6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of p -Phenylenediamine

Final Report On the Safety Assessment of Hc Yellow No. 4

HC Yellow No. 4 is a colorant for use mostly in hair dyes and colors, but also in a few hair tints. Concentrations at which the ingredient is used range from 0.1 % to 1.0%. Confusion has existed regarding the proper structure for this ingredient, but was resolved through additional analysis; the correct CAS number is 59820-43-8. Commercially available HC Yellow No. 4 may contain a nitroaniline impurity. Percutaneous absorption studies using commercial products containing 1% HC Yellow No. 4 found little absorption. Body weight decreases were noted in short-term oral toxicity studies and in a subchronic oral toxicity study. HC Yellow No. 4 did not produce irritation, sensitization, or photosensitization in animal tests (primarily using guinea pigs). In some feeding studies, fetal toxicity was observed, but no such effect was found in other feeding studies. HC Yellow No. 4 was mutagenic in several assays, but no evidence of carcinogenesis was found in oral or dermal studies. Two repeated insult patch tests, totalling over 200 human volunteers, found no sensitization reactions. While there was concern expressed over the reproduction and developmental toxicity found in feeding studies, such adverse responses would not be expected from the use of this ingredient in hair coloring products because so little HC Yellow No. 4 is absorbed. The presence of a low level of nitroaniline derivative impurity (0.3 to 7%) is not considered to present a human health risk because the products containing HC Yellow No. 4 are used in a brief and discontinuous manner, followed by rinsing. On the basis of the available data, therefore, it is concluded that HC Yellow No. 4 is safe as a hair colorant in the present practices of use.

Final Report On the Safety Assessment of Hc Orange No. 11

HC Orange No. 1 is used as a colorant in semipermanent hair dyes. The highest concentration reported to be used is 0.15%, but information from manufacturers suggested that higher concentrations may be used in the future. Skin penetration through cadaver skin was 1.28% at 24 hours. In studies using rats, acute oral exposure studies produced little toxicity, and short-term toxicity studies produced reduced body weight and increased liver and kidney weights, relative to controls in animals fed 0.5% HC Orange No. 1. There was no evidence of reproductive or developmental toxicity in rats fed up to 1.25% HC Orange No. 1 or in a multigeneration study using rats in which 0.15% HC Orange No. 1 was painted on the skin. While evidence suggests this ingredient is a mild ocular irritant, no skin irritation, sensitization, or photosensitization was seen in animal or clinical tests. The preponderance of data (four out offive studies) indicate that this ingredient is not genotoxic. Hepatocellular and parathyroid hyperplasia were noted in the dermal carcinogenicity study, but the overall findings were clearly negative. Because the highest concentration tested that produced no significant sensitization in clinical tests was 3%, the Expert Panel concluded that safety could be assured only at levels ≤3%. The Expert Panel recognized that this concentration may be greater than that currently used in hair dye formulations.

Final Report On the Safety Assessment of 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol and 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol Hydrochloride1

2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol and its hydrochloride salt are substituted aromatic compounds that function as colorants in hair dyes. Only the hydrochloride salt is currently reported to be used. 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol is poorly absorbed through the skin. Less than 0.25% of 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol found in a nonoxidative hair dye was absorbed. Less than 0.2% of 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol found in an oxidative hair dye was absorbed. In subchronic oral studies in rats, a no observable adverse effect level of 30 mg / kg / day for 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol was determined; at higher doses, increased organ weights were seen. A 2% solution of 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol applied under occlusive conditions was found to be nonirritating to rabbits. At 0.1%, 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol was nonsensitizing; at 2%, there was sufficient skin coloration from the dye that assessment of sensitization was difficult; but no obviously sensitized areas were reported. An oral teratogenicity study in rats showed no birth defects. In one Ames test, Salmonella strains TA97, TA98, and TA100 showed an increase in mutations, with and without metabolic activations. Strain TA1535 was negative, however. In another Ames test, Salmonella strains TA97 and TA100 showed no increase in mutations upon treatment with 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol, diluted in dimethylsulfoxide, with and without metabolic activation. Strain TA98 was negative with metabolic activation but positive without activation. In follow-up testing with strain TA98-NR, there was no increase in mutations in the absence of activation. Mutagenicity assays in mammalian systems were negative. The poor absorption through the skin, lack of any teratogenic effect, and negative mutagenesis data in certain Ames test strains and in mammalian systems suggested that any systemic effects from the use of actual products were unlikely. It was possible to conclude that the highest concentration of 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol tested (2%) is safe for use in hair dye formulations.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Acid Violet 43

Acid Violet 43 is an anthraquinone color that may be used as a colorant in cosmetic formulations that are hair dyes, colors, and coloring rinses. Batches of Acid Violet 43 that are certified to meet the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) specifications are termed Ext. D & C Violet No. 2. Hair dyes and colors containing Acid Violet 43 are considered coal tar ingredients and, as such, routinely bear a caution statement regarding potential skin irritation and instructions for determining whether the product causes skin irritation in any given individual. Expected concentrations of use are less than or equal to 1%. Impurities include anthracenedione derivatives, p-toluidine, and p-toluidine sulfonic acid, as well as heavy metals. Based on extensive safety test data, the U.S. FDA has established specifications (including limits on impurities) for Ext. D & C Violet No. 2 that allow its use in any cosmetic. It is the certified color (Ext. D & C Violet No. 2) that has been evaluated in the following safety tests. Oral toxicity tests do not demonstrate significant acute toxicity. In a short-term dermal toxicity study using guinea pigs and a subchronic dermal toxicity study using rabbits, no signs of systemic toxicity and no significant local skin reactions were noted. This ingredient was not genotoxic in bacterial assays, nor was it carcinogenic when applied to mouse skin at a 1% concentration. Accordingly, Acid Violet 43 was determined to be safe for use in hair dye formulations, when impurities are limited as follows: ≤ 18% volatile matter (at 135° C) and chlorides and sulfates (calculated as sodium salts); ≤ 0.4% water-insoluble matter; ≤ 0.2% 1-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione; ≤ 0.2% 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione; ≤ 0.1% p-toluidine; ≤ 0.2% p-toluidine sulfonic acids, sodium salts; ≤ 1% subsidiary colors; ≤ 20 ppm lead (as Pb); ≤ 3 ppm arsenic (as As); ≤ 1 ppm mercury (as Hg); and with ≤ 80% total color.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Disperse Blue 71

Disperse Blue 7 is an anthraquinone dye used in cosmetics as a hair colorant in five hair dye and color products reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Hair dyes containing Disperse Blue 7, as “coal tar” hair dye products, are exempt from the principal adulteration provision and from the color additive provision in sections 601 and 706 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 when the label bears a caution statement and “patch test” instructions for determining whether the product causes skin irritation. Disperse Blue 7 is also used as a textile dye. The components of Disperse Blue 7 reportedly include Disperse Turquoise ALF Granules, Disperse Turquoise LF2G, Reax 83A, Tamol SW, and Twitchell Oil. No data were available that addressed the acute, short-term, or chronic toxicity of Disperse Blue 7. A mouse lymph node assay used to predict the sensitization potential of Disperse Blue 7 was negative. Although most bacterial assays for genotoxicity were negative in the absence of metabolic activation, consistently positive results were found with metabolic activation in Salmonella strains TA1537, TA1538, and TA98, which were interpreted as indicative of point mutations. Studies using L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells appeared to confirm this muta-genic activity. Mammalian assays for chromosome damage, however, were negative and animal tests found no evidence of dominant lethal mutations. Cases reports describe patients patch tested with Disperse Blue 7 to determine the source of apparent adverse reactions to textiles. In most patients, patch tests were negative, but there are examples in which the patch test for Disperse Blue 7 was positive. In general, anthraquinone dyes are considered frequent causes of clothing dermatitis. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel determined that there was a paucity of data regarding the safety of Disperse Blue 7 as used in cosmetics. The following data are needed in order to arrive at a conclusion on the safety of Disperse Blue 7 in cosmetic products: (1) methods of manufacture, including clarification of the relationship between Disperse Blue 7 and Disperse Turquoise ALF and Disperse Turquoise LF2G mixed with Reax 83A, Tamol SW, and Twitchell Oil; (2) analytical methods by which Disperse Blue 7 is measured; (3) impurities; (4) concentration of use as a function of product type; (5) confirmation that this is a direct hair dye; and (6) clarification of genotoxicity study results (e.g., Disperse Turquoise ALF and Disperse Turquoise LF2G were genotoxic in bacteria—what is the specific relation to Disperse Blue 7? Disperse Blue 7 at 60% purity was genotoxic in bacteria—is the other 40% the inert Reax 83A, Tamol SW, and Twitchell Oil?). Until such data are provided, the available data are insufficient to support the safety of Disperse Blue 7 as a hair dye ingredient in cosmetic formulations.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of HC Blue No. 2

The aromatic amine HC Blue No. 2 is used as a colorant exclusively in hair dyes. Current information indicates this ingredient is usually found in hair dyes at a concentration of ∼ 1.7%. Studies in volunteers in which HC Blue No. 2 at use concentrations was applied to the scalp, <0.1% was absorbed over a period of 30 days. National Toxicology Program oral feeding bioassays in rats and mice shows the ingredient to be relatively nontoxic. Animal studies indicate no evidence of dermal irritation, sensitization, or photosensitization, and no ocular irritation. Whereas HC Blue No. 2 is mutagenic, it was not carcinogenic in rats or in two mouse strains. Clinical data indicate minimal irritation and no sensitization. On the basis of the available data, it is concluded that HC Blue No. 2 is safe as used in cosmetic formulations (hair dyes).

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine and 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate

2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine and 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate are colorants used in hair dyes at concentrations less than 1.0%. In an oral subchronic toxicity test using rats and mice, all male rats and one female rat died in the 1 % concentration of 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine dose group; at 0.3%, no rats or mice died but the mean body weight gain was depressed. In the mice, one of the males and none of the females died in the 1 % dose group. In a test for ocular irritation, 2.5% 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine produced, at most, only mild conjunctival inflammation. 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine was not a sensitizer when assayed on abraded and intact skin. The cited chronic studies do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the compound was carcinogenic in either mice or rats. Epidemiological studies, both prospective and retrospective, support this conclusion. On the basis of the data presented in the report, it is concluded that 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine and 2-Chloro-p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate are safe as a “coal tar” hair dye ingredient at the current concentrations of use.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Toluene-2,5-Diamine, Toluene-2,5-Diamine Sulfate, and Toluene-3,4-Diamine

The diaminotoluenes 2,5-TD, 2,5-TDS, and 3,4-TD are used as colorants in permanent hair dyes and tints. 2,5-TD is used at concentrations up to 1 % and 2,5-TDS is used up to 5%. The major routes of excretion after cutaneous absorption by rats were through the urine and feces. The oral LD50 of 2,5-TDS in rats was 98 mg/kg. There was no evidence of percutaneous toxicity to rabbits when 6% 2,5-TDS was applied to intact or abraded skin. In a two-year study, no toxicity was reported in rats receiving biweekly cutaneous applications of formulations containing 3% or 4% 2,5-TD. Mice were also unaffected by 3% 2,5-TDS in an 18-month study, or by 3% 2,5-TD in a two-year study. Rabbits had a slight dermal irritation response after exposure to 2.5% 2,5-TDS, but no irritation occurred in guinea pigs after exposure to 10% solutions of 2,5-TDS or 3,4-TD. 2,5-TD (2.5%) caused mild, transitory conjunctival inflammation in rabbits. The results of sensitization tests of 2,5-TD, 2,5-TDS, and 3,4-TD indicated that each of these diaminotoluenes were sensitizers to laboratory animals and humans. 2,5-TDS was toxic to pregnant rats and their embryos at oral doses of 80 mg/kg/day. Doses between 10 and 50 mg/kg/day did not cause congenital or maternal abnormalities. o-Toluenediamine, a mixture of 2,3-TD and 3,4-TD (40:60), was not teratogenic when administered orally to rats or rabbits. Cutaneous exposure to hair dye formulations containing 3% 2,5-TDS caused a statistically significant increase in fetal skeletal anomalies in rats. Rats treated with 6% 2,5-TDS did not have this adverse response. In a two-generation reproduction study, mice receiving dermal applications of hair-dye formulations containing either 3% or 6% 2,5-TDS had no signs of pharmacotoxicity, teratogenicity, or reproductive abnormalities. The results cited from various mutagenicity assays of 2,5-TD, 2,5-TDS, and 3,4-TD varied in accordance with the assay system and protocols used. 2,5-TD and 2,5-TDS were noncarci-nogenic to rats and mice in both oral and dermal exposure studies. On the basis of the animal and clinical data presented in this report, and the required labeling, it is concluded that Toluene-2,5-Diamine Sulfate and Toluene-3,4-Diamine are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use.

2 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of p-Aminophenol, m-Aminophenol, and o-Aminophenol

p-Aminophenol (PAP), m-Aminophenol (MAP), and o-Aminophenol (OAP) are used in permanent (oxidative) hair dyes at concentrations from 0.1 to 5%. In vivo and in vitro skin absorption studies indicated that 11% of the dermally applied 14C-PAP was detected in the excreta, viscera, and skin of the test animals. The oral LD50s of PAP, MAP, and OAP in rats ranged from 600 to 1300 mg/kg. Topical application of PAP at concentrations up to 8.00 g/kg to the skin of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits produced no skin irritation and no mortality. PAP, MAP, and OAP were irritating to eyes of NZW rabbits at a concentration of 2.5%. MAP at 3% was nonsensitizing in guinea pigs; PAP at 2% sensitized 9 of 10 guinea pigs. Neither PAP nor MAP produced photosensitization in guinea pigs. No treatment-related toxicity was found in three separate four-generation chronic dermal toxicity and reproduction studies of hair dye formulations containing the three Aminophenols. Additional studies on the pure ingredients were also nonteratogenic; embryotoxicity was reported. A range of results was obtained from studies assessing the mutagenic activity of the Aminophenols. PAP tested positive in six of eight mutagenicity tests. MAP and OAP gave positive results in two of eight and five of seven mutagenicity tests, respectively. Oxidative hair dye formulations containing PAP, MAP, and OAP did not produce gross or microscopic alterations or have carcinogenic effects after chronic topical application to mice. Feeding of OAP-HCl and PAP to rats at a dose of 8 mmol/kg produced neither hepatic cirrhosis nor neoplastic lesions. A 3% solution of MAP in an aqueous vehicle was neither a significant irritant nor sensitizer in two clinical studies. A variety of epidemiological studies have not indicated that occupational exposure to, and personal use of, hair dyes containing the Aminophenols presented a carcinogenic risk. A discussion of the significance of the mutagenic data in the safety assessment and the potential for human effects is presented. On the basis of the available animal and clinical data presented in this report it is concluded that p-, m-, and o-Aminophenols are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use and concentrations.

1 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 4-Amino-2-Hydroxytoluene

4-Amino-2-Hydroxytoluene is used as a coupler in cosmetic hair dye formulations. The compound has a low oral toxicity in animals and has no significant mutagenic or teratogenic effects. The compound, at most, is a weak skin and eye irritant and, at most, a weak sensitizer. Carcinogenic skin painting studies of hair dyes containing this compound were negative. A variety of epidemio-logic studies have given no indication of a carcinogenic effect from the use of hair dyes.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 2,4-Diaminophenol and 2,4-Diaminophenol Dihydrochloride

The aromatic amines 2,4-Diaminophenol and 2,4-Diaminophenol Dihydrochloride are colorants intended for use in oxidative hair dyes. Currently, 2,4-Diaminophenol Dihydrochloride is used in three hair dyes, whereas there are no reported uses of 2,4-Diaminophenol. Chromatographic analysis of 2,4-Diaminophenol indicates that an impurity, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, is present at a concentration of 2.7%. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) for 2,4-Diaminophenol Dihydrochloride in rats was 0.24 g/kg, with a dose-dependent renal toxicity seen in acute, short-term, subchronic and chronic toxicity tests. Renal toxicity was noted in rats at doses nine times lower than the LD50. 2,4-Diaminophenol Dihydrochloride was a skin and ocular irritant in rabbits, but not in guinea pigs, nor did it induce sensitization in guinea pigs. A dye formulation with 0.2% 2,4-Diaminophenol did not produce evidence of terato-genesis in female rats. No genotoxicity was seen in some systems, but there was evidence of mutagenesis in others. Dermal application of 2,4-Diaminophenol was not carcinogenic in Swiss Webster mice in a 23-month study, even with the presence of a 2.7% 2-amino-4-nitrophenol impurity. Administration of 2,4-Diaminophenol Dihydrochloride by gavage produced no evidence of carcinogenic activity in National Toxicology Program bioassays in male and female F344/N rats and female B6C3F1 mice. There was an increase in renal tubular cell adenomas in male B6C3F1 mice at the highest dose level, 38 mg/kg. On the basis of the animal data presented in the report, the expected use of the product, and acknowledging the labeling requirements for hair dyes if they are to qualify for an exemption from the Food and Drug Administration, it is concluded that 2,4-Diaminophenol and 2,4-Diaminophenol Dihydrochloride are safe for use in hair dyes at concentrations up to 0.2% (as the free base).

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Phenyl Methyl Pyrazolone

Phenyl Methyl Pyrazolone (PMP) is a heterocyclic amine that is used in hair colorants. The phenylhydrazine content in PMP is below the limit of detection. Phenyl Methyl Pyrazolone was slightly toxic to rats, with an oral LD50 of 3.5 g/kg. Feeding rats and mice with PMP-treated feed for 7 weeks was uneventful. A compound containing 500 mg/kg of PMP was, at most, a mild ocular irritant. Phenyl Methyl Pyrazolone was slightly irritating to rabbit skin when tested under occlusive patches. It did not produce a sensitization reaction in guinea pigs. Phenyl Methyl Pyrazolone was nonmutagenic in two assays and noncarcinogenic in oral feeding studies. On the basis of the available data presented in this report, it is concluded that Phenyl Methyl Pyrazolone is safe for use as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use and concentration.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine, 4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine Sulfate, and 4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine-HCl

The hair dye ingredient 4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine Sulfate (4-MMPDS) prior to 1978 was used extensively used in the United States. Concerns raised because of studies which showed the hair dye to be an animal carcinogen prompted the voluntary reformulation and deletion of 4-MMPD in hair dyes containing this ingredient. No reports were made on the use of this ingredient until 1989 when 17 uses were reported. Assays on volunteers indicate that less than 0.2% of the dye penetrates the scalp and that about 3.9% is absorbed through the skin of the forearm. The dye is metabolized and excreted in the urine; a major metabolic product was 4-acetylamino-2-aminoanisole. The LD50 range in rats of aqueous solutions of 4-MMPD was 400–500 mg/kg. No gross tissue abnormalities were reported in subchronic feeding or dermal studies. 4-MMPD was not an ocular irritant when tested at 2.5%, but was a mild skin irritant when tested at the same concentration. The dermal application of hair dye formulations containing up to 4.0% 4-MMPD were negative for both embryotonic toxicity and teratogenic effects. The results of numerous mutagenic studies vary between the assay system used. 4-MMPD was noncarcinogenic in four dermal carcinogenic studies, but was carcinogenic to both rats and mice in feeding studies. On the basis of the information included in this report, it is concluded that 4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine, 4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine Sulfate, and 4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine HCl are unsafe for use in cosmetic products.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Pyrogallol

Pyrogallol, a benzenetriol, is used in oxidative hair dyes at concentrations ranging from ≤0.1 to 5.0%. The oral LD50's in rats ranged from 800 to 1270 mg/kg. Pyrogallol was not an ocular irritant when tested at a concentration of 1%. It was slightly irritating and induced sensitization reaction in the skin of guinea pigs. Sensitization reactions were noted in 3 of 25 patients patch tested with Pyrogallol.

Significant teratogenic effects were not observed in the offspring of female rats dosed with Pyrogallol. No treatment-related effects were observed in a multigeneration reproductive toxicity study in which rats received dermal applications of a hair dye containing 0.4% Pyrogallol.

Pyrogallol was mutagenic in almost all systems tested. However, in two carcinogenicity studies, the number of neoplasms in mice dermally treated with 50% Pyrogallol in acetone was not significantly different from that of controls. Similar results were reported in a carcinogenicity study in which a hair dye containing 0.49% Pyrogallol and H2O2 in aqueous solution was applied to the skins of mice.

On the basis of the available animal and clinical data presented in this report, it is concluded that Pyrogallol is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use and concentration.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Hydroxybenzomorpholine

Hydroxybenzomorpholine (HBM) is a heterocyclic compound that is used in cosmetics as a coupler in coal tar hair dyes. No deaths were reported in a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats. Some degenerative changes in the cortical tubules of the kidneys were observed in the mid and high-dose groups. HBM was considered to be practically nonirritating to the rabbit eye and produced only slight skin irritation. HBM was neither a sensitizer nor a photoallergen. HBM was not mutagenic in either the Ames assay or in the mouse micronucleus test.

On the basis of the data included in the report, Hydroxybenzomorpholine is considered to be safe as a hair dye ingredient at the current concentrations of use.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol as Used in Hair Dyes

3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol is a semipermanent (direct) hair colorant used in 21 hair dyes and colors at use concentrations up to 0.15%. When applied to human skin in vitro, 0.42% of the applied 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol was recovered in the receptor fluid. In an acute toxicity study using rats, 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol at 1000 mg/kg resulted in hypoactivity, piloerection, dyspnea, and lateral recumbency in animals that later died. The surviving rats exhibited none of these signs. No abnormalities were found at necropsy. Subchronic toxic-ity tests using rats fed 25, 100, or 400 mg/kg day-1 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol for up to 93 days resulted in yellow urine and tails with all three dose levels and yellow fur occurred in the two high-dose groups. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for 3-Methyl-amino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol was 100 mg/kg day-1. Two percent 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol was a slight ocular irritant but not a dermal irritant using rabbits and it was not a sensitizer using the murine local lymph node Assay. There were no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects observed in doses up to 750 mg/kg day-1 in rats; the NOAEL was defined as 100 mg/kg. 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol was not genotoxic in in vitro assays including multiple strains of Salmonela typhimurium and Escherichia coli, Chinese Hamster ovary cells, and human lymphocyte cultures. No carcinogenicity studies were available, nor were any clinical tests reported. As reviewed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel, there are gaps in the data available for of 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol. In particular, there is an absence of data from chronic animal studies. The Expert Panel considered that the low percutaneous absorption and that the available developmental toxicity data and the subchronic toxicity data, both of which resulted in relatively high NOAEL values, alleviate concern about the absence of chronic exposure data. In addition, several studies demonstrated that 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol is not genotoxic. Direct hair dyes, of which 3-Methylamino-4-Nitro-phenoxyethanol is one, although not the focus in all investigations, appear to have little evidence of an association with adverse events as reported in hair dye epidemiology studies. The lack of phototoxicity data was not considered to be a concern because this is a direct hair dye ingredient, which has little skin contact and residual color is attached to hair, not normally to skin. No human skin sensitization or irritation data were available. However, hair dyes containing 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol, as coal tar hair dye products, are exempt from the principal adulteration provision and from the color additive provisions in sections 601 and 706 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, when the label bears a caution statement and patch test instructions for determining whether the product causes skin irritation. The Expert Panel expects that following this procedure will prospectively identify individuals who would have an irritation/sensitization reaction and allow them to avoid significant exposures and concluded that 3-Methylamino-4-Nitrophenoxyethanol is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the practices of use and use concentrations described in this safety report.

Final report on the safety assessment of HC Red No. 7

HC Red No. 7 functions as a semipermanent (direct) hair colorant in one cosmetic product at 1%. Analytical studies found the relative purity of HC Red No. 7 to be > 98.5%. Impurities may include 2-nitro-benzene-1,4-diamine; 3-(4-amino-3-nitro-phenyl)-oxazolin-2-one; 2-chloroethyl 4-amino-3-nitrophenylcarbamate; residual solvents ethanol, DMF, or isopropyl acetate; chloride ions; and heavy metals. Around 0.10% of the applied HC Red No. 7 was absorbed in human dermatomed skin samples. In an acute oral toxicity study in rats, the maximum nonlethal dose was 300 mg/kg. The no observed effect level (NOEL) in a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats was 50 mg/kg day(- 1). HC Red No. 7 was not a dermal or ocular irritant in rabbits, but lymphoproliferative responses in mice indicated that HC Red No. 7 should be considered a moderate sensitizer. The NOEL for maternal toxicity was 50 mg/kg/day and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for embryonic development was 200 mg/kg/day in a prenatal toxicity study of HC Red No. 7 using rats. HC Red No. 7 was nonmutagenic at the hprt locus but mutagenic at the TK locus in mouse lymphoma cells, was mutagenic in several Salmonella typhimurium strains, was not active in an unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, and was unclear in a micronucleus assay in human lymphocyte cultures. No carcinogenicity studies were available, nor were any clinical tests reported. Available hair dye epidemiology studies are insufficient to conclude a causal relationship between hair dye use and cancer or other diseases, but more relevant is that direct hair dyes, although not the focus in all investigations, appear to have little evidence of an association with adverse events as reported in epidemiology studies. As reviewed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel, HC Red No. 7 appears to be a moderate sensitizer in animals. No human sensitivity data concerning this ingredient have been reported. However, hair dyes containing HC Red No. 7, as coal tar hair dye products, are exempt from the principal adulteration provision and from the color additive provisions in sections 601 and 706 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, when the label bears a caution statement and patch test instructions for determining whether the product causes contact dermatitis. The Expert Panel expects that following this procedure will identify prospective individuals who would have an irritation/sensitization reaction and allow them to avoid significant exposures. The CIR Expert Panel also noted that mutagenicity studies available for HC Red No. 7 gave both positive and negative results. Based on the available data, it was concluded that, at most, this ingredient is a weak mutagen. Due to its low dermal absorption potential and its use as a semipermanent hair dye, the CIR Expert Panel believes there is low risk of genotoxicity and that HC Red No. 7 is safe as a hair dye ingredient in the practices of use and concentrations as described in this safety assessment.

Avoiding paraphenylenediamine exposure in children

Although the allergenic potential of PPD is well known, it was chosen by the American Contact Dermatitis Society as the 2006 "allergen of the year" in order to increase awareness of new patterns of exposure and increasing sensitization. Temporary tattoos are a vehicle of contact with PPD that is particularly relevant to children. They are a risk not only in the United States, but in many international locations frequented by American tourist families. Adolescents dyeing their hair are also at risk. With this in mind, measures should be taken to increase awareness and avoid the unnecessary usage of PPD in children.

Final report on the safety assessment of HC Yellow No. 5

HC Yellow No. 5 is a direct hair dye. Hair dyes containing HC Yellow No. 5, as "coal tar" hair dye products, are exempt from the principal adulteration provision and from the color additive provision of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 when the label bears a caution statement and "patch test" instructions for determining whether the product causes skin irritation. Preliminary testing on or by individuals should be done using an open patch test that is evaluated at 48 h after application of the test material. Users, therefore, would be able to determine their individual reactions to hair dye products containing HC Yellow No. 5. Absorption of HC Yellow No. 5 is minimal through skin (< 0.2%). The oral LD(50) for rats is 555.56 mg/kg. No significant toxic effects were observed after chronic oral exposure of HD Yellow No. 5 to dogs. Mild dermal irritation, but no dermal sensitization or ocular irritation was observed in laboratory animals. Results of fertility and reproductive performance, teratology, and developmental studies were negative. HC Yellow No. 5 was found to be nonmutagenic and noncytotoxic in standard laboratory assays. A current review of the hair dye epidemiology literature identified that use of direct hair dyes, although not the focus in all investigations, appears to have little evidence of an association with cancer or other adverse events. Based on the available safety test data on HC Yellow No. 5, the Panel determined that this ingredient likely would not have carcinogenic potential as used in hair dyes. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that HC Yellow No. 5 is safe as a hair dye ingredient in the practices of use and concentration as described in this safety assessment.

Final report on the safety assessment of disperse Blue 7

Disperse Blue 7 is an anthraquinone dye used in cosmetics as a hair colorant in five hair dye and color products reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Hair dyes containing Disperse Blue 7, as "coal tar" hair dye products, are exempt from the principal adulteration provision and from the color additive provision in sections 601 and 706 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 when the label bears a caution statement and "patch test" instructions for determining whether the product causes skin irritation. Disperse Blue 7 is also used as a textile dye. The components of Disperse Blue 7 reportedly include Disperse Turquoise ALF Granules, Disperse Turquoise LF2G, Reax 83A, Tamol SW, and Twitchell Oil. No data were available that addressed the acute, short-term, or chronic toxicity of Disperse Blue 7. A mouse lymph node assay used to predict the sensitization potential of Disperse Blue 7 was negative. Although most bacterial assays for genotoxicity were negative in the absence of metabolic activation, consistently positive results were found with metabolic activation in Salmonella strains TA1537, TA1538, and TA98, which were interpreted as indicative of point mutations. Studies using L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells appeared to confirm this mutagenic activity. Mammalian assays for chromosome damage, however, were negative and animal tests found no evidence of dominant lethal mutations. Cases reports describe patients patch tested with Disperse Blue 7 to determine the source of apparent adverse reactions to textiles. In most patients, patch tests were negative, but there are examples in which the patch test for Disperse Blue 7 was positive. In general, anthraquinone dyes are considered frequent causes of clothing dermatitis. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel determined that there was a paucity of data regarding the safety of Disperse Blue 7 as used in cosmetics. The following data are needed in order to arrive at a conclusion on the safety of Disperse Blue 7 in cosmetic products: (1) methods of manufacture, including clarification of the relationship between Disperse Blue 7 and Disperse Turquoise ALF and Disperse Turquoise LF2G mixed with Reax 83A, Tamol SW, and Twitchell Oil; (2) analytical methods by which Disperse Blue 7 is measured; (3) impurities; (4) concentration of use as a function of product type; (5) confirmation that this is a direct hair dye; and (6) clarification of genotoxicity study results (e.g., Disperse Turquoise ALF and Disperse Turquoise LF2G were genotoxic in bacteria - what is the specific relation to Disperse Blue 7? Disperse Blue 7 at 60% purity was genotoxic in bacteria - is the other 40% the inert Reax 83A, Tamol SW, and Twitchell Oil?). Until such data are provided, the available data are insufficient to support the safety of Disperse Blue 7 as a hair dye ingredient in cosmetic formulations.

Final report on the safety assessment of 6-Amino-m-Cresol, 6-Amino-o-Cresol, 4-Amino-m-Cresol, 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol, 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol, and 4-Chloro-2-Aminophenol

Each of these ingredients function as hair colorants. 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol and 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol are identified as oxidative hair dyes, that is, they are combined with an oxidizing agent before being applied to the hair. 6-Amino-m-Cresol, 6-Amino-o-Cresol, 4-Amino-m-Cresol, and 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol are used in oxidative hair dyes, but it is not known if they are also used in nonoxidative (semipermanent) hair dyes. No toxicologically significant impurities are present with these two ingredients. To supplement the safety test data on these ingredients, available data on related ingredients (4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene and p-,m-, and o-aminophenol) previously found safe as used by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel were summarized. 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol and 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol do not absorb significant ultraviolet radiation in the UVB region and none in the UVA region, although 4-Amino-m-Cresol had a symmetrical UV absorption peak at 300 nm. Percutaneous penetration of 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol and 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol alone was significant, but when combined with oxidative developer, skin absorption was extremely low. Both of these dyes are excreted rapidly via the urine. Repeated exposure of animal skin to 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol and 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol failed to produce any cumulative irritation and single exposures up to 10%were not irritating to animal skin. 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol and 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol combined with oxidizer were not sensitizers in guinea pig maximization tests. Ocular irritation resulted from exposure of animals to undiluted 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol, but not to a 5%solution. Only minor irritation was observed with 5%5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol. Subchronic toxicity testing in animals using 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol, 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol, and 4-Amino-m-Cresol did not yield any adverse reactions. 6-Amino-m-Cresol and 4-Amino-m-Cresol were generally not mutagenic in in vitro and in vivo tests. Exposure to 5-Amino-4-Chloro-o-Cresol, 5-Amino-6-Chloro-o-Cresol, 6-Amino-m-Cresol and 4-Amino-m-Cresol from cosmetics were several orders of magnitude below developmental toxicity no-observed-adverse effect levels (NOAELs). Although irritation data on several ingredients are absent, products containing these ingredients must include a caution statement and patch test instructions for determining whether the product causes skin irritation. The Expert Panel expects that following this procedure would identify individuals who would have an adverse reaction and allow them to avoid significant exposures. These compounds, when tested alone, are moderate skin sensitizers, but when combined with the developer, these ingredients are not sensitizers in animal tests. This information, coupled with the available animal test data, supports the safety of these ingredients in oxidative hair dyes. In the absence of systemic toxicity data, however, the available data are insufficient to support the safety of 6-Amino-o-Cresol and 4-Chloro-2-Aminophenol in semipermanent hair dyes. The types of data required for these two ingredients for this use include (1) physical and chemical properties, including the octanol/water partition coefficient; (2) impurities data, especially regarding the presence of m-cresol, other organic molecules, and heavy metals; (3) data demonstrating that the metabolism is similar to that of 4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene and/or p-,m-, and o-aminophenol, or 28-day dermal toxicity with histopathology, dermal reproductive toxicity data, and an in vitro genotoxicity study for 6-Amino-o-Cresol and one genotoxicity study in a mammalian system; if positive, a 2-year dermal carcinogenicity study using National Toxicology Program methods may be needed.

Final Report On the Safety Assessment of m-Phenylenediamine and m-Phenylenediamine Sulfate1

The ingredients m-Phenylenediamine and m-Phenylenediamine Sulfate are aromatic amines that function as hair colorants in cosmetic products. Both are currently used in hair dye products at concentrations of up to 3%. Percutaneous absorption of m-Phenylenediamine has been demonstrated in animals. Three metabolites excreted in urine have been identified. The oral LD50 of m-Phenylenediamine in rats is between 360 and 650 mg/kg. Subchronic studies in rats (oral) indicated some lesions in the liver but no kidney injury, while one study in rabbits (dermal) indicated some liver and kidney toxicity. Another dermal study in rabbits failed to show any liver or kidney toxicity. Skin irritation and sensitization were found in guinea pigs exposed to m-Phenylenediamine. Clinical data indicated some evidence of sensitization. A short-term study in rats (oral) reported an absence of any neurotoxicity. One study in female rats identified fetotoxicity but no evidence of terata. Other studies reported neither birth defects nor fetal deaths. Both positive and negative results were found in various mutagenesis assay systems. In studies with mice and rats, neither m-Phenylenediamine (both oral and dermal exposure) nor hair dye formulations (dermal exposure only) containing m-Phenylenediamine were carcinogenic. Based on the concentrations of m-Phenylenediamine shown to produce sensitization in animal studies, it was concluded that these ingredients can be used safely in hair dyes at concentrations of up to 10%.