A macro perspective for client-centred practice in curricula: Critique and teaching methods

Exploring the impact of a 'Clients-as-Tutors Program on speech-language pathology students' and graduates understanding of client-centred practice

PURPOSE

This study explored the impact of an Australian regional university's Clients-as-Tutors Program (CTP) on speech-language pathology students' perception and understanding of client-centred practice.

METHOD

Two focus group interviews comprising three final-year students and four newly graduated speech-language pathologists who had completed the CTP. An inductive thematic analysis was undertaken to identify salient themes.

RESULT

Three themes were identified: (a) learning from theory, (b) learning from others, and (c) learning from yourself. These themes represented all participants' experiences in the CTP, yet there were unique, individual journeys that each participant experienced.

CONCLUSION

Findings from this study have the capacity to affect change in how client-centred practice is taught at universities across speech-language pathology and other health courses, to disrupt the traditional power structure between client and clinician, and to provide an evidence base for the role of experiential learning in this area.

Collaborative Relationship-Focused Occupational Therapy: Evolving Lexicon and Practice

BACKGROUND.

Client-centred practice has been part of occupational therapists' identity for several decades. However, therapists have begun to question whether the term obstructs critical relational aspects of therapy.

PURPOSE.

The purpose of this article is to summarize critiques of the use of the term client-centred and propose an expanded descriptor and a fundamental shift in how occupational therapists engage with individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.

KEY ISSUES.

Three themes summarize critiques of how client-centred practice has been envisioned: (a) the language of client-centred, (b) insufficient appreciation of how the therapist affects the relationship, and (c) inadequate consideration of the relational context of occupation. We propose collaborative relationship-focused practice that has key relational elements of being contextually relevant, nuanced, and safe, and promotes rights-based self-determination.

CONCLUSION.

We argue that these essential relational elements, along with a focus on occupations, are required to promote occupational participation, equity, and justice.

The Person-Centered Rehabilitation Model: Framing the concept and practice of person-centered adult physical rehabilitation based on a scoping review and thematic analysis of the literature

OBJECTIVE

To develop a cross-professional model framing the concept and practice of Person-Centered Rehabilitation (PCR) in adult populations, based on a scoping review and thematic analysis of the literature.

DATA SOURCES

Key databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL), snowballing searches, and experts' consultation were the data sources for English-language empirical or conceptual papers, published from January 2007 to February 2020.

STUDY SELECTION

Two independent reviewers selected adult-based papers addressing at least one of the six categories of PCR-related content, a priori specified in the published review protocol. From 6527 unique references, 147 were finally included in the analysis. Of those, 26 were exclusively conceptual papers.

DATA EXTRACTION

Two independent reviewers extracted textual data on what PCR entails conceptually or as a practice. No quality appraisals were performed as is typical in scoping reviews.

DATA SYNTHESIS

A thematic analysis produced thematic categories that were combined into an emergent model (the PCR Model), which was reviewed by five external experts. PCR was framed as a way of thinking about and providing rehabilitation services "with" the person. PCR is embedded in rehabilitation structures and practice across three levels: 1) the person-professional dyad, 2) the micro-system level (typically an interprofessional team, involving significant others) and 3) a macro-system level (organization within which rehabilitation is delivered). Thematic categories are articulated within each level, detailing both the conceptual and practice attributes of PCR.

CONCLUSION

The PCR model can inform both clinical and service organization practices. The PCR Model may benefit from further developments including obtaining wider stakeholders' input, determining relevance in different cultural and linguistic groups, and further operationalization and testing in implementation projects.

Les enjeux éthiques de l’enseignement en ergothérapie : des pistes de solutions

Cet article consiste en la 2e partie des résultats d’une étude que notre équipe a menée sur les enjeux éthiques de l’enseignement en ergothérapie et leurs pistes de solutions. Tandis que le premier article de 2020 a mis en lumière ces enjeux, le présent article porte sur les moyens de les résoudre. L’ergothérapeute qui enseigne à des étudiants en ergothérapie est tôt ou tard confronté à des enjeux éthiques. Or, ces enjeux sont peu documentés dans les écrits, de même que les pistes de solutions que les ergothérapeutes qui enseignent utilisent ou envisagent. Cette étude qualitative a permis à onze ergothérapeutes-enseignantes des quatre universités francophones du Québec qui préparent la relève ergothérapique de partager leurs bons coups. Dix unités de sens relatives à ces pistes de solutions émergent des résultats, lesquelles ont été regroupées suivant les trois domaines de l’éthique (micro, méso et macro) de Glaser. Les quatre pistes de solutions micro-environnementales sont : a) développer ses compétences éthiques; b) se soutenir entre pairs; c) développer ses compétences en lien avec sa tâche; et d) prendre soin de soi. Les quatre pistes de solutions méso-environnementales sont : a) créer des espaces de parole; b) offrir de la formation en éthique; c) faire de l’advocacy méso; et d) changer la culture académique. Les deux pistes de solutions macro-environnementales sont : a) faire de l’advocacy macro et b) travailler en partenariat avec les milieux cliniques. Bien que des pistes de solutions documentées dans les écrits n’aient pas été discutées par les participantes, celles que ces dernières discutent rejoignent les pistes de solutions abordées dans les écrits. Il ressort des résultats que l’éthique occupe une place limitée dans la préparation et la formation continue des enseignants en ergothérapie et que le contexte organisationnel, c’est-à-dire la culture du monde académique en général et de la recherche en particulier, est susceptible d’occasionner des enjeux éthiques préoccupants.

Twelve tips for teaching the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health with a view to enhancing a biopsychosocial approach to care

The World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health has the power to shape professional behaviour and positively influence all aspects of health and social care practice. The visual depiction of the ICF framework belies the complexity of this multifaceted classification and coding system which students and practitioners can find challenging to grasp. This guide offers twelve integrated practical tips to help health and social care educators embed the ICF throughout the curriculum with a view to supporting student learning and ultimately interprofessional and inclusive practice.

Current Landscape of Teaching Diversity in Occupational Therapy Education: A Scoping Review

IMPORTANCE

Critical research in health professions education makes clear the role of educational institutions in perpetuating problematic discourses related to diversity, as well as their potential role in dismantling and rebuilding those discourses to reflect the realities of power relations that create systemic injustice.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a comprehensive overview of current pedagogical practices and educational paradigms used by occupational therapy educators to teach concepts of, and skills for, equity and diversity.

DATA SOURCES

Seven education and health care databases were searched for articles published between 2007 and 2018.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA COLLECTION

Consensually developed criteria were refined until an agreement rate of >80% was achieved among the authors. Inclusion criteria focused on entry-level occupational therapy education across the world and explicitly examined approaches to teaching diversity. All articles meeting the criteria were kept for full-text review (N = 87).

FINDINGS

Diversity in professional occupational therapy education programs is taught within five main underlying educational paradigms and theories: competency-based (44%), social justice (29%), critical (11%), social accountability (10%), and constructivism (6%). Within these paradigms, 14 key pedagogical practices were applied, with community service learning (37%), international service learning (25%), and didactic or course-based practices (23%) making up the majority of pedagogical practices.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Although current occupational therapy research demonstrates a trend toward critical paradigms and practices, problematic cultural competency theories and uncritical international service learning practices continue to dominate occupational therapy education for diversity. Educators should implement pedagogies and approaches within critical educational paradigms.

WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS

This article highlights the importance to occupational therapy education of attending to coherence across educational ethics, paradigms, and learning outcomes in teaching for diversity and health equity.

Les enjeux éthiques de l’enseignement en ergothérapie : des injustices au sein des départements universitaires

Si les enjeux éthiques de l’enseignement sont bien documentés dans les écrits, tel n’est pas le cas des enjeux éthiques que pose l’enseignement en ergothérapie. Aucune étude n’a été menée sur le sujet au Québec. Pour pallier cette lacune, une recherche a été réalisée. Cet article en présente les résultats. Puisque l’état des connaissances sur le sujet est limité, un devis qualitatif a été utilisé. Onze ergothérapeutes-enseignantes ont participé à un entretien individuel semi-dirigé pour discuter des enjeux éthiques que soulèvent leurs enseignements. Six unités de sens émergent des données : 1) l’équité entre les étudiants : un défi ; 2) la santé et le bien-être des étudiants et des enseignantes : un portrait troublant ; 3) des injustices au sein du corps enseignant : l’éléphant dans la pièce ; 4) l’identité professionnelle tiraillée par des conflits de rôles ; 5) la présence de conflits d’intérêts préoccupants et 6) l’équilibre occupationnel : un mythe plus qu’une réalité. Les résultats rejoignent en général ceux documentés dans les écrits. Cela dit, un élément peu documenté dans les écrits émerge, soit la présence d’une culture académique hiérarchisée où l’autorité épistémique est détenue par les professeurs-chercheurs au détriment des autres types d’enseignants et des milieux cliniques. Ainsi, bien que la profession ergothérapique valorise la justice occupationnelle, les départements universitaires sont dominés par une injustice épistémique qui, par ricochet, engendre une injustice occupationnelle, ce qui d’un point de vue ergothérapique est préoccupant. Aussi, le contexte universitaire est lié à une surcharge de travail peu propice à l’agir éthique et à la pratique réflexive.

A Narrative Phenomenological Approach to Transformative Learning: Lessons From Occupational Therapy Reasoning in Educational Practice

Transformative learning involves the questioning of worldviews and underpins shifts in values and identity that are integral to critical occupational therapy practices. Cognitive theories of transformative learning name, but do not address, the experiential dimensions of transformation. The aim of this article is to conceptualize transformative learning from the perspective of narrative phenomenology in occupational therapy. An argument is presented that draws on research in occupational therapy professional reasoning and that makes visible the dimensions of transformation that are inherently experiential and meaning oriented. Three key concepts for a transformative pedagogy are defined and illustrated: scenes, emplotment, and embodied metaphors. The article concludes with the types of learning objectives for which this approach is suited and the pedagogical values that underpin these teaching practices. This article adds to the domain of health care education by defining and illustrating experiential and meaning-based practices as signature pedagogies for transformative learning.

“The Bigger Picture”: Occupational Therapy Practitioners’ Perspectives on Disability Studies

OBJECTIVE. This qualitative study explored occupational therapy practitioners’ perspectives about integrating principles from the field of disability studies (DS) into clinical education and practice.

METHODS. After a conference presentation about DS, three simultaneous focus groups were conducted with 27 occupational therapy practitioners. A constant comparative, grounded-theory approach was used to identify themes across groups.

RESULTS. Identified themes included convergences and divergences between the profession of occupational therapy and the field of disability studies, influence of perspectives of disability on service delivery, clinician navigation of systemic barriers, and incorporation of DS-aligned intervention strategies into practice.

CONCLUSION. Despite points of alignment, occupational therapy has not fully addressed DS critiques. Practitioners recognized professional, systemic, and societal barriers and the need for more educational experiences, resources, and professional reflexivity and dialogue to inform the integration of DS concepts into practice.

Developing occupational therapy students' information and historical literacy competencies: an interprofessional collaborative project

OBJECTIVE

The study examined the efficacy of an interprofessional information and historical literacy project implemented by an occupational therapy educator and a librarian.

METHODS

A graduate course was revised to include information and historical literacy objectives and instruction. A course-specific questionnaire administered on the first and last day of class, assignment grades, and course evaluations provided measures of project outcomes for six years. Differences between questionnaire pre- and post-test means were determined using t-tests. Course evaluation comments were analyzed to obtain qualitative perceptions.

RESULTS

A significant difference (p<0.0001) was found between pre-test (M=3.93, SD=0.48) and post-test (M=4.67, SD=0.30) scores of total information and historical literacy competence across all years (n=242). Responses to individual items also differed significantly (p<0.0001). Student ratings (n=189) from the course evaluation historical literacy objectives were high (M=4.6 on a 5-point scale). Assignment quality and grades improved, and course evaluation comments reflected student satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings supported the hypothesis that students' self-reported information and historical literacy competencies would increase after project participation. Acquired skills were evident in students' assignments. Research to determine if these capabilities were used post-graduation is needed. Because this was a course-specific project, findings are not generalizable; however, the instructional methods developed for this project can serve as a model for effective interprofessional collaboration. The broadening of information literacy instruction to include discipline-specific historical literacy provides a unique opportunity for health sciences librarians and educators. Developing students' historical literacy in their chosen fields can help them understand their profession's present status and be informed participants in shaping its future.