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Sullivan KD, Evans D, Pandey A, Hraha TH, Smith KP, Markham N, Rachubinski AL, Wolter-Warmerdam K, Hickey F, Espinosa JM, Blumenthal T. Trisomy 21 causes changes in the circulating proteome indicative of chronic autoinflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14818. [PMID: 29093484 PMCID: PMC5665944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (T21) causes Down syndrome (DS), but the mechanisms by which T21 produces the different disease spectrum observed in people with DS are unknown. We recently identified an activated interferon response associated with T21 in human cells of different origins, consistent with overexpression of the four interferon receptors encoded on chromosome 21, and proposed that DS could be understood partially as an interferonopathy. However, the impact of T21 on systemic signaling cascades in living individuals with DS is undefined. To address this knowledge gap, we employed proteomics approaches to analyze blood samples from 263 individuals, 165 of them with DS, leading to the identification of dozens of proteins that are consistently deregulated by T21. Most prominent among these proteins are numerous factors involved in immune control, the complement cascade, and growth factor signaling. Importantly, people with DS display higher levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6, MCP-1, IL-22, TNF-α) and pronounced complement consumption, resembling changes seen in type I interferonopathies and other autoinflammatory conditions. Therefore, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased interferon signaling caused by T21 leads to chronic immune dysregulation, and justify investigations to define the therapeutic value of immune-modulatory strategies in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Donald Evans
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | | | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Neil Markham
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Angela L Rachubinski
- JFK Partners/Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kristine Wolter-Warmerdam
- Anna and John J. Sie Center for Down Syndrome, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Francis Hickey
- Anna and John J. Sie Center for Down Syndrome, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80203, USA.
| | - Thomas Blumenthal
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80203, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA.
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Kulak K, Westermark GT, Papac-Milicevic N, Renström E, Blom AM, King BC. The human serum protein C4b-binding protein inhibits pancreatic IAPP-induced inflammasome activation. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1522-1533. [PMID: 28500395 PMCID: PMC5491568 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β production is a driver of islet pathology in type 2 diabetes. Oligomers, but not mature amyloid fibrils, of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), which is co-secreted with insulin, trigger NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. C4b-binding protein (C4BP), present in serum, binds to IAPP and affects transition of IAPP monomers and oligomers to amyloid fibrils. We therefore hypothesised that C4BP inhibits IAPP-mediated inflammasome activation and IL-1β production. METHODS Macrophages were exposed to IAPP in the presence or absence of plasma-purified human C4BP, and inflammasome activation was assessed by IL-1β secretion as detected by ELISA and reporter cell lines. IAPP fibrillation was assessed by thioflavin T assay. Uptake of IAPP-C4BP complexes and their effects on phagolysosomal stability were assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The effect of C4BP regulation of IAPP-mediated inflammasome activation on beta cell function was assessed using a clonal rat beta cell line. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the association of IAPP amyloid deposits and macrophage infiltration in isolated human and mouse pancreatic islets, and expression of C4BP from isolated human pancreatic islets was assessed by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot. RESULTS C4BP significantly inhibited IAPP-mediated IL-1β secretion from primed macrophages at physiological concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. C4BP bound to and was internalised together with IAPP. C4BP did not affect IAPP uptake into phagolysosomal compartments, although it did inhibit its formation into amyloid fibrils. The loss of macrophage phagolysosomal integrity induced by IAPP incubation was inhibited by co-incubation with C4BP. Supernatant fractions from macrophages activated with IAPP inhibited both insulin secretion and viability of clonal beta cells in an IL-1β-dependent manner but the presence of C4BP during macrophage IAPP incubation rescued beta cell function and viability. In human and mouse islets, the presence of amyloid deposits correlated with higher numbers of infiltrating macrophages. Isolated human islets expressed and secreted C4BP, which increased with addition of IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION IAPP deposition is associated with inflammatory cell infiltrates in pancreatic islets. C4BP blocks IAPP-induced inflammasome activation by preventing the loss of macrophage phagolysosomal integrity required for NLRP3 activation. The consequence of this is the preservation of beta cell function and viability. C4BP is secreted directly from human pancreatic islets and this increases in response to inflammatory cytokines. We therefore propose that C4BP acts as an extracellular chaperone protein that limits the proinflammatory effects of IAPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kulak
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 53, Skåne University Hospital, S20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Erik Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 53, Skåne University Hospital, S20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ben C King
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 53, Skåne University Hospital, S20502, Malmö, Sweden.
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Loeffler DA, Camp DM, Bennett DA. Plaque complement activation and cognitive loss in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:9. [PMID: 18334032 PMCID: PMC2292690 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement activation is increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its significance is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between complement activation and cognition during the development of AD. METHODS iC3b, C9, Bielschowsky, and Gallyas staining was performed on aged normal (n = 17), mild cognitively impaired (n = 12), and AD (n = 17-18) inferior temporal gyrus specimens. Plaques were counted in 10x fields with high numbers of Bielschowsky-stained plaques. One-way ANOVA was used to determine between-group differences for plaque counts and measures of cognitive function, and linear regression was used to evaluate global cognition as a function of Bielschowsky-stained plaques. Terms for iC3b- and C9-stained plaques were then added sequentially as additional predictors in a "mediation analysis" model. RESULTS Complement was detected on plaques in all groups, and on neurofibrillary tangles only in AD specimens. iC3b, C9, and Bielschowsky-stained plaque counts increased 2.5- to 3-fold in AD vs. other groups (all p < or = 0.01). C9 staining was present on some diffuse plaques, as well as on neuritic plaques. Bielschowsky-stained and complement-stained plaque counts were highly correlated, and were negatively correlated with cognitive measures. When the Bielschowsky plaque count was used as a predictor, its correlations with cognitive measures were statistically significant, but when iC3b and C9 plaque counts were added as additional predictors, these correlations were no longer significant. This loss of significance was attributed to multicollinearity, i.e., high correlations between Bielschowsky-stained and complement-stained plaque counts. CONCLUSION Both early-stage (iC3b) and late-stage (C9) complement activation occurs on neocortical plaques in subjects across the cognitive spectrum; contrary to previous reports, C9 is present on some diffuse plaques. Because of high correlations between complement-stained and Bielschowsky-stained plaque counts, quantitative assessment of the extent to which complement activation may mediate the relationship between plaques and cognitive function could not be performed. Additional studies with animal models of AD (if late-stage complement activation can be demonstrated), or possibly a trial in AD patients with an inhibitor of late-stage complement activation, may be necessary to determine the significance of this process in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Neurology Research Laboratory, William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
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Kotwal GJ, Lahiri DK, Hicks R. Potential intervention by vaccinia virus complement control protein of the signals contributing to the progression of central nervous system injury to Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 973:317-22. [PMID: 12485887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the few known risk factors for Alzheimers disease (AD) and for depression. The mechanisms by which trauma causes delayed cognitive deficits are largely unknown. In recent studies, it was demonstrated that the complement system (an important component of the immune system and a mediator of inflammation) is activated both in human AD and following experimental TBI in rats. Amyloid proteins are also present in AD and following TBI, and are known to activate complement in vitro. Based on these and other previous studies, it was hypothesized that regulation of the complement system will attenuate the long-term consequences of TBI. Vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) is a protein encoded by vaccinia virus. It blocks both the classic and alternative pathways of complement activation in vitro, and by doings so prevents the generation of proinflammatory chemotactic factors. Based on in vitro studies VCP can block the complement activation by the amyloid beta peptide. Using a fluid percussion rat model that causes traumatic brain injury (TBI), it was found that VCP significantly enhances functional recovery as determined by the Morris Water Maze test. Taken togther these studies indicate that potentially VCP could block molecular signals such as the formation of amyloid beta or the activation of complement to inhibit formation of AD following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish J Kotwal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Horváth A, Andersen I, Junker K, Lyck Fogh-Schultz B, Holm Nielsen E, Gizurarson S, Andersen O, Kármán J, Rajnavölgyi E, Erdei A, Svehag SE. Serum amyloid P component inhibits influenza A virus infections: in vitro and in vivo studies. Antiviral Res 2001; 52:43-53. [PMID: 11530187 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid P component (SAP) binds in vitro Ca(2+)-dependently to several ligands including oligosaccharides with terminal mannose and galactose. We have earlier reported that SAP binds to human influenza A virus strains, inhibiting hemagglutinin (HA) activity and virus infectivity in vitro. These studies were extended to comprise five mouse-adapted influenza A strains, two swine influenza A strains, a mink influenza A virus, a ferret influenza A reassortant virus, a influenza B virus and a parainfluenza 3 virus. The HA activity of all these viruses was inhibited by SAP. Western blotting showed that SAP bound to HA trimers, monomers and HA1 and HA2 subunits of influenza A virus. Binding studies indicated that galactose, mannose and fucose moieties contributed to the SAP reacting site(s). Intranasal administration of human SAP to mice induced no demonstrable toxic reactions, and circulating antibodies against SAP were not detected. Preincubation of virus (A/Japan/57) with SAP prevented primary infection of mice and development of antiviral antibodies. After a single intranasal administration of SAP (40 microg) 1 h before primary infection with virus (2LD(50)), nine out of 10 mice survived on day 10 and these mice approached normal body weight, whereas control mice (one out of five surviving on day 10) died. The data provide evidence of the potential of intranasally administered SAP for prophylactic treatment of influenza A virus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horváth
- Department of Immunology, L.Eötvös University, Göd, Hungary
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Mironova R, Niwa T. Molecular heterogeneity of amyloid beta2-microglobulin and modification with advanced glycation end products. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 758:109-15. [PMID: 11482729 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Western blotting and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, we characterized the molecular heterogeneity and advanced glycation end product (AGE) modification of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) extracted from the amyloid tissue of a hemodialysis patient. Amyloid beta2m was composed of full-length beta2m, truncated beta2m and dimer beta2m. Truncated beta2m and dimer beta2m were modified with AGEs such as imidazolone and N(e)-(carboxymethyl)lysine, and showed fluorescence characteristic of AGE. Truncated beta2m species were formed by cleavage between amino acid residues of Pro6/Ile7, Gln/Val9 and Val9/Tyr10. Heterogeneous dimer beta2m species showed the molecular masses of 22,591 and 22 675, which resulted from cross-linking between truncated beta2m.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mironova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
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Abstract
Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) is a serious complication in long-term dialysis patients, and presents with carpal tunnel syndrome, cystic bone lesions, destructive spondylarthropathy, diffuse arthritis and periarthritis, systemic organ involvement, and dialysis-related spinal canal stenosis (DSCS). Recently a new concept of DSCS has been proposed that includes both destructive spondylarthropathy and myeloradiculopathy induced by extradural thickness. beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)M) amyloid was demonstrated to be modified with advanced glycation end products (AGEs) such as imidazolone, N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), and pentosidine. Imidazolone is a reaction product of arginine residue in proteins with 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), which is markedly accumulated in uremic serum. Imidazolone is generated under nonoxidative conditions, while CML and pentosidine are formed by oxidative processes. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that AGEs were localized not only in dialysis amyloid but also in nonamyloid collagenous structures, supporting the hypothesis that AGE modification of collagen might have pathogenic relevance in the deposition of beta(2)M on collagen. Serum levels of AGEs are increased in uremic patients. The dimeric form of beta(2)M in the dialysate and urine of uremic patients is more susceptible to imidazolone modification as observed in dialysis amyloid. However, the major component of dialysis amyloid is a native form of beta(2)M, while AGE-modified beta(2)M and truncated beta(2)M are the minor components. Thus I propose that 3-DG and the other dicarbonyl compounds accumulating in uremic serum promote the modification of beta(2)M with AGEs mainly after deposition of beta(2)M as amyloid. For the prevention and treatment of DRA, beta(2)M should be efficiently eliminated from circulating blood by kidney transplantation, hemodialysis, or hemodiafiltration using high-flux membranes and an adsorbent (Lixelle) column.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niwa
- Department of Clinical Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Daiko Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan.
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Sørensen IJ, Holm Nielsen E, Schrøder L, Voss A, Horváth L, Svehag SE. Complexes of serum amyloid P component and DNA in serum from healthy individuals and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Clin Immunol 2000; 20:408-15. [PMID: 11202230 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026478914129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid P component (SAP) binds in vitro to DNA; based on findings in SAP-deficient mice it was proposed that SAP's role is to handle chromatin and DNA, thereby preventing formation of anti-DNA antibodies. For the first time we have shown the presence of Ca2+-dependent SAP-DNA complexes, measured by ELISA, in sera from both healthy volunteers and systemic lupus erythematosus patients (SLE). The concentration of SAP-DNA complexes in SLE sera was significantly lower than in normal sera and particularly low in sera from patients with anti-DNA titers exceeding 50. The complexes were dissociated by the SAP ligand heparin and were not demonstrable in EDTA plasma. Normal sera showed similar capacity to form SAP-DNA complexes with both thymus and Escherichia coli DNA, whereas significantly lower amounts of complexes, in particular with E. coli DNA, were formed in SLE sera. SLE patients with moderate to high anti-DNA titers showed a significant negative correlation between serum SAP's binding of E. coli DNA and the anti-DNA titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Sørensen
- Department of Internal Medicine C, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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