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de Barros DPC, Fonseca LP, Gonçalves LG, Serrano DS, Oliva A. Design and Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Poly(octamethylene suberate) Nanoparticles to Treat Skin Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:753. [PMID: 38931876 PMCID: PMC11207594 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable aliphatic polyester formulations as carriers for topical drug delivery show the potential to encapsulate structurally different therapeutic compounds. Poly(octamethylene suberate) (POS) nanoparticles (POS-NPs) were used as a matrix to encapsulate four therapeutic molecules used to treat skin disorders: caffeine (CF), quercetin (QR), hydrocortisone (HC), and adapalene (AD). Hydrophobicity and chemical structure of bioactive compounds (BCs) influenced the physicochemical stability of drug-loaded nanoparticles. The particle size of drug-loaded nanoparticles was between 254.9 nm for the CF-POS-NP and 1291.3 for QR-POS-NP. Particles had a negative charge from -27.6 mV (QR) to -49.2 mV (HC). Drug loading content for all BC-POS-NPs varies between 36.11 ± 1.48% (CF-POS-NP) and 66.66 ± 4.87% (AD-POS-NP), and their entrapment efficiency is relatively high (28.30 ± 1.81% and 99.95 ± 0.04%, respectively). Calorimetric analysis showed the appearance of polymorphism for AD- and HC-loaded systems and the drug's complete solubilisation into all nanoparticle formulations. FTIR and NMR spectra showed apparent drug incorporation into the polymer matrix of NPs. The encapsulation of BCs enhanced the antioxidative effect. The prepared POS nanoparticles' cytotoxicity was studied using two dermal cell lines, keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and fibroblasts (HDFn). The nanoparticle cytotoxic effect was more substantial on HaCaT cell lines. A reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) was successfully used to investigate the penetration of polymeric NPs. Based on permeation and histology studies, HC-POS-NPs and CF-POS-NPs were shown not to be suitable for dermal applications with the explored drug concentrations. AD presents a high permeation rate and no toxic impact on RHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana P. C. de Barros
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidad Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (L.G.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Luís P. Fonseca
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidad de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Luís G. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidad Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (L.G.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Diogo S. Serrano
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidad de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Abel Oliva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidad Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (L.G.G.); (A.O.)
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Afshari M, Kolackova M, Rosecka M, Čelakovská J, Krejsek J. Unraveling the skin; a comprehensive review of atopic dermatitis, current understanding, and approaches. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361005. [PMID: 38500882 PMCID: PMC10944924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis, also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by red pruritic skin lesions, xerosis, ichthyosis, and skin pain. Among the social impacts of atopic dermatitis are difficulties and detachment in relationships and social stigmatization. Additionally, atopic dermatitis is known to cause sleep disturbance, anxiety, hyperactivity, and depression. Although the pathological process behind atopic dermatitis is not fully known, it appears to be a combination of epidermal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation. Skin is the largest organ of the human body which acts as a mechanical barrier to toxins and UV light and a natural barrier against water loss. Both functions face significant challenges due to atopic dermatitis. The list of factors that can potentially trigger or contribute to atopic dermatitis is extensive, ranging from genetic factors, family history, dietary choices, immune triggers, and environmental factors. Consequently, prevention, early clinical diagnosis, and effective treatment may be the only resolutions to combat this burdensome disease. Ensuring safe and targeted drug delivery to the skin layers, without reaching the systemic circulation is a promising option raised by nano-delivery systems in dermatology. In this review, we explored the current understanding and approaches of atopic dermatitis and outlined a range of the most recent therapeutics and dosage forms brought by nanotechnology. This review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeina Afshari
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Martina Kolackova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Michaela Rosecka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jarmila Čelakovská
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jan Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
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Asgari S, Farasati Far B, Charmi G, Maghsoudi PH, Keihankhadiv S, Seyedhamzeh M, Kaushik AK. Chitosan-Grafted-Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam)-Decorated Fe 3O 4@SiO 2 Core-Shell Nanoformulation as an Efficient Drug Delivery System for Poorly Soluble Drugs. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5809-5827. [PMID: 38015201 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone, a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug, has limited aqueous solubility and several side effects. To address this challenge, as a proof-of-concept, this article demonstrates the development of a controlled-release drug delivery system (DDS) for hydrocortisone using chitosan-grafted poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (CS-g-PNVCL)-coated core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoformulations (NFs). Reported magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and modified with silica, PNVCL, and CS precursors to enhance the biocompatibility of DDS and drug-loading efficiency. The release rate of hydrocortisone from Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs was observed to be higher at lower pH values, and the smart polymer coating demonstrated temperature responsiveness, facilitating drug release at higher temperatures. Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs exhibited a cell viability of around 97.2 to 87.3% (5-100 μg/mL) after 24-48 h, while the hydrocortisone-NFs had a cell viability of around 93.2 to 82.3%. Our findings suggest that CS-g-PNVCL-coated Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs effectively enhance the solubility, loading capacity, and targeted delivery of poorly soluble drugs, thereby improving their therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Asgari
- School of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19585-466, Iran
| | - Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16844, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Charmi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Shadi Keihankhadiv
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mohammad Seyedhamzeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC) and Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 4513956184 Iran
| | - Ajeet Kumar Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida 33805, United States
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
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Kakkar V, Saini K, Singh KK. Challenges of current treatment and exploring the future prospects of nanoformulations for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1066-1095. [PMID: 37668937 PMCID: PMC10539427 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a predominant and deteriorating chronic inflammation of the skin, categorized by a burning sensation and eczematous lesions in diverse portions of the body. The treatment of AD is exclusively focused to limit the itching, reduce inflammation, and repair the breached barrier of the skin. Several therapeutic agents for the treatment and management of AD have been reported and are in use in clinics. However, the topical treatment of AD has been an unswerving challenge for the medical fraternity owing to the impaired skin barrier function in this chronic skin condition. To surmount the problems of conventional drug delivery systems, numerous nanotechnology-based formulations are emerging as alternative new modalities for AD. Latter enhances the bioavailability and delivery to the target disease site, improves drug permeation and therapeutic efficacy with reduced systemic and off-target side effects, and thus improves patient health and promotes compliance. This review aims to describe the various pathophysiological events involved in the occurrence of AD, current challenges in treatment, evidence of molecular markers of AD and its management, combinatorial treatment options, and the intervention of nanotechnology-based formulations for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandita Kakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Komal Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, UK
| | - Kamalinder K Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, UK.
- UCLan Research Centre for Smart Materials, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, UK.
- UCLan Research Centre for Translational Biosciences and Behaviour, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, UK.
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Terbinafine Nanohybrid: Proposing a Hydrogel Carrying Nanoparticles for Topical Release. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030841. [PMID: 36986702 PMCID: PMC10056099 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A poloxamer 407 (P407)—Casein hydrogel was chosen to carry polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying terbinafine (PCL-TBH-NP). In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) was encapsulated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which were further incorporated into a poloxamer-casein hydrogel in a different addition order to evaluate the effect of gel formation. Nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique and characterized by evaluating their physicochemical characteristics and morphology. The nanoparticles had a mean diameter of 196.7 ± 0.7 nm, PDI of 0.07, negative ζ potential (−0.713 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (>98%), and did not show cytotoxic effects in primary human keratinocytes. PCL-NP modulated terbinafine was released in artificial sweat. Rheological properties were analyzed by temperature sweep tests at different addition orders of nanoparticles into hydrogel formation. The rheological behavior of nanohybrid hydrogels showed the influence of TBH-PCL nanoparticles addition in the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and a long-term release of the nanoparticles from it.
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Wakileh W, Watanabe N, Suga K, Ikushima N, Kajimura N, Mitsuoka K, Okamoto Y, Umakoshi H. “Dispersibility and Surface Properties of Hydrocortisone-incorporated Self-Assemblies”. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Kumar P, Ashawat MS, Pandit V, Singh Verma CP, Ankalgi AD, Kumar M. Recent Trends in Nanocarriers for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis. Pharm Nanotechnol 2023; 11:397-409. [PMID: 36998138 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230330115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin condition with increasing global prevalence, almost affecting 15% to 30% of children and 5% of adults. AD results due to a complex interaction between the impaired skin barrier function, allergens, and immunological cells. Topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors in the form of creams or ointments are the mainstay of therapy, but they have low skin penetration and skin barrier repair efficiency. OBJECTIVE The above limitations of conventional dosage forms have motivated the development of nanoformulations of drugs for improved penetration and deposition in the skin for better management of AD. METHODS Databases, such as Pubmed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, were reviewed for the investigations or reviews published related to the title. RESULTS The present review discusses the advantages of nanoformulations for the management of AD. Further, it also discusses the various types of topically investigated nanoformulations, i.e., polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, cubosomes, and nanoemulsion for the management of atopic dermatitis. In addition, it also discusses advancements in nanoformulations, such as nanofibres, nanosponges, micelles, and nanoformulations embedded textiles development for the management of AD. CONCLUSION The nanoformulations of drugs can be a better alternative for the topical management of AD with enhanced skin penetration and deposition of drugs with reduced systemic side effects and better patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Kathog, Jwalamukhi, Kangra, H.P, 176031, India
| | | | - Vinay Pandit
- Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Kathog, Jwalamukhi, Kangra, H.P, 176031, India
| | | | - Amar Deep Ankalgi
- Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Kathog, Jwalamukhi, Kangra, H.P, 176031, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharshi Markendeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
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A Poly (Caprolactone)-Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Transdermal Delivery of Hydrocortisone in Treating Psoriasis Vulgaris. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132633. [PMID: 35808678 PMCID: PMC9269097 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is a common chronic disease, affecting much of the population. Hydrocortisone (HCT) is currently utilized as a PV treatment; however, it is associated with undesirable side effects. The aim of this research was to create a thermo-responsive nano-hydrogel delivery system. HCT-loaded sorbitan monostearate (SMS)-polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, encapsulated with thermo-responsive hydrogel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), were synthesized by applying the interfacial polymer-deposition method following solvent displacement. The nanoparticles’ properties were evaluated employing Differential Scanning Colorimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Zeta sizer, Ultraviolet/Visual spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity testing. The nanoparticle sizes were 110.5 nm, with polydispersity index of 0.15 and zeta potential of −58.7 mV. A drug-entrapment efficacy of 76% was attained by the HCT-loaded SMS-PCL nanoparticles and in vitro drug-release profiles showed continuous drug release over a period of 24 hrs. Keratinocyte skin cells were treated with HCT-loaded SMS-PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with CMC; the results indicated that the synthesized drug-delivery system was less toxic to the keratinocyte cells compared to HCT. The combined trials and results from the formulation of HCT-loaded SMS-PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with CMC showed evidence that this hydrogel can be utilized as a potentially invaluable formulation for transdermal drug delivery of HCT, with improved efficacy and patient conformity.
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Singh S, Behl T, Sharma N, Zahoor I, Chigurupati S, Yadav S, Rachamalla M, Sehgal A, Naved T, Arora S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Mohan S, Aleya L, Bungau S. Targeting therapeutic approaches and highlighting the potential role of nanotechnology in atopic dermatitis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32605-32630. [PMID: 35195869 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic as well as widespread skin disease which has significant influence on the life attributes of affected people and their families. Systemic immunosuppressive drugs can be utilised for effective care of disease, although they are often prescribed for rigorous disruption or disease that is complicated to manage. Therefore, topical applications of corticosteroids are considered the primary pharmacologic therapies for atopic dermatitis, and research recommends that these medications might be helpful in preventing disease flare-ups. However, topical medicine administration to deeper layers of skin is challenging because of the skin anatomic barrier that restricts deeper drug permeation, and also due to barrier function abnormalities in atopic dermatitis skin, which might result in systemic drug absorption, provoking systemic consequences. Hence, effective management of atopic dermatitis needs new, effective, safe and targeted treatments. Therefore, nanotechnology-based topical therapeutics have attracted much interest nowadays because of their tendency to increase drug diffusion and bioavailability along with enormous drug targeting potential to affected cells, and, thereby, reducing the adverse effects of medications. In this review, we mention different symptoms of atopic dermatitis, and provide an overview of the different triggering factors causing atopic dermatitis, with emphasis on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features and diagnostic, and preventive measures. This review discusses existing therapeutics for treating atopic dermatitis, and the newer approaches as well as the current classical pharmacotherapy of atopic dermatitis against new nanoparticle skin delivery systems. This review has also briefly summarised the recent patents and clinical status of therapeutic modalities for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishrat Zahoor
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicine Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shivam Yadav
- Yashraj Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Nanodelivery Strategies for Skin Diseases with Barrier Impairment: Focusing on Ceramides and Glucocorticoids. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020275. [PMID: 35055292 PMCID: PMC8779445 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The human epidermis has a characteristic lipidic composition in the stratum corneum, where ceramides play a crucial role in the skin barrier homeostasis and in water-holding capacity. Several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, exhibit a dysfunction in the lipid barrier with altered ceramide levels and increased loss of transepidermal water. Glucocorticoids are normally employed in the therapeutical management of these pathologies. However, they have shown a poor safety profile and reduced treatment efficiency. The main objective of this review is to, within the framework of the limitations of the currently available therapeutical approaches, establish the relevance of nanocarriers as a safe and efficient delivery strategy for glucocorticoids and ceramides in the topical treatment of skin disorders with barrier impairment.
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Hemrajani C, Negi P, Parashar A, Gupta G, Jha NK, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Overcoming drug delivery barriers and challenges in topical therapy of atopic dermatitis: A nanotechnological perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112633. [PMID: 35030434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disorder centered around loss of epidermal barrier function, and T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. The current understanding of disease heterogeneity and complexity, limits the rational use of existing topical, systemic therapeutic agents, but paves way for development of advanced therapeutic agents. Additionally, advanced nanocarriers that deliver therapeutics to target cells, seem to offer a promising strategy, to overcome intrinsic limitations and challenges of conventional, and traditional drug delivery systems. Ever-evolving understanding of molecular target sites and complex pathophysiology, adverse effects of current therapeutic options, inefficient disease recapitulation by existing animal models are some of the challenges that we face. Also, despite limited success in market translatibility, nanocarriers have demonstrated excellent preclinical results and have been extensively studied for AD. Detailed research on behavior of nanocarriers in different patients and tailored therapy to account for phenotypic variability of the disease are the new research avenues that we look forward to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Hemrajani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Arun Parashar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.
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Ghosalkar S, Singh P, Ravikumar P. Emerging topical drug delivery approaches for the treatment of Atopic dermatitis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:536-549. [PMID: 34935274 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing skin inflammation disease that generally affects 20% of children and 1-3% of adults. It is characterized by pruritus, inflammatory skin lesions, and skin barrier defect. The pillar treatment is topical therapies that have shown great adherence and incredible results in alleviating symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors have shown improvement in the symptoms of atopic dermatitis but have certain side effects. There is need to develop new therapies or novel drug delivery approaches which can overcome drawbacks of the conventional formulation and increase the therapeutic efficacy. AIM The scope of this review is to describe the new topical therapies including phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Janus kinase inhibitors, and nano-formulations such as nanoemulsion, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, vesicular system, and micelles. METHODS The article reviews and discusses the published literature of the topical drug delivery approaches for treatment of Atopic dermatitis. RESULTS The reported literature highlighted the benefits of novel topical formulations exhibiting targeted drug delivery, better penetration, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and overcome systemic side effects. CONCLUSION Literature indicated that the new therapies and novel drug delivery approaches found to be the therapeutically more effective in increasing the efficacy of drugs and reducing the side effects in comparison with the conventional treatments for Atopic dermatitis. This has provided a way to modify and develop more such formulations for dermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Ghosalkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Prabha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Padmini Ravikumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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Tammam SN, El Safy S, Ramadan S, Arjune S, Krakor E, Mathur S. Repurpose but also (nano)-reformulate! The potential role of nanomedicine in the battle against SARS-CoV2. J Control Release 2021; 337:258-284. [PMID: 34293319 PMCID: PMC8289726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has taken the world by surprise. To date, a worldwide approved treatment remains lacking and hence in the context of rapid viral spread and the growing need for rapid action, drug repurposing has emerged as one of the frontline strategies in the battle against SARS-CoV2. Repurposed drugs currently being evaluated against COVID-19 either tackle the replication and spread of SARS-CoV2 or they aim at controlling hyper-inflammation and the rampaged immune response in severe disease. In both cases, the target for such drugs resides in the lungs, at least during the period where treatment could still provide substantial clinical benefit to the patient. Yet, most of these drugs are administered systemically, questioning the percentage of administered drug that actually reaches the lung and as a consequence, the distribution of the remainder of the dose to off target sites. Inhalation therapy should allow higher concentrations of the drug in the lungs and lower concentrations systemically, hence providing a stronger, more localized action, with reduced adverse effects. Therefore, the nano-reformulation of the repurposed drugs for inhalation is a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to lungs. In this review, we critically analyze, what nanomedicine could and ought to do in the battle against SARS-CoV2. We start by a brief description of SARS-CoV2 structure and pathogenicity and move on to discuss the current limitations of repurposed antiviral and immune-modulating drugs that are being clinically investigated against COVID-19. This account focuses on how nanomedicine could address limitations of current therapeutics, enhancing the efficacy, specificity and safety of such drugs. With the appearance of new variants of SARS-CoV2 and the potential implication on the efficacy of vaccines and diagnostics, the presence of an effective therapeutic solution is inevitable and could be potentially achieved via nano-reformulation. The presence of an inhaled nano-platform capable of delivering antiviral or immunomodulatory drugs should be available as part of the repertoire in the fight against current and future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma N. Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - Sara El Safy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahenda Ramadan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sita Arjune
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Krakor
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, , University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, , University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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Shetty K, Sherje AP. Nano intervention in topical delivery of corticosteroid for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis-a systematic review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:88. [PMID: 34331599 PMCID: PMC8325647 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are highly prevalent, complex, chronic inflammatory skin diseases that immensly affect the patient's quality of life. While there is no definitive cure for these conditions, suppressive medications aim at managing the symptoms of these diseases. The application of emollients accompanied by symptomatic anti-inflammatory therapy consisting of topical corticosteroids (TCS) is extensively employed for controlling the symptoms among general practitioners making this therapeutic class an indispensable pillar of dermatotherapeutics. The first TCS, hydrocortisone (HC) introduced in the early 1950s led to the development of different steroidal moieties of varying potencies by inducing chemical modifications to the basic steroid structure. The wide spectrum of the available range of formulations and potency provides flexibility to treat all patient groups, different phases of the diseases, and different anatomical sites. Conventional TCS therapy suffers from drawbacks such as low drug permeation and retention rate. Thus, novel nanoformulations have been developed to overcome these problems. This review provides an insight into the current state of nanocarrier-mediated topical delivery of corticosteroids monotherapy and combination therapy with special emphasis on targeting psoriasis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitya Shetty
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Atul P Sherje
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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15
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Skin penetration/permeation success determinants of nanocarriers: Pursuit of a perfect formulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111748. [PMID: 33853001 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The advent of nanocarriers in the field of pharmaceutical drug delivery, while exhibiting considerable advantages, has created challenges for researchers. Among the applications of nanocarriers, drug delivery to the skin has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to its advantages over oral and parenteral administration. Accordingly, this work attempts to discuss the major obstacles surrounding topically applied formulations and different nanocarriers' potential to overcome these barriers to investigate whether their passive penetration through the skin is likely. Therefore, skin anatomical views and transcutaneous pathways are briefly reviewed. Factors commonly thought to influence skin penetration are discussed from the perspective of particularly penetrating nanocarriers. The formulation of these nanocarriers is outlined, and promising constituents are highlighted to help investigators optimize nanocarrier formulations.
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Bhat M, Pukale S, Singh S, Mittal A, Chitkara D. Nano-enabled topical delivery of anti-psoriatic small molecules. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Polymers in topical delivery of anti-psoriatic medications and other topical agents in overcoming the barriers of conventional treatment strategies. Prog Biomater 2021; 10:1-17. [PMID: 33738750 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-021-00154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, topical treatments to dermal disorders have shown ineffectiveness in delivering the medication at a particular location without a suitable drug carrier. Psoriasis treatment is hindered because of the ineffective delivery and efficacy of conventional pharmaceutical treatment. In conventional medication formulation approach, it is difficult to breach the transdermal layer of a skin membrane for topical drugs, i.e. cyclosporine, methotrexate. This problem is further complicated by extreme disease-associated conditions such as hyperkeratosis and irritation. Intending to assure better drug delivery carriers, this review emphasizes the therapeutic efficacy of polymers and their potential to deliver the drug into the deeper layer of the skin membrane. The polymers are essential in structural and physiochemical perspectives as it works as a carrier for the medication. A vast variety of delivery carriers is available nowadays but their applicability in such dermal cases like psoriasis is still lacking due to less knowledge on an appropriate polymer. The current investigation of suitable polymer would assist in brushing our expertise to optimize the advantages of a wide spectrum of polymers to fulfill the topical targeting of psoriasis.
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Parekh K, Mehta TA, Dhas N, Kumar P, Popat A. Emerging Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:55. [PMID: 33486609 PMCID: PMC7828097 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the prevalence of Atopic dermatitis (AD) is significantly increasing and affecting around 20% of population including children. Complex interactions amongst abnormality in epidermal barrier function, environment, infectious agents and immunological defects are considered as key factors in the pathogenesis of AD. Although the role of oxidative stress has been studied in some skin diseases, investigation of the same in AD is intermittent. Calcineurin inhibitors and/or topical corticosteroids are currently available; however, it causes atrophy of the skin, burning sensation, and systemic side effects which leads to poor patient compliance. These limitations provoke the strong need to develop an innovative approach in managing AD. Nanomaterials for effective drug delivery to skin conditions such as AD have attracted a lot of attention owing to its ability to encapsulate, protect, and release the cargo at the diseased skin site. However, there are lots of unmet challenges especially in terms of development of non-toxic formulations and clinical translation of established nanomedicines in the form of accessible products. Numerous formulations have emerged as carrier for poorly soluble and permeable drugs, viz., lipidic, polymeric, metal, silica, liposomes, hydrocarbon gels and this field is evolving. This review is intended to provide an insight incidences associated with pathophysiology of AD and challenges with existing treatments of AD. Focus is kept on reviewing current development and emerging nanomedicines for effective treatment of AD. The review also inculcates merits of several nanomedicines in overcoming challenges of existing products and its future implications.
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Rahbari R, Ichim I, Bamsey R, Burridge J, Guy OJ, Bolodeoku J, Graz M. Characterisation of Drug Delivery Efficacy Using Microstructure-Assisted Application of a Range of APIs. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1213. [PMID: 33333795 PMCID: PMC7765163 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer-based solid microstructures (MSts) have the potential to significantly increase the quantity and range of drugs that can be administered across the skin. MSt arrays are used to demonstrate their capacity to bypass the skin barrier and enhance permeability by creating microchannels through the stratum corneum, in a minimally invasive manner. This study is designed to demonstrate the ability of MSts to exceed the current boundaries for transdermal delivery of compounds with different molecular weights, partition coefficients, acid dissociation constants, melting points, and water solubilities. In vitro permeation of a range of selected molecules, including acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin), galantamine, selegiline hydrochloride (Sel-HCl), insulin, caffeine, hydrocortisone (HC), hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt (HC-HS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied across excised porcine skin with and without poke and patch application of MSts. Permeation of the molecules was monitored using Franz diffusion cells over 24 h. MSts significantly increased the permeation of all selected molecules up to 40 times, compared to topical applications of the molecules without MSts. The greatest increase in permeation was observed for caffeine with 70 ± 8% permeation and the lowest enhancement was observed for HC with a 2.4 ± 1.3% increase in permeation. The highest obtained flux was BSA (8133 ± 1365 μg/cm2/h) and the lowest flux observed for HC (11 ± 4 μg/cm2/h). BSA and HC also showed the highest (16,275 ± 3078 μg) and the lowest (73 ± 47 μg) permeation amount after 24 h respectively. MSt-treated skin exhibits greatly increased permeation. The molecule parameters (size, acid dissociation constant, partition coefficient and solubility)-traditional hurdles associated with passive diffusion through intact skin-are overcome using MSt skin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Rahbari
- Singleton Campus, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Innoture Ltd., Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (I.I.); (R.B.); (J.B.); (J.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Ionut Ichim
- Singleton Campus, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Innoture Ltd., Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (I.I.); (R.B.); (J.B.); (J.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Ryan Bamsey
- Singleton Campus, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Innoture Ltd., Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (I.I.); (R.B.); (J.B.); (J.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Jemma Burridge
- Singleton Campus, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Innoture Ltd., Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (I.I.); (R.B.); (J.B.); (J.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Owen J. Guy
- Chemistry Department, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - John Bolodeoku
- Singleton Campus, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Innoture Ltd., Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (I.I.); (R.B.); (J.B.); (J.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Graz
- Singleton Campus, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Innoture Ltd., Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (I.I.); (R.B.); (J.B.); (J.B.); (M.G.)
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Fereig SA, El-Zaafarany GM, Arafa MG, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA. Tackling the various classes of nano-therapeutics employed in topical therapy of psoriasis. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:662-680. [PMID: 32393082 PMCID: PMC7269080 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1754527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a dermatological chronic skin condition with underlying autoimmune etiology. It deeply affects patients' quality of life. Therefore, it was an interesting target for researchers throughout the past years. Conventionally, the treatment options include anti-inflammatory agents, immune suppressants, biologic treatment, and phototherapy. Nanotechnology offers promising characteristics that allow for tailoring a drug carrier to achieve dermal targeting, improved efficacy and minimize undesirable effects. Being the safest route, the first line of treatment and a targeted approach, we solely discussed the use of the topical route, combined with advanced drug delivery systems for the management of psoriasis in this article. Advanced systems include polymeric, metallic, lipidic and hybrid nanocarriers incorporating different active agents. All formerly mentioned types of drug delivery systems were investigated through the past decades for the purpose of topical application on psoriatic plaques. Scientists' efforts are promising to reach an optimized formula with a convenient dosage form to improve efficacy, safety, and compliance for the treatment of psoriasis. Accordingly, it will offer a better quality of life for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A. Fereig
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Egypt
| | - Ghada M. El-Zaafarany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona G. Arafa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Egypt
- Chemotherapeutic Unit, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona M. A. Abdel-Mottaleb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Saleem S, Iqubal MK, Garg S, Ali J, Baboota S. Trends in nanotechnology-based delivery systems for dermal targeting of drugs: an enticing approach to offset psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:817-838. [PMID: 32315216 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1758665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is identified as an inflammatory, chronic, auto-immune disease requiring long-term treatment, imposing an unnecessary burden on the patient. A significant impediment for the treatment of dermatological disorders via transdermal route is the inability of drug molecules to cross the stratum corneum (SC), as the larger size of drug molecules inhibits them to pervade into the skin, thus hampering their absorption. Some drugs exhibit systemic side-effects, which curbs patient compliance, resulting in treatment discontinuation. AREAS COVERED This review aims to describe the detailed study such as demographic status, molecular factors of psoriasis, treatment with emerging combination therapy and role of nanotechnology tools in the treatment of psoriasis. EXPERT OPINION To overcome problems related to the conventional drug delivery system, several nanotechnology-based formulations have been devised to enhance bioavailability, drug permeation and accumulation in the skin. Nano-formulations provide better permeation, targeted delivery and enhanced efficacy, thus gaining enormous popularity for cutaneous disorders. This pervasive review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of the disease, its molecular targets and the available herbal, synthetic and combination treatment modalities. The review also systematizes recent works utilizing nano-carriers to improve the treatment denouement of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Saleem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Garg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia (UniSA) , Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Damiani G, Eggenhöffner R, Pigatto PDM, Bragazzi NL. Nanotechnology meets atopic dermatitis: Current solutions, challenges and future prospects. Insights and implications from a systematic review of the literature. Bioact Mater 2019; 4:380-386. [PMID: 31872162 PMCID: PMC6909150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing, non-contiguous, exudative eczema/dermatitis, which represents a complex, multi-factorial disorder, due to an impairment of the stratum corneum barrier. Currently available drugs have a low skin bioavailability and may give rise to severe adverse events. Nanotechnologies, including nano-particles, liposomes, nano-gels, nano-mixtures, nano-emulsions and other nano-carriers, offer unprecedented solutions to these issues, enabling: i) the management of different clinical forms of atopic dermatitis, especially the recalcitrant ones, i) a better bio-availability and trans-dermal drug targeted delivery at the inflammation site, ii) dose control, iii) significant improvements both in clinical symptoms and immune responses, iv) with less adverse events being reported and a better safety profile. However, some nano-sized structures could amplify and even worsen symptoms in particularly susceptible individuals. Furthermore, most studies included in the present systematic review have been conducted in-vitro or in-vivo, with few randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Future investigations should adopt this design in order to enable scholars achieving robust findings and evidence. Therefore, given the above-mentioned shortcomings, further research in the field is urgently warranted. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing eczema/dermatitis, due to an impairment of the stratum corneum barrier. Currently available drugs have a low skin bioavailability and may give rise to severe adverse events. Nanotechnologies offer unprecedented solutions, enabling the management of different clinical forms of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Damiani
- Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Young Dermatologists Italian Network, Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberto Eggenhöffner
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Daniele Maria Pigatto
- Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Corresponding author. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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An emerging integration between ionic liquids and nanotechnology: general uses and future prospects in drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2018; 8:461-473. [PMID: 28530146 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need to develop drug-delivery systems that overcome drawbacks such as poor drug solubility/loading/release, systemic side effects and limited stability. Ionic liquids (ILs) offer many advantages and their tailoring represents a valuable tuning tool. Nano-based systems are also prized materials that prevent drug degradation, enhance their transport/distribution and extend their release. Consequently, structures containing ILs and nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed to attain synergistic effects. This overview on the properties of ILs, NPs and of their combined structures, reveals the recent advances in these areas through a review of pertinent literature. The IL-NP structures present enhanced properties and the subsequent performance upgrade proves to be useful in drug delivery, although much is yet to be done.
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Hemati Azandaryani A, Derakhshandeh K, Arkan E. Electrospun nanobandage for hydrocortisone topical delivery as an antipsoriasis candidate. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1375493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katayoun Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elham Arkan
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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25
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Sallam MA, Marín Boscá MT. Mechanistic Analysis of Human Skin Distribution and Follicular Targeting of Adapalene-Loaded Biodegradable Nanospheres With an Insight Into Hydrogel Matrix Influence, In Vitro Skin Irritation, and In Vivo Tolerability. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3140-3149. [PMID: 28603018 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at the development of a biocompatible, non-oily nanomedicine for follicular delivery of adapalene (AD) ameliorating its irritation potential for convenient localized topical treatment of acne vulgaris. AD was efficiently incorporated into poly-ε-caprolactone nanospheres (NS) with an encapsulation efficiency of 84.73% ± 1.52%, a particle size of 107.5 ± 8.19 nm, and zeta potential of -13.1 mV demonstrating a sustained-release behavior. The AD-NS were embedded in either hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or hyaluronate (HA) gel. The ex vivo human skin dermatokinetics of AD from each system was studied. The nanoparticles dispersion showed significantly higher AD retention in the epidermis and dermis than AD suspension. NS-HPMC decreased whereas NS-HA increased AD retained in all the skin layers. The fate of the NS and the role of the hydrogel in modulating skin distribution was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging of fluorescently labeled NS. CLSM illustrated follicular localization of the florescent NS. HPMC gel restricted the presence of NS to the stratum corneum and epidermis. HA gel enhanced the penetration of NS to all the skin layers. In vitro skin irritation using human dermal fibroblasts and in vivo animal tolerability studies were performed. Accordingly, HA gel-dispersed AD-NS presented a nonirritant compromised cosmeceutical formulation suitable for oily acneic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ahmed Sallam
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - María Teresa Marín Boscá
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Granada University, Granada, Spain
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26
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Exploring preclinical and clinical effectiveness of nanoformulations in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: Safety aspects and patent reviews. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Shi C, Liu P, He Y, Liu Y, Feng X, Fu D. Drug-loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres as treatment for allergic contact dermatitis in mice model. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911517690759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin disease and the current treatment always along with frequent medication and side effect. In this research, poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) microspheres encapsulating tacrolimus are first employed as a therapy of allergic contact dermatitis in mice model by subcutaneous injection. Allergic contact dermatitis is successfully induced in BALB/c mice by repeated painting of dinitrofluorobenzene on mice ear. Tacrolimus is efficiently encapsulated into poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) microspheres by emulsion evaporation method, and then the microspheres are subcutaneously injected into dermatitis-suffered BALB/c mice. We find that the dermatitis mice treated with tacrolimus-loaded microspheres get a sustained suppression on ear swelling, dermatitis index, inflammatory cell accumulation, and serum immunoglobulin E concentration. The curative effect of tacrolimus-loaded microspheres is similar to daily tacrolimus injection and is even better in the inhibition of ear swelling. Dermatitis mice treated with blank microspheres get no curative effect during the whole experiment. The data suggest that subcutaneous injection of drug-loaded microspheres could be a potential candidate for the management of allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yongwei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dehao Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, P.R. China
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Janas C, Mast MP, Kirsamer L, Angioni C, Gao F, Mäntele W, Dressman J, Wacker MG. The dispersion releaser technology is an effective method for testing drug release from nanosized drug carriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 115:73-83. [PMID: 28213179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The dispersion releaser (DR) is a dialysis-based setup for the analysis of the drug release from nanosized drug carriers. It is mounted into dissolution apparatus2 of the United States Pharmacopoeia. The present study evaluated the DR technique investigating the drug release of the model compound flurbiprofen from drug solution and from nanoformulations composed of the drug and the polymer materials poly (lactic acid), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) or Eudragit®RSPO. The drug loaded nanocarriers ranged in size between 185.9 and 273.6nm and were characterized by a monomodal size distribution (PDI<0.1). The membrane permeability constants of flurbiprofen were calculated and mathematical modeling was applied to obtain the normalized drug release profiles. For comparing the sensitivities of the DR and the dialysis bag technique, the differences in the membrane permeation rates were calculated. Finally, different formulation designs of flurbiprofen were sensitively discriminated using the DR technology. The mechanism of drug release from the nanosized carriers was analyzed by applying two mathematical models described previously, the reciprocal powered time model and the three parameter model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Janas
- Goethe University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marc-Phillip Mast
- Goethe University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Li Kirsamer
- Goethe University, Institute for Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Goethe University, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fiona Gao
- Goethe University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Werner Mäntele
- Goethe University, Institute for Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Goethe University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Goethe University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Nanosciences, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Drug nanocarrier, the future of atopic diseases: Advanced drug delivery systems and smart management of disease. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 147:475-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Goyal R, Macri LK, Kaplan HM, Kohn J. Nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 240:77-92. [PMID: 26518723 PMCID: PMC4896846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review provides the first comprehensive overview of the use of both nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery. Researchers have explored the use of nanotechnology, specifically nanoparticles and nanofibers, as drug delivery systems for topical and transdermal applications. This approach employs increased drug concentration in the carrier, in order to increase drug flux into and through the skin. Both nanoparticles and nanofibers can be used to deliver hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and are capable of controlled release for a prolonged period of time. The examples presented provide significant evidence that this area of research has - and will continue to have - a profound impact on both clinical outcomes and the development of new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Goyal
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lauren K Macri
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hilton M Kaplan
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Sala M, Elaissari A, Fessi H. Advances in psoriasis physiopathology and treatments: Up to date of mechanistic insights and perspectives of novel therapies based on innovative skin drug delivery systems (ISDDS). J Control Release 2016; 239:182-202. [PMID: 27381248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting mainly the skin but which can be complicated by psoriatic arthritis (PsA).This autoimmune skin disorder concerns 2-5% of the world population. To date, the physiopathology of psoriasis is not still completely elucidated but many researches are ongoing which have led for example to the discovery of the Th17/Th22 pathway. The conventional therapeutic approaches (local or systemic route) appeal to various classes of drugs with complex mechanisms of action and non-negligible side effects. Although there is no therapy capable to cure psoriasis, the current goal is to relieve symptoms as longer as possible with a good benefit/risk ratio. That is one of the principal limits of conventional antipsoriatic drugs. New formulations based on nanoencapsulation are a promising opportunity to answer to this limit by offering an optimization of the conventional antipsoriatic drug use (higher activity, lower side effects and frequency of application, etc.). Herein, we tried to put in perspective the mechanistic insights (histological and immunological views) proposed into scientific literature these last years in order to have a better comprehension of psoriasis physiopathology resulting in skin lesions and PsA. The therapeutic armamentarium and the different strategies in the management of psoriasis are discussed in greater details. To finish, the field of encapsulation in nanoparticles is broached in order to put forward recent advances in innovative skin drug delivery systems (ISDDSs) of antipsoriatic active agents for a better efficacy, safety and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sala
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEP-CPE-308G, 43 bd. du 11 Nov.1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Pharmacie centrale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 57, Rue Francisque Darcieux, 69563 Saint Genis Laval, France
| | - A Elaissari
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEP-CPE-308G, 43 bd. du 11 Nov.1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - H Fessi
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEP-CPE-308G, 43 bd. du 11 Nov.1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Skin transport of PEGylated poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles assisted by (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 454:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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33
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Polymeric nanoparticles modified with fatty acids encapsulating betamethasone for anti-inflammatory treatment. Int J Pharm 2015. [PMID: 26222745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Topical glucocorticosteroids were incorporated into nanocarrier-based formulations, to overcome side effects of conventional formulations and to achieve maximum skin deposition. Nanoparticulate carriers have the potential to prolong the anti-inflammatory effect and provide higher local concentration of drugs, offering a better solution for treating dermatological conditions and improving patient compliance. Nanoparticles were formulated with poly-ϵ-caprolactone as the polymeric core along with stearic acid as the fatty acid, for incorporation of betamethasone-21-acetate. Oleic acid was applied as the coating fatty acid. Improvement of the drug efficacy, and reduction in drug degradation with time in the encapsulated form was examined, while administering it locally through controlled release. Nanoparticles were spherical with mean size of 300 nm and negatively charged surface. Encapsulation efficiency was 90%. Physicochemical stability in aqueous media of the empty and loaded nanoparticles was evaluated for six months. Drug degradation was reduced compared to free drug, after encapsulation into nanoparticles, avoiding the potency decline and promoting a controlled drug release over one month. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis confirmed drug entrapment, while cytotoxicity studies performed in vitro on human keratinocytes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae models and Artemia salina, showed a dose-response relationship for nanoparticles and free drug. In all models, drug loaded nanoparticles had a greater inhibitory effect. Nanoparticles increased drug permeation into lipid membranes in vitro. Preliminary safety and permeation studies conducted on rats, showed betamethasone-21-acetate in serum after 48 h application of a gel containing nanoparticles. No skin reactions were observed. In conclusion, the developed nanoparticles may be applied as topical treatment, after encapsulation of betamethasone-21-acetate, as nanoparticles promote prolonged drug release, increase drug stability in aqueous media, reducing drug degradation, and increase drug permeability through lipid membranes.
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Feng S, Nie L, Zou P, Suo J. Drug-loaded PLGA-mPEG microparticles as treatment for atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice model. J Microencapsul 2014; 32:201-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.995727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Eroğlu İ, Azizoğlu E, Özyazıcı M, Nenni M, Gürer Orhan H, Özbal S, Tekmen I, Ertam İ, Ünal İ, Özer Ö. Effective topical delivery systems for corticosteroids: dermatological and histological evaluations. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:1502-13. [PMID: 25259424 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.960981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing skin disease with severe eczematous lesions. Long-term topical corticosteroid treatment can induce skin atrophy, hypopigmentation and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) increase. A new treatment approach was needed to reduce the risk by dermal targeting. For this purpose, Betamethasone valerate (BMV)/Diflucortolone valerate (DFV)-loaded liposomes (220-350 nm) were prepared and incorporated into chitosan gel to obtain adequate viscosity (∼13 000 cps). Drugs were localized in stratum corneum + epidermis of rat skin in ex-vivo permeation studies. The toxicity was assessed on human fibroblast cells. In point of in-vivo studies, pharmacodynamic responses, treatment efficacy and skin irritation were evaluated and compared with previously prepared nanoparticles. Liposome/nanoparticle in gel formulations produced higher paw edema inhibition in rats with respect to the commercial cream. Similar skin blanching effect with commercial creams was obtained via liposome in gels although they contain 10 times less drug. Dermatological scoring results, prognostic histological parameters and suppression of mast cell numbers showed higher treatment efficiency of liposome/nanoparticle in gel formulations in AD-induced rats. TEWL and erythema measurements confirmed these results. Overview of obtained results showed that liposomes might be an effective and safe carrier for corticosteroids in skin disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Merve Nenni
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - Hande Gürer Orhan
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - Seda Özbal
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Inciralti, Izmir , Turkey , and
| | - Işıl Tekmen
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Inciralti, Izmir , Turkey , and
| | - İlgen Ertam
- d Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - İdil Ünal
- d Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - Özgen Özer
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
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Główka E, Wosicka-Frąckowiak H, Hyla K, Stefanowska J, Jastrzębska K, Klapiszewski Ł, Jesionowski T, Cal K. Polymeric nanoparticles-embedded organogel for roxithromycin delivery to hair follicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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d'Angelo I, Conte C, Miro A, Quaglia F, Ungaro F. Core–shell nanocarriers for cancer therapy. Part I: biologically oriented design rules. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 11:283-97. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.868881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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