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Kang JH, Kawano T, Murata M, Toita R. Vascular calcification and cellular signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets. Life Sci 2024; 336:122309. [PMID: 38042282 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular calcification (VC) is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. VC is divided into three types according to its location: intimal, medial, and valvular. Various cellular signaling pathways are associated with VC, including the Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, Ras homologous GTPase, apoptosis, Notch, and cytokine signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the literature concerning the key cellular signaling pathways associated with VC and their role as potential therapeutic targets. Inhibitors to these pathways represent good candidates for use as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Kang
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan; AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Liu P, Xu X, Wang Y, Long X, Li X, Peng H. Effects of sodium thiosulfate on serum calcification factors in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial 2023; 27:1079-1087. [PMID: 37424269 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of sodium thiosulfate (STS) on serum calcification factors in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. METHODS Forty-four Patients were randomly divided into control group (n = 22) and observation group (n = 22) by envelope method (block 4 randomization). The control group received routine treatment while observation group was treated with STS on the basis of routine treatment. The biochemical indicators, including BUN, UA, SCr, Ca2+ , P3- , calcium-phosphorus product, PTH, hs-CRP, TG, TC, HDL, LDL, and serum calcification factor MGP, FA, FGF-23, and OPG levels were compared before and after treatment. RESULTS Control group had no statistically significant difference in the levels of vascular calcification factors MGP, FA, FGF-23, and OPG before and after treatment (p > 0.05). Whereas observation group had higher levels of MGP and FA, and lower levels of FGF-23 and OPG after treatment than before treatment (p < 0.05). The levels of MGP and FA in observation group were higher than those in control group, and FGF-23 and OPG were lower than those in control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It is speculated that sodium thiosulfate can alleviate the progression of vascular calcification by changing the levels of calcification factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - YuFu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - XiaoNa Long
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - XunJia Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - HongYing Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
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Ma J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu K, Zhang X, Zuo X, Ye R, Wang Z, Shi R, Meng Q, Chen X. Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37080965 PMCID: PMC10119183 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due to its complex mechanisms involving multiple interactive factors and our limited understanding of it. Hypertension is a condition that is named after its clinical features. Vascular function is a factor that affects blood pressure directly, and it is a main strategy for clinically controlling BP to regulate constriction/relaxation function of blood vessels. Vascular elasticity, caliber, and reactivity are all characteristic indicators reflecting vascular function. Blood vessels are composed of three distinct layers, out of which the endothelial cells in intima and the smooth muscle cells in media are the main performers of vascular function. The alterations in signaling pathways in these cells are the key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and hypertension development. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the signaling pathways involved in vascular function regulation and hypertension progression, including calcium pathway, NO-NOsGC-cGMP pathway, various vascular remodeling pathways and some important upstream pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress-related signaling pathway, immunity/inflammation pathway, etc. Meanwhile, we will also summarize the treatment methods of hypertension that targets vascular function regulation and discuss the possibility of these signaling pathways being applied to clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Influence of FOSL1 Inhibition on Vascular Calcification and ROS Generation through Ferroptosis via P53-SLC7A11 Axis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020635. [PMID: 36831172 PMCID: PMC9953509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification during aging is highly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular disease; however, there is still no improvement in clarifying the development of vascular calcification. FOSL1 is a transcription regulator belonging to the AP-1 family, which has a unique function in vascular senescence, but its role in vascular calcification needs to be further explored. METHODS Primary mouse vascular smooth muscle cells were isolated and used to construct a calcification model in vitro. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used to build the vitD3-induced calcification model in vivo. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to verify the expression of FOSL1 and other genes expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and aortas. The level of calcification was determined by Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining and the calcium content assay. The level of cellular GSH was detected by the GSH assay kit. RESULTS Here, we report that FOSL1 was up-regulated after high-calcium/phosphate treatment in both the in vivo and in vitro vascular calcification models. Functional studies have shown that the reduction of FOSL1 attenuates ferroptosis and calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells, as indicated by ARS staining, calcium content assay, and western blot. The inhibition of FOSL1 downregulated the expression of bone-related molecules including Msh Homeobox 2 (MSX2) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11b/osteoprotegerin (OPG), suggesting that FOSL1 promoted osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we found that the ferroptosis-inducing drug erastin can significantly accelerate calcification in the aortic ring while Ferrostatin-1 (fer-1), a drug to protect cells from ferroptosis, can alleviate calcification. Further experiments have shown that inhibiting FOSL1 can promote the expression of ferroptosis-related genes and attenuate calcification. Functionally, cellular GSH levels were increased after the reduction of FOSL1. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed a significant protective effect when we reduced the expression of FOSL1 during vascular calcification, and this effect might regulate ferroptosis to a great extent.
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Byun KA, Oh S, Yang JY, Lee SY, Son KH, Byun K. Ecklonia cava extracts decrease hypertension-related vascular calcification by modulating PGC-1α and SOD2. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113283. [PMID: 35717781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is induced by a decrease in sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)2 and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), eventually leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and phenotype alterations in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblast-like cells in hypertension. Ecklonia cava extract (ECE) is known to increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) and SOD2. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ECE on decreasing VC by increasing PGC-1α which increased SOD2 activity and decreased mtROS in an in vitro VSMC model of treating serums from Wistar Kyoto (WKY), spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs), and ECE-treated SHRs. Furthermore, the decreasing effect of ECE on VC was evaluated with an in vivo SHR model. PGC-1α expression, SIRT3 expression, and SOD2 activity were decreased by the serum from the SHRs and increased by the serum from the ECE-treated SHRs in the VSMCs. PGC-1α silencing eliminated those increases. mtROS generation and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage increased in the SHRs but decreased with ECE. Mitochondrial fission increased in the SHRs but decreased by ECE. Mitochondrial fusion, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis were decreased in the SHRs but increased by ECE. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and calcium deposition in the medial layer of the aorta increased in the SHRs but decreased with ECE. Therefore, ECE decreases VC via the upregulation of PGC-1α and SIRT3, which increases SOD2 activity. Activated SOD2 decreases mtDNA damage and mtROS generation, which sequentially decreases NADPH oxidase activity and changes the mitochondrial dynamics, thereby decreasing VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.
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Huang X, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Shi Q, Sun D, Yang J, Dai C, He W. Resveratrol ameliorates high-phosphate-induced VSMCs to osteoblast-like cells transdifferentiation and arterial medial calcification in CKD through regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174953. [PMID: 35483665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to osteoblast-like cells transdifferentiation induced by high-phosphate is a crucial step in the development of arterial medial calcification (AMC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and previous studies implicate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and AMC. Given that resveratrol's ability to modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in other types of cell, we tested the effect of resveratrol on high-phosphate-induced osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and AMC in CKD. Resveratrol ameliorated AMC in rats with chronic renal failure and calcium deposition in aortic rings and VSMCs cultured in a high-phosphate environment. Resveratrol also diminished high-phosphate-induced osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs in cultured aortic rings and VSMCs. In vitro, resveratrol attenuated the activation of β-catenin induced by high-phosphate and inhibited the expression of Runx2, a downstream effector of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs. Intriguingly, resveratrol inhibited high-phosphate-induced phosphorylation of LRP6 (Ser1490), but didn't inhibit Wnt3a-induced phosphorylation of LRP6 (Ser1490) and Runx2 expression. The expression of several Wnts was induced by high-phosphate, but the expression of Wnt7a, not Wnt2b and Wnt10a could be suppressed by resveratrol. In addition, the expression of both porcupine and wntless, two obligatory proteins for Wnt secretion, was induced by high-phosphate in cultured aortic rings and VSMCs, which could be suppressed by resveratrol. In summary, these findings suggest that resveratrol possesses a vascular protective effect on retarding high-phosphate-induced osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and AMC in CKD by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which may, to a large extent, via impeding Wnt secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Huang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yumei Qiu
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Qinbo Shi
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Danqin Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Weichun He
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China.
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Nguyen NT, Nguyen TT, Park KS. Oxidative Stress Related to Plasmalemmal and Mitochondrial Phosphate Transporters in Vascular Calcification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030494. [PMID: 35326144 PMCID: PMC8944874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for maintaining cellular function but excess of Pi leads to serious complications, including vascular calcification. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenic progression of calcific changes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Pi-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and its detrimental consequences remain unclear. Type III Na+-dependent Pi cotransporter, PiT-1/-2, play a significant role in Pi uptake of vascular smooth muscle cells. Pi influx via PiT-1/-2 increases the abundance of PiT-1/-2 and depolarization-activated Ca2+ entry due to its electrogenic properties, which may lead to Ca2+ and Pi overload and oxidative stress. At least four mitochondrial Pi transporters are suggested, among which the phosphate carrier (PiC) is known to be mainly involved in mitochondrial Pi uptake. Pi transport via PiC may induce hyperpolarization and superoxide generation, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, together with generation of cytosolic ROS. Increase in net influx of Ca2+ and Pi and their accumulation in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix synergistically increases oxidative stress and osteogenic differentiation, which could be prevented by suppressing either Ca2+ or Pi overload. Therapeutic strategies targeting plasmalemmal and mitochondrial Pi transports can protect against Pi-induced oxidative stress and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
- Medical Doctor Program, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (T.T.N.); (K.-S.P.); Tel.: +84-247-108-9779 (T.T.N.); +82-33-741-0294 (K.-S.P.)
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.T.N.); (K.-S.P.); Tel.: +84-247-108-9779 (T.T.N.); +82-33-741-0294 (K.-S.P.)
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Leifheit-Nestler M, Vogt I, Haffner D, Richter B. Phosphate Is a Cardiovascular Toxin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:107-134. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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He P, Yu H, Jiang L, Chen Z, Wang S, Macrae VE, Fu X, Zhu D. Hdac9 inhibits medial artery calcification through down-regulation of Osterix. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 132:106775. [PMID: 32702412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Medial artery calcification (MAC) significantly contributes to the increased cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous genome-wide association studies have shown that various genetic variants of the histone deacetylase Hdac9 are associated with cardiovascular disease, but the role of Hdac9 in MAC under CKD conditions remains unclear. METHODS High phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification and MAC in mice administered with vitamin D3 (vD) were used in the present study. Alizarin red staining, calcium quantitative assay, qPCR, western blotting and histology were performed. RESULTS Hdac9 expression was significantly down-regulated during high phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification and MAC in mice administered with vitamin D3 (vD). Furthermore, high phosphate treatment inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, and pharmacological inhibition of Akt signaling reduced Hdac9 expression in cultured VSMCs. Knockdown of Hdac9 significantly enhanced calcium deposition in VSMCs. Conversely, adenovirus mediated-overexpression of Hdac9 inhibited high phosphate induced VSMC in vitro calcification. Our subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that the anti-calcific effect of Hdac9 was mediated through down-regulation of osteoblast-specific transcription factor Osterix. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Hdac9 is a novel inhibitor of MAC and may represent a potential therapeutic target for MAC in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Hongjiao Yu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Forester hill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Vicky E Macrae
- The Roslin Institute, RDSVS, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
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Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH. Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082685. [PMID: 32294899 PMCID: PMC7216228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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Voelkl J, Lang F, Eckardt KU, Amann K, Kuro-O M, Pasch A, Pieske B, Alesutan I. Signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2077-2091. [PMID: 30887097 PMCID: PMC6502780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification has emerged as a putative key factor contributing to the excessive cardiovascular mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperphosphatemia is considered a decisive determinant of vascular calcification in CKD. A critical role in initiation and progression of vascular calcification during elevated phosphate conditions is attributed to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are able to change their phenotype into osteo-/chondroblasts-like cells. These transdifferentiated VSMCs actively promote calcification in the medial layer of the arteries by producing a local pro-calcifying environment as well as nidus sites for precipitation of calcium and phosphate and growth of calcium phosphate crystals. Elevated extracellular phosphate induces osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs through complex intracellular signaling pathways, which are still incompletely understood. The present review addresses critical intracellular pathways controlling osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and, thus, vascular calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Elucidating these pathways holds a significant promise to open novel therapeutic opportunities counteracting the progression of vascular calcification in CKD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Phosphates/chemistry
- Calcium Phosphates/metabolism
- Cell Transdifferentiation
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hyperphosphatemia/complications
- Hyperphosphatemia/genetics
- Hyperphosphatemia/metabolism
- Hyperphosphatemia/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- RANK Ligand/genetics
- RANK Ligand/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/genetics
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Calcification/complications
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Voelkl
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Calciscon AG, Aarbergstrasse 5, 2560, Nidau-Biel, Switzerland
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Chen S, Chen H, Yu C, Lu R, Song T, Wang X, Tang W, Gao Y. Long noncoding RNA myocardial infarction associated transcript promotes the development of thoracic aortic by targeting microRNA-145 via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14405-14413. [PMID: 30989723 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of our study was to investigate the roles and molecular basis of long noncoding RNA myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) in the development of thoracic aortic aneurysm. RT-qPCR assay was performed to measure the expressions of MIAT, microRNA-145 (miR-145), along with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl messenger RNAs. Western blot assay was conducted to determine protein levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), and total Akt (t-Akt). Cell viability was detected by the (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The relationship of MIAT and miR-145 was examined by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. MIAT expression was significantly increased, and miR-145 expression was markedly reduced in thoracic aortic aneurysms compared with normal thoracic aortic tissues. MIAT overexpression or miR-145 depletion improved cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (h-VSMCs). Further exploration revealed that MIAT could inhibit miR-145 expression by direct interaction. And miR-145 upregulation abrogated MIAT-induced viability increase and apoptosis inhibition in h-VSMCs. Moreover, MIAT inhibited the activation of Akt signaling, while this effect was abated by miR-145 overexpression in h-VSMCs. The inhibition of the Akt pathway by MK-22062HCl resulted in the reduction of cell viability and the increase of cell apoptotic activity in h-VSMCs. Akt activation by HY-18749 improved cell viability and suppressed cell apoptosis in h-VSMCs. And the introduction of HY-18749 raised cell viability and curbed cell apoptosis in h-VSMCs cotransfected with MIAT overexpression plasmid and miR-145 mimic. lncRNA-MIAT could target miR-145 to affect the viability and apoptosis of h-VSMCs, which was implicated in the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Bengbu First People's Hospital, Bengbu, China
| | - Chaowen Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaogao Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wenbo Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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13
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Peng J, He X, Zhang L, Liu P. MicroRNA‑26a protects vascular smooth muscle cells against H2O2‑induced injury through activation of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1367-1378. [PMID: 29956734 PMCID: PMC6089772 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease, which is characterized by the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In previous years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with AAA and functionally implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, the role of miRNAs in the apoptosis of VSMCs remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to elucidate the role and mechanism of miRNAs in protecting against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in VSMCs. The expression of miRNAs in peripheral blood from patients diagnosed with AAA was analyzed using a microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A VSMC injury model induced by H2O2 was used to determine the potential role of miR-26a against cell injury. Cell viability, cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined by a CCK8 assay, flow cytometry and a 2′,7′-DCF diacetate assay, respectively. It was observed that miRNA (miR)-26a (miR-26a-1-5p) was significantly downregulated in peripheral blood samples from patients with AAA. It was revealed that H2O2 treatment dose-dependently inhibited cell viability, enhanced apoptosis and induced the production of ROS, which indicated the success of the model establishment. It was also observed that miR-26a was downregulated in the VSMCs following H2O2 stimulation. The upregulation of miR-26a attenuated H2O2-induced cell injury, as evidenced by the enhancement of cell viability, and inhibition of the activity of caspase-3, apoptosis and ROS production. In addition, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a well-known regulator of the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, was found to be a direct target of miR-26a in the VSMCs and this was validated using a luciferase reporter assay. Overexpression of PTEN by pcDNA-PTEN plasmids markedly eliminated the protective effects of the overexpression of miR-26a on H2O2-induced cell injury. Finally, it was found that miR-26a mediated its anti-apoptotic action by reactivation of the AKT/mTOR pathway, as demonstrated by the upregulation of phosphorylated (p-)AKT and p-mTOR, and the Akt inhibitor API-2 reversing the protective effects on VSMCs mediated by miR-26a. These results indicated that miR-26a protected VSMCs against H2O2-induced injury through activation of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway, and miR-26a may be considered as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in the treatment of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlu Peng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xinqi He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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14
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Hirschi KM, Chapman S, Hall P, Ostergar A, Winden DR, Reynolds PR, Arroyo JA. Gas6 protein induces invasion and reduces inflammatory cytokines in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:748-754. [PMID: 29856094 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas6 protein is involved in the progression of cancers and has been demonstrated to have a role in inflammation. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common form of oral cancer, and it commonly expresses Gas6. Our objective was to determine the effects of Gas6 on oral squamous cell carcinoma invasion and identify signaling molecules and cytokines associated with Gas6-mediated invasion. METHODS Ca9-22 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of Gas6. Real-time cell invasion was evaluated, and cultured cells were lysed for Western blot analysis. Cell medium was collected and assayed for cytokine elaboration. RESULTS Treatment of cells with Gas6 resulted in: (i) increased invasion, (ii) increased expression of Gas6 and AXL receptor, (iii) reduced invasion when AXL was inhibited, (iv) decreased ERK activation, (v) increased AKT activation, and (vi) decreased secretion of G-CSF, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS Gas6 increases invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and the invasion correlates with the increased AKT and the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results may prove useful in providing avenues that explain the role of Gas6 in the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Hirschi
- Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Steven Chapman
- Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Parker Hall
- Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Adam Ostergar
- Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Duane R Winden
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Juan A Arroyo
- Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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15
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Zhang S, Xu J, Feng Y, Zhang J, Cui L, Zhang H, Bai Y. Extracellular acidosis suppresses calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting calcium influx via L-type calcium channels. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 40:370-377. [PMID: 29420074 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1384482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification such as arteriosclerosis, which is characterized by a calcification of the tunica media, is a severe complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to the high prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. An essential step during the development of arteriosclerosis is the transdifferentiation/calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), resembling osteogenesis. Metabolic acidosis, a common clinical manifestation in CKD, is known to decrease vascular calcification. To understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms of acidosis, we investigated whether the acidosis-decreased VSMC calcification involves altered signaling of the LTCC/Ca2+/Runx2 pathway. Vascular calcifications, calcium content, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), L-type calcium channel (LTCC) β3 subunits, and calcium influx were measured in vivo or in vitro. Calcified nodules and calcium content increased either in aorta sections of vascular calcified rats or in VSMCs induced by β-GP. The expression of Runx2 and ALP activity markedly rose, accompanied by the increasing expression of LTCC β3 subunits and calcium influx. However, acidosis supplementation successfully attenuated VC and VSMC calcification and inhibited Runx2, ALP, LTCC β3 subunits, and calcium influx. In conclusion, acidosis significantly attenuated vascular calcification in association with downregulation of the LTCC/Ca2+/Runx2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglei Zhang
- a Departments of Nephrology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Xu
- a Departments of Nephrology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P. R. China
| | - Yu Feng
- a Departments of Nephrology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P. R. China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- a Departments of Nephrology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P. R. China
| | - Liwen Cui
- a Departments of Nephrology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P. R. China
| | - Huiran Zhang
- a Departments of Nephrology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P. R. China
| | - Yaling Bai
- a Departments of Nephrology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P. R. China
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16
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The inhibitory effect of Isoliquiritigenin on the proliferation of human arterial smooth muscle cell. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:57. [PMID: 28716056 PMCID: PMC5512881 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) has various biological activities including as antioxidant and an inhibitor of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. However, both oxidative stress and activated PI3K/AKT signaling contribute to the aberrant proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This study is aimed to explore the effect of ISL on the proliferation of human arterial smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS BrdU incorporation, cell cycle and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal or ISL treated HASMCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell viablity was measured by CCK-8. Protein expression levels were examined by Western blot, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was detected by using commercial kit. RESULTS We observed that ISL could inhibit the proliferation of HASMCs in a dose and time dependent manner. Cell cycle of ISL treated HASMCs arrested mainly in G1/S phase and accompanied with elevated expression of p27 and decreased expression of CyclinD1 and CyclinE. In addition, ISL could down-regulated the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT, alleviated oxidative stress and enhanced the SOD activity in HASMCs. Furthermore, H2O2 treatment partly improved cell viability and up regulated p-PI3K and p-AKT in HASMCs. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we concluded that ISL inhibited the proliferation of HASMCs via attenuating oxidative stress and suppressing PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The inhibitory effect of ISL on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, at least partly, was mediated by ROS.
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