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Gao Y, Zhang Y, Liu X. Rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenesis and therapeutic advances. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e509. [PMID: 38469546 PMCID: PMC10925489 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the unresolved synovial inflammation for tissues-destructive consequence, which remains one of significant causes of disability and labor loss, affecting about 0.2-1% global population. Although treatments with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are effective to control inflammation and decrease bone destruction, the overall remission rates of RA still stay at a low level. Therefore, uncovering the pathogenesis of RA and expediting clinical transformation are imminently in need. Here, we summarize the immunological basis, inflammatory pathways, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and metabolic disorders in RA, with highlights on the abnormality of immune cells atlas, epigenetics, and immunometabolism. Besides an overview of first-line medications including conventional DMARDs, biologics, and small molecule agents, we discuss in depth promising targeted therapies under clinical or preclinical trials, especially epigenetic and metabolic regulators. Additionally, prospects on precision medicine based on synovial biopsy or RNA-sequencing and cell therapies of mesenchymal stem cells or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell are also looked forward. The advancements of pathogenesis and innovations of therapies in RA accelerates the progress of RA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of RheumatologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunkai Zhang
- Naval Medical CenterNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xingguang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & InflammationNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Pathogen BiologyNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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Lei Q, Yang J, Li L, Zhao N, Lu C, Lu A, He X. Lipid metabolism and rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190607. [PMID: 37325667 PMCID: PMC10264672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As a chronic progressive autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by mainly damaging the synovium of peripheral joints and causing joint destruction and early disability. RA is also associated with a high incidence rate and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Recently, the relationship between lipid metabolism and RA has gradually attracted attention. Plasma lipid changes in RA patients are often detected in clinical tests, the systemic inflammatory status and drug treatment of RA patients can interact with the metabolic level of the body. With the development of lipid metabolomics, the changes of lipid small molecules and potential metabolic pathways have been gradually discovered, which makes the lipid metabolism of RA patients or the systemic changes of lipid metabolism after treatment more and more comprehensive. This article reviews the lipid level of RA patients, as well as the relationship between inflammation, joint destruction, cardiovascular disease, and lipid level. In addition, this review describes the effect of anti-rheumatic drugs or dietary intervention on the lipid profile of RA patients to better understand RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shanghai GuangHua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Petean IBF, Silva-Sousa AC, da Silva RAB, Lucisano MP, da Silva LAB, de Castro GPA, Sousa-Neto MD, Faccioli LH, Paula-Silva FWG. Systemic inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by MK-886 exacerbates apical periodontitis bone loss in a mouse model. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:11. [PMID: 36624436 PMCID: PMC9830793 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate if 5-LO selective inhibitor (MK-886) could be used for systemic treatment of experimentally induced apical periodontitis in a mouse model. METHODS Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were used. After coronal opening, a solution containing Escherichia coli LPS (1.0 µg/µL) was inoculated into the root canals of the lower and upper right first molars (n = 72 teeth). After 30 days apical periodontitis was established, and the animals were treated with MK-886 (5 mg/kg), a 5-LO inhibitor, for 7 and 14 days. The tissues were removed for histopathological and histometric analyses, evaluation of osteoclast number and gene expression for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (Tnfrsf11a), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Tnfsf11), osteoprotegerin (Tnfrsf11b), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Acp5), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp9), cathepsin K (Ctsk) and calcitonin receptor (Calcr). Statistical data analysis was performed using Kruskal Wallis followed by Dunn's tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS Administration of MK-886 for 7 days exerted no effect on apical periodontitis progression compared to LPS inoculation without treatment (p = 0.3549), while treatment for 14 days exacerbated bone loss (p < 0.0001). Administration of MK-886 enhanced osteoclastogenesis signaling and osteoclast formation within 7 days (p = 0.0005), but exerted no effect at 14 days (p > 0.9999). After 7 days of treatment, MK-886 induced mRNA expression for Acp5 (p = 0.0001), Calcr (p = 0.0003), Mmp9 (p = 0.0005) and Ctsk (p = 0.0008), however no effect in those gene expression was observed after 14 days (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Systemic treatment with MK-886 exacerbated LPS-induced apical periodontitis in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bassi Ferreira Petean
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alice Corrêa Silva-Sousa
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Guilherme Piedade Assed de Castro
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
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Lorencetti-Silva F, Arnez MFM, Thomé JPDQ, de Carvalho MS, de Carvalho FK, de Queiroz AM, Faccioli LH, Paula-Silva FWG. Leukotriene B4 Loaded in Microspheres Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:35-45. [PMID: 36287497 PMCID: PMC9645171 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate osteoclast formation in vivo and if leukotriene B4 (LTB4) loaded in microspheres (MS) could be used as a therapeutical strategy to promote a sustained delivery of the mediator and prevent osteoclast differentiation. Methods: In vivo, apical periodontitis was induced in mice to investigate osteoclast differentiation and signaling in absence of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). In vitro, LTB4-MS were prepared using an oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation process. Characterization and efficiency of LTB4 encapsulation were investigated. J774A.1 macrophages were cultured in the presence of monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANKL) and then stimulated with LTB4-MS. Cytotoxicity, in vitro MS-LTB4 uptake, osteoclast formation and gene expression were measured. Results: We found that 5-LO negatively regulates osteoclastic formation in vivo during apical periodontitis development. In vitro, LTB4-MS were up-taken by macrophages and were not cytotoxic to the cells. LTB4-MS inhibited osteoclast formation and the synthesis of osteoclastogenic genes Acp5, Mmp9, Calcr and Ctsk. LTB4-MS inhibited differentiation of macrophages into an osteoclastic phenotype and cell activation under M-CSF and RANKL stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Lorencetti-Silva
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil., Universidade de Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Maya Fernanda Manfrin Arnez
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Pedro de Queiroz Thomé
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil., Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde de Barretos Dr. Paulo Prata, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Santos de Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fabrício Kitazono de Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandra Mussolino de Queiroz
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cao J, Zhou MX, Chen X, Sun M, Wei C, Peng Q, Cheng Z, Sun W, Wang H. Sec-O-Glucosylhamaudol Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Repressing 5-LO and AKT/GSK3β Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880988. [PMID: 35558084 PMCID: PMC9087042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec-O-glucosylhamaudol (SOG), an active flavonoid compound derived from the root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Schischk., exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and high 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitory effects. However, its effect on osteoclastogenesis was unclear. We demonstrated that SOG markedly attenuated RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, F-actin ring formation, and mineral resorption by reducing the induction of key transcription factors NFATc1, c-Fos, and their target genes such as TRAP, CTSK, and DC-STAMP during osteoclastogenesis. Western blotting showed that SOG significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β at the middle–late stage of osteoclastogenesis without altering calcineurin catalytic subunit protein phosphatase-2β-Aα expression. Moreover, GSK3β inhibitor SB415286 partially reversed SOG-induced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, suggesting that SOG inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by activating GSK3β, at least in part. 5-LO gene silencing by small interfering RNA in mouse bone marrow macrophages markedly reduced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting NFATc1. However, it did not affect the phosphorylation of AKT or GSK3β, indicating that SOG exerts its inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis by suppressing both the independent 5-LO pathway and AKT-mediated GSK3β inactivation. In support of this, SOG significantly improved bone destruction in a lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of bone loss. Taken together, these results suggest a potential therapeutic effect for SOG on osteoclast-related bone lysis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Cao
- Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xue Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Ruikang Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menglu Sun
- Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congmin Wei
- Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qisheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhou Cheng
- Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Lopes DEM, Jabr CL, Dejani NN, Saraiva AC, de Aquino SG, Medeiros AI, Rossa Junior C. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase attenuates inflammation and BONE resorption in lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2017; 89:235-245. [PMID: 29381190 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity and increased leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production have been implicated in various inflammatory conditions. Increased production of leukotrienes has been associated with periodontal diseases; however, their relative contribution to tissue destruction is unknown. In this study, an orally active specific 5-LO inhibitor is used to assess its role in inflammation and bone resorption in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontal disease. METHODS Periodontal disease was induced in Balb/c mice by direct injections of LPS into the palatal gingival tissues adjacent to the maxillary first molars three times per week for 4 weeks. Animals were treated with biochemical inhibitor (2 mg/kg/daily) or the same volume of the vehicle by oral gavage. Microcomputed tomography analysis was used to assess bone resorption. Enzyme immunoassay determined LTB4, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays quantified tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 in gingival tissues. Histologic sections were used for the morphometric analysis (number of neutrophils and mononuclear cells). Osteoclasts were counted in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections. RESULTS Administration of 5-LO inhibitor effectively reduced production of LTB4 (23.7% decrease) and significantly reduced TNF and IL-12 levels in gingival tissues. Moreover, reduction of LTB4 levels in gingival tissues was associated with a significant decrease in bone resorption and a marked reduction in number of osteoclasts and inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION 5-LO activity plays a relevant role in inflammation and bone resorption associated with the LPS model of experimental periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora E M Lopes
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila L Jabr
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara N Dejani
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Amanda C Saraiva
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Sabrina G de Aquino
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Carlos Rossa Junior
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lipid mediators of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015; 29:741-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yousefi B, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G, Hajighasemi F, Mirshafiey A. The role of leukotrienes in immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 24:225-35. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.854056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Impact of docosahexaenoic acid on gene expression during osteoclastogenesis in vitro--a comprehensive analysis. Nutrients 2013; 5:3151-62. [PMID: 23945674 PMCID: PMC3775247 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are known to protect against inflammation-induced bone loss in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis and osteoporosis. We previously reported that DHA, not EPA, inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL) in vitro. In this study, we performed gene expression analysis using microarrays to identify genes affected by the DHA treatment during osteoclastogenesis. DHA strongly inhibited osteoclastogenesis at the late stage. Among the genes upregulated by the sRANKL treatment, 4779 genes were downregulated by DHA and upregulated by the EPA treatment. Gene ontology analysis identified sets of genes related to cell motility, cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling and cell morphogenesis. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that DC-STAMP, an essential gene for the cell fusion process in osteoclastogenesis, and other osteoclast-related genes, such as Siglec-15, Tspan7 and Mst1r, were inhibited by DHA.
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Kim Y, Kelly OJ, Ilich JZ. Synergism of α-linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and calcium in decreasing adipocyte and increasing osteoblast cell growth. Lipids 2013; 48:787-802. [PMID: 23757205 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whole fat milk and dairy products (although providing more energy compared to low- or non-fat products), are good sources of α-linolenic acid (ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and calcium, which may be favorable in modulating bone and adipose tissue metabolism. We examined individual and/or synergistic effects of ALA, CLA and calcium (at levels similar to those in whole milk/dairy products) in regulating bone and adipose cell growth. ST2 stromal, MC3T3-L1 adipocyte-like and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were treated with: (a) linoleic acid (LNA):ALA ratios = 1-5:1; (b) individual/combined 80-90 % c9, t11 (9,11) and 5-10 % t10, c12 (10,12) CLA isomers; (c) 0.5-3.0 mM calcium; (d) combinations of (a), (b), (c); and (e) control. Local mediators, including eicosanoids and growth factors, were measured. (a) The optimal effect was found at the 4:1 LNA:ALA ratio where insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) production was the lowest in MC3T3-L1 cells. (b) All CLA isomer blends decreased MC3T3-L1 and increased MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. (c) 1.5-2.5 mM calcium increased ST2 and MC3T3-E1, and decreased MC3T3-L1 cell proliferation. (d) Combination of 4:1 LNA:ALA + 90:10 % CLA + 2.0 mM calcium lowered MC3T3-L1 and increased MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Overall, the optimal LNA:ALA ratio to enhance osteoblastogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis was 4:1. This effect was enhanced by 90:10 % CLA + 2.0 mM calcium, indicating possible synergism of these dietary factors in promoting osteoblast and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Kim
- Bayer CropScience Ltd., Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-979, South Korea
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Yousefi B, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G, Hajighasemi F, Mirshafiey A. The role of leukotrienes in immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2013. [PMID: 23529572 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-013-0861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of joints for which there is no strict cure. However, conventional medications can reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and slow joint damage. Leukotrienes are a family of paracrine agents derived from oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid. Synthesis of lipid mediators and subsequent induction of receptor activity are tightly regulated under normal physiological conditions, so that enzyme and/or receptor dysfunction can lead to a variety of clinical signs and symptoms of disease, such as local pain and tissue edema. In these tissues, immunocompetent cells accumulate at the site of injury, contributing to tissue damage and perpetuation of the disease process. Leukotrienes (often leukotriene B4) as potent chemotactic agents can provoke most signs and symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis by initiating, coordinating, sustaining, and amplifying the inflammatory response, through recruitment of leukocytes. A number of studies have reported that pharmacological modulation in this field can significantly attenuate clinical manifestations associated with different inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Box: 6446, 14155, Tehran, Iran
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