreased by pregnancy while the response is increased by diabetes. It remains unclear how GDM affects vascular tone and how angiotensin II receptors contribute to these changes. In this work, we sought to establish the vascular impact of a hypercaloric diet-induced GDM through changes in AT1 and AT2 receptor's expression. Female rats fed for 7 weeks with standard (SD) or hypercaloric (HD) diet were divided at week 4. Half of the rats of each group were mated to become pregnant and those fed with a HD developed GDM. AngII-induced vasoconstriction was measured in thoracic or abdominal aorta rings using a conventional isolated organ bath and AT1 and AT2 receptors were searched by immunohistochemistry. Experiments where conducted on the pregnant standard diet group (PSD) and the pregnant hypercaloric-gestational diabetes mellitus group (PHD-GDM). Vasoconstriction was reduced in the thoracic aorta (P < 0.05 vs PSD) but increased in the abdominal aorta of PHD-GDM rats (P < 0.05 vs PSD). Blockade of AT2 receptors using PD123319 decreased vasoconstriction, particularly in the abdominal aorta of PHD-GDM animals (P < 0.05 vs PSD). PHD-GDM increased AT1 receptors expression (P < 0.05 vs PSD). Also, PHD-GDM reverted physiologic hypoglycemia and hypotension of healthy pregnancy. Findings provide new insight into the hypercaloric diet induced damage on the vasculature during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Diabetes, Gestational/metabolism
- Diabetes, Gestational/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Female
- Pregnancy
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Tufiño
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Santo Tomás, México, 11340, D.F, Mexico
| | - Miriam Vanegas
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Santo Tomás, México, 11340, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ruth Velázquez Nevárez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Santo Tomás, México, 11340, D.F, Mexico
| | - Cleva Villanueva López
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Santo Tomás, México, 11340, D.F, Mexico
| | - Rosa Amalia Bobadilla Lugo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Santo Tomás, México, 11340, D.F, Mexico.
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Sex Differences in the Renal Vascular Responses of AT 1 and Mas Receptors in Two-Kidney-One-Clip Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2021; 2021:8820646. [PMID: 33688433 PMCID: PMC7914082 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8820646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence and severity of hypertension, as well as the activity of the systemic and local renin angiotensin systems (RASs), are gender related, with more symptoms in males than in females. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we investigated sex differences in renal vascular responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) administration with and without Ang II type 1 and Mas receptor (AT1R and MasR) antagonists (losartan and A779) in the 2K1C rat model of renovascular hypertension. Methods Male and female 2K1C rats were divided into 8 experimental groups (4 of each sex) treated with vehicle, losartan, A779, or A779+losartan. Responses of mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) to Ang II were determined. Results In both sexes, the basal MAP, RBF, and RVR were not significantly different between the four groups during the control period. The Ang II administration decreased RBF and increased RVR in a dose-related manner in both sexes pretreated with vehicle or A779 (Pdose < 0.0001), but in vehicle pretreated groups, RBF and RVR responses were different between male and female rats (Pgroup < 0.05). AT1R blockade increased RBF and decreased RVR responses to Ang II, and no difference between the sexes was detected. Coblockades of AT1R and MasR receptors increased RBF response to Ang II significantly in males alone but not in females (Pgroup=0.04). Conclusion The impact of Ang II on RBF and RVR responses seems to be gender related with a greater effect on males, and this sex difference abolishes by Mas receptor blockade. However, the paradoxical role of dual losartan and A779 may provide the different receptor interaction in RAS between male and female rats.
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Ivanova N, Tchekalarova J. The Potential Therapeutic Capacity of Inhibiting the Brain Renin-Angiotensin System in the Treatment of Co-Morbid Conditions in Epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:1101-1112. [PMID: 31680223 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological diseases and although numerous novel anticonvulsants have been approved, the proportion of patients who are refractory to medical treatment of seizures and have progressive co-morbidities such as cognitive impairment and depression remains at about 20-30%. In the last decade, extensive research has identified a therapeutic capacity of the components of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in seizure- and epilepsy-related phenomena. Alleviating the activity of RAS in the central nervous system is considered to be a potential adjuvant strategy for the treatment of numerous detrimental consequences of epileptogenesis. One of the main advantages of RAS is associated with its modulatory influence on different neurotransmitter systems, thereby exerting a fine-tuning control mechanism for brain excitability. The most recent scientific findings regarding the involvement of the components of brain RAS show that angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors are involved in the control of epilepsy and its accompanying complications, and therefore they are currently of therapeutic interest in the treatment of this disease. However, data on the role of different components of brain RAS on co-morbid conditions in epilepsy, including hypertension, are insufficient. Experimental and clinical findings related to the involvement of Ang II, ACE, AT1, and AT2 receptors in the control of epilepsy and accompanying complications may point to new therapeutic opportunities and adjuvants for the treatment of common co-morbid conditions of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zhang H, Chen H, Wang W, Zhang B, Yu L. Sevoflurane reduces ischemic brain injury in rats with diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 38:448-454. [PMID: 31038022 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1585451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huayong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Baoze Zhang
- Qingzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shandong, Qingzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Yu
- Department of Pain Management, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Hydrogen sulfide improves endothelial dysfunction in hypertension by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta/endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling. J Hypertens 2019; 36:651-665. [PMID: 29084084 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the ameliorative effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on endothelium-dependent relaxation disturbances via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (PPARδ/eNOS) pathway activation in hypertensive patients and rats. METHODS Renal arteries were collected from normotensive and hypertensive patients who underwent nephron-sparing surgery. Renal arteries from 37 patients were cultured with or without sodium H2S (NaHS) 50 μmol/l. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham; Sham + NaHS, two kidneys; one clipped (2K1C); and 2K1C + NaHS. Mean arterial pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography. A microvessel recording technique was used to observe the effect of NaHS on endothelium-dependent relaxation. Plasma H2S concentrations were detected using the monobromobimane method. Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to assess mRNA and protein levels of AT1, cystathionine γ-lyase, PPARδ, and phosphor-eNOS. Laser confocal scanning microscopy measured intracellular NO production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS NaHS improved endothelial function in hypertensive humans and rats. The 20-week administration of NaHS to 2K1C rats lowered the mean arterial pressure. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, NaHS improved the AngII-induced production of NO. NaHS upregulated PPARδ expression, increased protein kinase B (Akt) or adenosine monophosphate kinase-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, and enhanced eNOS phosphorylation. A PPARδ agonist could mimic the ameliorative effect of NaHS that was suppressed by PPARδ, AMPK, or Akt inhibition. CONCLUSION H2S plays a protective function in renal arterial endothelium in hypertension by activating the PPARδ/PI3K/Akt/eNOS or PPARδ/AMPK/eNOS pathway. H2S may serve as an effective strategy against hypertension.
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Wen J, Li P, Cheng J, Wang N, Mao L, Tan X, Zeng X, Xia D, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Yang Y. Downregulation of AT 2R decreases the responsiveness of BK Ca channels to angiotensin II in patients with hypertension. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:20-28. [PMID: 30998981 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) modulates blood pressure via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R). The activation of AT2R relaxes vascular tone through opening large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BKCa) channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In the present study, we studied the role of the AT2R-BKCa pathway in patients with hypertension. The mesenteric arterial SMCs (MSMCs) were obtained from normotensive patients (NP) and hypertensive patients (HP). BKCa currents were recorded with patch clamp and the expressions of mRNAs and proteins of AT1R/AT2R were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Ang II significantly increased the macroscopic BKCa currents at the whole cell level, while increased the open probability and decreased the mean close time of BKCa channels at the single channel level with AT1R blockade by valsartan in NP. However, Ang II had no effect on the BKCa currents at the same condition in HP. Furthermore, the expressions of mRNA and protein of AT2R but not AT1R were markedly decreased in the MSMCs of HP compared to that of NP. The data suggest that AT2R is well functioned in the MSMCs in NP but not in HP and deficiency in the AT2R-BKCa pathway may contribute to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Liang Mao
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Tan
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiaorong Zeng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Dong Xia
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yejiang Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qingqiang Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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Castilla R, Asuaje A, Rivière S, Romero CG, Martín P, Cao G, Kleiman de Pisarev D, Milesi V, Alvarez L. Environmental pollutant hexachlorobenzene induces hypertension in a rat model. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:576-584. [PMID: 29277037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a dioxin-like environmental pollutant, widely distributed in the environment. New research links exposure to high levels of persistent organic environmental toxicants to cardiovascular disease, however little is known about the effect of HCB on vascular function and on blood pressure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate biochemical and cardiovascular changes resulting from subchronic HCB exposure. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or HCB (5 or 500 mg/kg b.w) for 45 days. Systolic blood pressure (BP), recorded by tail cuff plethysmography, was significantly increased at 35, 40 and 45 days of 500 mg/kg HCB-treatment. HCB (500 mg/kg) increased arterial thickness, while both 5 and 500 mg/kg HCB decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein levels and cellular nuclei in abdominal aortas indicating a hypertrophic process. Also, aortas from both groups of HCB-treated rats presented higher sensitivity to noradrenalin (NA) and a significant decrease in maximum contractile response. Arteries from 500 mg/kg HCB-treated rats showed a significant increase in the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and angiotensin II type1 receptor (AT1), and a significant decrease in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), endothelial nitric oxidide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and deiodinase II (DII) mRNA levels. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that subchronic HCB administration significantly increases BP and alters associated cardiovascular parameters in rats. In addition, HCB alters the expression of key vascular tissue molecules involved in BP regulation, such as TGF-β1, AT1, ERα, eNOS and DII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Castilla
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Asuaje
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Stéphanie Rivière
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Caimi Giselle Romero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pedro Martín
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriel Cao
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diana Kleiman de Pisarev
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Milesi
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Senda A, Mukai Y, Hayakawa T, Kato Y, Eliasson E, Rane A, Toda T, Inotsume N. Reply to 'Multiple and Opposite Effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on the Bioavailability of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids'. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28639402 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuna Senda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuji Mukai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toru Hayakawa
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuka Kato
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Erik Eliasson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takaki Toda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuo Inotsume
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Yang G, Chu PL, Rump LC, Le TH, Stegbauer J. ACE2 and the Homolog Collectrin in the Modulation of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress in Blood Pressure Homeostasis and Vascular Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:645-659. [PMID: 27889958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hypertension is the leading risk factor causing mortality and morbidity worldwide. Angiotensin (Ang) II, the most active metabolite of the renin-angiotensin system, plays an outstanding role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and vascular injury. Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has shown to attenuate devastating effects of Ang II in the cardiovascular system by reducing Ang II degradation and increasing Ang-(1-7) generation leading to Mas receptor activation. Recent Advances: Activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis reduces hypertension and improves vascular injury mainly through an increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and decreased reactive oxygen species production. Recent studies reported that shedding of the enzymatically active ectodomain of ACE2 from the cell surface seems to regulate its activity and serves as an interorgan communicator in cardiovascular disease. In addition, collectrin, an ACE2 homolog with no catalytic activity, regulates blood pressure through an NO-dependent mechanism. CRITICAL ISSUES Large body of experimental data confirmed sustained beneficial effects of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis activation on hypertension and vascular injury. Experimental studies also suggest that activation of collectrin might be beneficial in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Their role in clinical hypertension is unclear as selective and reliable activators of both axes are not yet available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review will highlight the results of recent research progress that illustrate the role of both ACE and collectrin in the modulation of NO and oxidative stress in blood pressure homeostasis and vascular injury, providing evidence for the potential therapeutic application of ACE2 and collectrin in hypertension and vascular disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 645-659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pei-Lun Chu
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,3 Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lars C Rump
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thu H Le
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zhou Z, Yadav VR, Sun C, Teng B, Mustafa JS. Impaired Aortic Contractility to Uridine Adenosine Tetraphosphate in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertensive Mice: Receptor Desensitization? Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:304-312. [PMID: 28034895 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously showed that uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A)-mediated aortic contraction is partly mediated through purinergic P2X1 receptors (P2X1R). It has been reported that the plasma level of Up4A is elevated in hypertensive patients, implying a potential role for Up4A-P2X1R signaling in hypertension. This study investigated the vasoactive effect of Up4A in aortas isolated from angiotensin (Ang) II-infused (21 days) hypertensive mice. METHODS Blood pressure was measured by tail cuff plethysmography. Aortas were isolated for isometric tension measurements, and protein expression was analyzed by western blot. RESULTS Mean and systolic arterial pressures were elevated by ~50% in Ang II-infused mice. Protein levels of both AT1R and P2X1R were upregulated in Ang II-infused aortas. Surprisingly, Up4A (10-9-10-5 M)-induced concentration-dependent contraction was significantly impaired in Ang II-infused mice. Studies in control mice revealed that both P2X1R (MRS2159) and AT1R (losartan) antagonists significantly attenuated Up4A-induced aortic contraction. In addition, desensitization of AT1R by prior Ang II (100 nM) exposure had no effect on Up4A-induced aortic contraction. However, subsequent serial exposure responses to Up4A-induced aortic contraction were markedly reduced, suggesting a desensitization of purinergic receptors. This desensitization was further confirmed in control mice by prior exposure of aortas to the P2X1R desensitizer α, β-methylene ATP (10 μM). CONCLUSION Despite upregulation of AT1R and P2X1R in hypertension, Up4A-mediated aortic contraction was impaired in Ang II-infused mice, likely through the desensitization of P2X1R but not AT1R. This implies that vascular P2X1R activity, rather than plasma Up4A level, may determine the role of Up4A in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Present address: Division of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vishal R Yadav
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Changyan Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Present address: Molecular Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bunyen Teng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jamal S Mustafa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Rodríguez JE, Romero-Nava R, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Rosales-Cruz E, Hong E, Huang F, Villafaña S. Expression and localization of the AT 1 and AT 2 angiotensin II receptors and α 1A and α 1D adrenergic receptors in aorta of hypertensive and diabetic rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:85-92. [PMID: 28072557 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1200610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension and diabetes are multifactorial diseases that frequently coexist and exacerbate each another. During the development of diabetes, the impairment of noradrenergic and renin-angiotensin systems has been reported in the response mediated by α1-AR and AT1 receptors. Although their participation in the development of cardiovascular complications is still controversial, some studies have found increased or diminished response to the vasoconstrictive effect of noradrenaline or angiotensin II in a time-dependent manner of diabetes. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the possible changes in the expression or localization of α1-AR (α1A and α1D) and angiotensin II receptors (AT1 and AT2) in aorta of rats after 4 weeks of the onset of diabetes. In order to be able to examine the expression of these receptors, immunofluorescence procedure was performed in tunica intima and tunica media of histological sections of aorta. Fluorescence was detected by a confocal microscopy. Our results showed that the receptors are expressed in both tunics, where adrenergic receptors have a higher density in tunica intima and tunica media of SHR compared with WKY; meanwhile, the expression of angiotensin II receptors is not modified in both groups of rats. On the other hand, the results showed that diabetes produced an increase or a decrease in the expression of receptors that is not associated to a specific type of receptor, vascular region, or strain of rat. In conclusion, diabetes and hypertension modify the expression of the receptors in tunica intima and tunica media of aorta in a different way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Edith Rodríguez
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Posgrado , Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Posgrado , Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Posgrado , Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Erika Rosales-Cruz
- b Laboratorio de Hematopatología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Enrique Hong
- c Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Fengyang Huang
- d Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Posgrado , Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
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Wołkow PP, Bujak-Giżycka B, Jawień J, Olszanecki R, Madej J, Rutowski J, Korbut R. Exogenous Angiotensin I Metabolism in Aorta Isolated from Streptozotocin Treated Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:4846819. [PMID: 27803936 PMCID: PMC5075625 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4846819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Products of angiotensin (ANG) I metabolism may predispose to vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Methods. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (75 mg/kg i.p.). Rat aorta fragments, isolated 4 weeks later, were pretreated with perindoprilat (3 μM), thiorphan (3 μM), or vehicle and incubated for 15 minutes with ANG I (1 μM). Products of ANG I metabolism through classical (ANG II, ANG III, and ANG IV) and alternative (ANG (1-9), ANG (1-7), and ANG (1-5)) pathways were measured in the buffer, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results. Incubation with ANG I resulted in higher concentration of ANG II (P = 0.02, vehicle pretreatment) and lower of ANG (1-9) (P = 0.048, perindoprilat pretreatment) in diabetes. Preference for the classical pathway is suggested by higher ANG III/ANG (1-7) ratios in vehicle (P = 0.03), perindoprilat (P = 0.02), and thiorphan pretreated (P = 0.02) diabetic rat. Within the classical pathway, ratios of ANG IV/ANG II (P = 0.01) and of ANG IV/ANG III (P = 0.049), but not of ANG III/ANG II are lower in diabetes. Conclusions. Diabetes in rats led to preference toward deleterious (ANG II, ANG III) over protective (ANG IV, ANG (1-9), and ANG (1-7)) ANG I metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. P. Wołkow
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- *P. P. Wołkow:
| | - B. Bujak-Giżycka
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - J. Jawień
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - R. Olszanecki
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - J. Madej
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - J. Rutowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - R. Korbut
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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