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Kumar B, Pandey M, Aggarwal R, Sahoo PK. A comprehensive review on invasomal carriers incorporating natural terpenes for augmented transdermal delivery. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Transdermal drug delivery is one of the most widely used drug administration routes, which offer several advantages over other routes of drug delivery. The apical layer of the skin called the stratum corneum is the most dominant obstacle in the transdermal drug delivery, which restricts the passage of drugs across the skin. Considerable strategies have been applied to enhance the rate of permeation across the epithelial cells; however, the most widely used strategy is the use of sorption boosters, also known as permeation enhancers.
Main body
Terpenes were considered as efficient skin permeation enhancers and are generally recognized as safe as per Food and Drug Administration. Terpenes improve the permeability of drugs either by destructing the stratum corneum’s tightly packed lipid framework, excessive diffusivity of drug in cell membrane or by rampant drug partitioning into epithelial cells. Various vesicular systems have been developed and utilized for the transdermal delivery of many drugs. Invasomes are one such novel vesicular system developed which are composed of phospholipids, ethanol and terpenes. The combined presence of ethanol and terpenes provides exceptional flexibility to the vesicles and improves the permeation across the barrier offered due to the stratum corneum as both ethanol and terpenes act as permeation enhancers. Therefore, utilization of invasomes as carriers to facilitate higher rate of drug permeation through the skin can be a very useful approach to improve transdermal drug delivery of a drug.
Conclusion
The paper focuses on a broad updated view of terpenes as effective permeation enhancers and invasomes along with their applications in the pharmaceutical formulations.
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Pyatski Y, Flach CR, Mendelsohn R. FT-IR investigation of Terbinafine interaction with stratum corneum constituents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183335. [PMID: 32376224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terbinafine (Tbf) is a well-established anti-fungal agent used for management of a variety of dermal conditions including ringworm and athlete's foot. Both the biochemical mechanism of Tbf fungicidal action (based on squalene epoxidase inhibition) and the target region for Tbf in vivo (the stratum corneum (SC)) are well determined. However, the biochemical and pharmacokinetic approaches used to evaluate Tbf biochemistry provide no biophysical information about molecular level physical changes in the SC upon Tbf binding. Such information is necessary for improved drug and formulation design. IR spectroscopic methods were used to evaluate the effects of Tbf on keratin structure in environments commonly used in pharmaceutics to mimic those in vivo. The Amide I and II spectral regions (1500-1700 cm-1) provided an effective means to monitor keratin secondary structure changes, while a Tbf spectral feature near 775 cm-1 provides a measure of relative Tbf levels in skin. Interaction of Tbf with the SC induced substantial β-sheet formation in the keratin, an effect which was partially reversed both by ethanol washing and by exposure to high relative humidity. The irreversibility suggests the presence of a Tbf reservoir (consistent with kinetic studies), permitting the drug to be released in a controlled manner into the surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Pyatski
- Department of Chemistry, Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Carol R Flach
- Department of Chemistry, Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Richard Mendelsohn
- Department of Chemistry, Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Chen Y, Feng X, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Zhang X. Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine Coating Enhances the Intracutaneous Drug Delivery from Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Dependently on a Follicular Pathway. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1215-1225. [PMID: 32167771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the structure and function of the mussel adhesive protein, a facile strategy involving oxidative polymerization of dopamine was proposed for surface modification of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to promote drug delivery in the skin. The formation of a polydopamine (PDA) layer rounding the surface of NLCs was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. Using terbinafine (TBF) as a model drug, the in vitro permeation study revealed that the PDA coating significantly enhanced the delivery of TBF from NLCs to the deep skin layers, where the follicular pathway played an essential role as suggested by the hair follicle blocking and differential tape stripping experiments, as well as the laser scanning confocal microscopy study by using Nile red as the fluorescent probe. The cellular investigation indicated that the PDA coating led to a higher cellular uptake of nanoparticles in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) without causing additional cytotoxicity. Using endocytic inhibitors, it was found that the lipid raft/caveolae-mediated endocytosis was strongly involved in the internalization of both the PDA modified and unmodified NLCs. Our results suggested that surface modification of NLCs with PDA coating improved the intracutaneous drug delivery mainly via the follicular pathway, which provided an avenue for the development of potential drug delivery carriers for dermal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xun Feng
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Yellow River North Street, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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4
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Fujii MY, Asakawa Y, Fukami T. Potential application of novel liquid crystal nanoparticles of isostearyl glyceryl ether for transdermal delivery of 4-biphenyl acetic acid. Int J Pharm 2020; 575:118935. [PMID: 31816353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel liquid crystal nanoparticles (LCNs) composed of isostearyl glyceryl ether (GE-IS) and ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-60) were developed for the enhanced transdermal delivery of 4-biphenyl acetic acid (BAA). The physical properties and pharmaceutical properties of the LCNs were measured. The interaction between the intercellular lipid model of the stratum corneum and the LCNs was observed to elucidate the skin permeation mechanism. In the formulation, the LCNs form niosomes with mean particles sizes of 180-300 nm. The skin absorption mechanisms of LCNs are different, depending upon the application and buffer concentration. The LCNs composed of GE-IS and HCO-60 are attractive tools for use as transdermal drug delivery systems carriers for medicines and cosmetics, due to their high efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Yoshimura Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan
| | - Yoko Asakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan.
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Sil BC, Alvarez MP, Zhang Y, Kung CP, Hossain M, Iliopoulos F, Luo L, Crowther JM, Moore DJ, Hadgraft J, Lane ME, Hilton ST. 3D-printed Franz type diffusion cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 40:604-609. [PMID: 30468516 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Franz cells are routinely used to measure in vitro skin permeation of actives and must be inert to the permeant under study. The aim of the present work was to develop and manufacture transparent Franz-type diffusion cells using 3D printing. Printouts were then tested using a range of model active compounds. The study also aims to identify the critical 3D-printing parameters necessary for the process, including object design, choice of printing resin, printout curing and post-curing settings and introduction of model coatings. METHODS Transparent Franz cells were constructed using an online computer aided design program and reproduced with different stereolithography 3D printers. The two acrylate-based resins used for the fabrication process were a commercially available product and a polymer synthesised in-house. Comparative studies between glass and 3D-printed Franz cells were conducted with selected model actives: terbinafine hydrochloride (TBF), niacinamide (NIA), diclofenac free acid (DFA) and n-methyl paraben (MPB). In preliminary studies, MPB showed the lowest recovery when exposed to the receptor compartment of 3D printed cells. Consequently, in vitro permeation studies were carried out using only MPB with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. RESULTS A decrease in the amounts of selected compounds was observed for transparent 3D-printed Franz cells compared to glass cells. MPB showed the lowest recovery (53.8 ± 13.1%) when compared with NIA (74.9 ± 4.0%), TBF (81.5 ± 12.0%) and DFA (90.2 ± 12.9%) after 72 h. Permeation studies conducted using 3D-printed transparent cells with PDMS membrane also showed a decrease in MPB recovery of 51.4 ± 3.7% for the commercial resin and 94.4 ± 3.5% for the polymer synthesised in-house, when compared to glass cells. Although hydrophobic coatings were subsequently applied to the 3D-printed cells, the same reduction in MPB concentration was observed in the receptor solution. CONCLUSION Transparent Franz cells were successfully prepared using 3D printing and were observed to be robust and leak-proof. There are few resins currently available for preparation of transparent materials and incompatibilities between the actives investigated and the 3D-printed cells were evident. Hydrophobic coatings applied as barriers to the printed materials did not prevent these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - M P Alvarez
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Y Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - C-P Kung
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - M Hossain
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - F Iliopoulos
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - L Luo
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - J M Crowther
- JMC Scientific Consulting Ltd., 135 High Street, Egham, TW20 9HL, TW8 9GS, UK
| | - D J Moore
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, Skin Health R&D, Weybridge, UK
| | - J Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - S T Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Chen Y, Feng X, Meng S. Site-specific drug delivery in the skin for the localized treatment of skin diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:847-867. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1645119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xun Feng
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengnan Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Kahraman E, Neşetoğlu N, Güngör S, Ünal DŞ, Özsoy Y. The combination of nanomicelles with terpenes for enhancement of skin drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Scalvenzi L, Grandini A, Spagnoletti A, Tacchini M, Neill D, Ballesteros JL, Sacchetti G, Guerrini A. Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (syn. M. fallax (Rich.) DC.) (Myrtaceae) Essential Oil from Amazonian Ecuador: A Chemical Characterization and Bioactivity Profile. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071163. [PMID: 28704964 PMCID: PMC6152043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed the chemical characterization of Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (Myrtaceae) essential oil from Amazonian Ecuador and the assessment of its bioactivity in terms of cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity as starting point for possible applicative uses. M. splendens essential oil, obtained by hydro-distillation, was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID): the major components were found to be trans-nerolidol (67.81%) and α-bisabolol (17.51%). Furthermore, we assessed the cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung) human tumor cell lines, and HaCaT (human keratinocytes) non-tumor cell line through 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test: promising results in terms of selectivity and efficacy against the MCF-7 cell line (IC50 of 5.59 ± 0.13 μg/mL at 48 h) were obtained, mainly due to α-bisabolol. Furthermore, antibacterial activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria were performed through High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) bioautographic assay and microdilution method: trans-nerolidol and β-cedren-9-one were the main molecules responsible for the low antibacterial effects against human pathogens. Nevertheless, interesting values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were noticeable against phytopathogen strains. Radical scavenging activity performed by HPTLC bioautographic and spectrophotometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) approaches were negligible. In conclusion, the essential oil revealed a good potential for plant defense and anti-cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalvenzi
- Department of Earth Science, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo 160106, Ecuador.
| | - Alessandro Grandini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), UR7 Terra&Acqua Tech, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Antonella Spagnoletti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), UR7 Terra&Acqua Tech, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), UR7 Terra&Acqua Tech, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - David Neill
- Department of Earth Science, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo 160106, Ecuador.
| | - José Luis Ballesteros
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito 170525, Ecuador.
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), UR7 Terra&Acqua Tech, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Guerrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), UR7 Terra&Acqua Tech, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
- Department of Life Science, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo 160106, Ecuador.
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9
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Natural Terpenes as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121709. [PMID: 27973428 PMCID: PMC6273457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest hindrance for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is the barrier property of skin, especially the stratum corneum (SC). Various methodologies have been investigated and developed to enhance the penetration of drugs through the skin. Among them, the most popular approach is the application of penetration enhancers (PEs), including natural terpenes, a very safe and effective class of PEs. In the present paper, we focused on terpenes as skin PEs for TDD. The mechanism of their action, the factors affecting their penetration enhancement effect, as well as their possible skin toxicity were discussed. Terpenes abundant in nature have great potential in the development of PEs. Compared to synthetic PEs, natural terpenes have been proved to possess higher enhancement activity. Interaction with SC intercellular lipids is the main mechanism of action for terpenes. The key factor affecting the enhancement effect is the lipophilicity of both terpenes and drug molecules. In addition, a lot of terpenes have also been proved to be much less toxic compared to azone, the classic synthetic PE. In summary, terpenes may be preferred over the chemically synthesized compounds as safe and effective PEs to promote the percutaneous absorption of drugs.
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Utsumi S, Nakamura T, Obata Y, Ohta N, Takayama K. Effect of Nerolidol and/or Levulinic Acid on the Thermotropic Behavior of Lipid Lamellar Structures in the Stratum Corneum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1692-1697. [PMID: 27904078 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Permeation enhancers are required to deliver drugs through the skin efficiently and maintain effective blood concentrations. Studies of the barrier function of the stratum corneum using l-menthol, a monocyclic monoterpene widely used in medicines and foods, have revealed an interaction between characteristic intercellular lipid structures in the stratum corneum and permeation enhancers. The variety of permeation enhancers that can be used to contribute to transdermal delivery systems beyond l-menthol is increasing. In this study, we focused on nerolidol and levulinic acid and investigated their influence on stratum corneum lipid structures. Nerolidol, a sesquiterpene, has been reported to enhance the permeation of various drugs. Levulinic acid is reported to enhance the permeability of buprenorphine and is used as a component of the buprenorphine® patch. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform IR spectroscopy measurements revealed that nerolidol disturbs the rigidly arranged lipid structure and increases lipid fluidity. Levulinic acid had a smaller effect on stratum corneum lipid structures, but did increase lipid fluidity when co-administered with nerolidol or heat. We found that nerolidol has an effect on stratum corneum lipids similar to that of l-menthol, and levulinic acid had an effect similar to that of oleic acid.
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Harini S, Venkatesh M, Radhakrishnan S, Fazil MHUT, Goh ETL, Rui S, Dhand C, Ong ST, Barathi VA, Beuerman RW, Ramakrishna S, Verma NK, Lakshminarayanan R. Antifungal properties of lecithin- and terbinafine-loaded electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibres. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of terbinafine- and egg lecithin-loaded PCL mats on mechanical properties, swellability, biocompatibility andin vitroandex vivoantifungal efficacy against pathogenic moulds and dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Harini
- Singapore Eye Research Institute
- The Academia
- Singapore 169856
| | | | - Sridhar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117584
- Center for Nanofibres and Nanotechnology
- National University of Singapore
| | | | | | - Sun Rui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117584
| | - Chetna Dhand
- Singapore Eye Research Institute
- The Academia
- Singapore 169856
| | - Seow Theng Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 636921
| | - Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute
- The Academia
- Singapore 169856
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute
- The Academia
- Singapore 169856
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117584
- Center for Nanofibres and Nanotechnology
- National University of Singapore
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Singapore Eye Research Institute
- The Academia
- Singapore 169856
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute
- The Academia
- Singapore 169856
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
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Thapa RK, Han SD, Park HG, Son M, Jun JH, Kim JO. DA 5505: a novel topical formulation of terbinafine that enhances skin penetration and retention. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:525-30. [PMID: 25958812 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Topical fungal infections can become severe if left untreated. Efficient treatment modalities for topical fungal infections aid the penetration of antifungal agents deep into viable skin layers. Terbinafine is a fungicidal agent that inhibits ergosterol, an essential fungal component. The main objective of this study was to evaluate skin permeation and retention of a terbinafine-loaded solution containing chitosan as a film former. Comparative assessment of skin permeation and retention was performed using a prepared formulation (DA 5505) and marketed formulations of terbinafine in murine and porcine skin. To mimic fungal infection of skin, keratinized skin was induced in NC/Nga mice. In comparison with the marketed formulations, DA 5505 exhibited significantly better skin permeation. The flux, permeation coefficient, and enhancement ratio of terbinafine were remarkably increased by DA 5505 in comparison with the marketed formulations, and lag time was dramatically reduced. DA 5505 significantly increased cumulative terbinafine retention in viable skin layers in comparison with the marketed solution, suggesting enhanced efficacy. Furthermore, DA 5505 exhibited superior skin permeation in normal skin and keratinized skin. Thus, the DA 5505 formulation has the potential to effectively deliver terbinafine to superficial and deep cutaneous fungal infections.
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13
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Colloidal carriers of isotretinoin for topical acne treatment: skin uptake, ATR-FTIR and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:607-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Marwah H, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. Permeation enhancer strategies in transdermal drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:564-78. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.935532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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15
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Optimization of Biopolymer Based Transdermal Films of Metoclopramide as an Alternative Delivery Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6051350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Li HS, Zhang XY, Wang XF. Herbal fumigation for treatment of perianal eczema. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3078-3082. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i29.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perianal eczema is the most common skin condition of the perianal area, which is characterized by itching, various lesions, exudation and recurrence. The key points for the treatment of perianal eczema are to reduce skin lesions, alleviate the discomfort of itching and exudation, and solve the problem of easy relapse. Glucocorticoid therapy is still the main treatment, but it is associated with many adverse reactions and recurrence. Since herbal fumigation based on syndrome differentiation, following the principle of individualization, combining local and systemic therapies, and having the advantages of direct contact to perianal skin, exact efficacy, and less adverse reactions, it has gradually become a common treatment for perianal eczema and provides a new alternative to the treatment of this condition. In this paper, we will review the progress in research of herbal fumigation for perianal eczema with regard to mechanism of action, clinical application and adverse reactions.
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