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Parsons AJ, Ophir SI, Gardner TJ, Paredes JC, Stein KR, Kwasny SM, Cardinale SC, Torhan M, Prichard MN, James SH, Atanasoff KE, G-Dayanandan N, Bowlin TL, Opperman TJ, Tortorella D. Investigating N-arylpyrimidinamine (NAPA) compounds as early-stage inhibitors against human cytomegalovirus. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105474. [PMID: 36511318 PMCID: PMC9907720 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes latent asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals but can cause serious infections in immunocompromised people, resulting in increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The current FDA-approved CMV drugs target late stages of the CMV life-cycle. While these drugs are effective in most cases, they have serious drawbacks, including poor oral bioavailability, dose-limiting toxicity, and a low barrier to resistance. Given the clinical relevance of CMV-associated diseases, novel therapies are needed. Thus, a novel class of compounds that inhibits the early stages of the CMV life-cycle was identified and found to block infection of different strains in physiologically relevant cell types. This class of compounds, N-arylpyrimidinamine (NAPA), demonstrated potent anti-CMV activity against ganciclovir-sensitive and -resistant strains in in vitro replication assays, a selectivity index >30, and favorable in vitro ADME properties. Mechanism of action studies demonstrated that NAPA compounds inhibit an early step of virus infection. NAPA compounds are specific inhibitors of cytomegaloviruses and exhibited limited anti-viral activity against other herpesviruses. Collectively, we have identified a novel class of CMV inhibitor that effectively limits viral infection and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Parsons
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sabrina I Ophir
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas J Gardner
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jailene Casado Paredes
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kathryn R Stein
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Kristina E Atanasoff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Dong J, Li S, Lu Z, Du P, Liu G, Li M, Ma C, Zhou J, Bao J. HCMV-miR-US33-5p promotes apoptosis of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting EPAS1/SLC3A2 pathway. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:40. [PMID: 35596131 PMCID: PMC9123696 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD), increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis has been found. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-miR-US33-5p was significantly increased in the plasma of patients with AAD. However, the roles of miR-US33-5p in human aortic VSMC (HA-VSMC) apoptosis remain to be elucidated. METHODS In the current study, cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, cell proliferation by CCK-8 assay, and differentially expressed genes by RNA sequencing. Luciferase reporter assay was used for binding analysis between miR-US33-5p and endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), and EPAS1 and amino acid transporter heavy chain, member 2 (SLC3A2). The enrichment degree of SLC3A2 promoter DNA was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting were performed for measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels, respectively. RESULTS It was found that HCMV infection inhibited proliferation but promoted HA-VSMC apoptosis by upregulating HCMV-miR-US33-5p. Transfection of HCMV-miR-US33-5p mimics the significant effect on several signaling pathways including integrin signaling as shown in the RNA sequencing data. Western blotting analysis confirmed that HCMV-miR-US33-5p mimics suppression of the activity of key factors of the integrin signal pathway including FAK, AKT, CAS, and Rac. Mechanistic study showed that HCMV-miR-US33-5p bound to the 3'-untranslated region of EPAS1 to suppress its expression, leading to suppression of SLC3A2 expression, which ultimately promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation. This was confirmed by the findings that silencing EPAS1 significantly reduced the SLC3A2 expression and inhibited proliferation and key factors of integrin signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS HCMV-miR-US33-5p suppressed proliferation, key factors of integrin signal pathway, and EPAS1/SLC3A2 expression, but promoted HA-VSMC apoptosis. These findings highlighted the importance of HCMV-miR-US33-5p/EPAS1/SCL3A2 signaling and may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Lu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangqin Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mintao Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junmin Bao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Hassan W, Noreen H, Rehman S, Kamal MA, Teixeira da Rocha JB. Association of Oxidative Stress with Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1046-1072. [PMID: 34781871 PMCID: PMC9886831 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111141246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGORUND Oxidative stress is one of the main contributing factors involved in cerebral biochemical impairment. The higher susceptibility of the central nervous system to reactive oxygen species mediated damage could be attributed to several factors. For example, neurons use a greater quantity of oxygen, many parts of the brain have higher concentraton of iron, and neuronal mitochondria produce huge content of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, neuronal membranes have polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are predominantly vulnerable to oxidative stress (OS). OS is the imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and cellular antioxidant potential. This may lead to various pathological conditions and diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. OBJECTIVES In this study, we explored the involvement of OS in neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We used different search terms like "oxidative stress and neurological disorders" "free radicals and neurodegenerative disorders" "oxidative stress, free radicals, and neurological disorders" and "association of oxidative stress with the name of disorders taken from the list of neurological disorders. We tried to summarize the source, biological effects, and physiologic functions of ROS. RESULTS Finally, it was noted that more than 190 neurological disorders are associated with oxidative stress. CONCLUSION More elaborated studies in the future will certainly help in understanding the exact mechanism involved in neurological diseases and provide insight into revelation of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Hassan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hamsa Noreen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shakila Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Joao Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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Affandi JS, Lee S, Chih H, Brook E, Waters S, Howson P, Reid CM, Irish A, Price P. Cytomegalovirus burden improves a predictive model identifying measures of vascular risk in renal transplant recipients and healthy adults. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3650-3657. [PMID: 32017150 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been implicated in vascular pathologies and may warrant inclusion in cardiovascular predictive algorithms. We addressed this in healthy older adults and renal transplant recipients (RTR) as they retain a high burden of CMV. RTR (n = 45) stable more than 2 years after transplantation and 58 age-matched healthy adults were assessed. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers (soluble isoform of the interferon-β receptor [sIFNAR2], soluble tumour necrosis factorreceptor-1 [sTNFR1], soluble cluster of differentiation 14 [sCD14], C reactive protein, P-selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), and measures of CMV burden (antibodies, saliva CMV DNA, and interferon γ responses to CMV) were assessed in 2014 and evaluated in 2017 as predictors of vascular health-defined using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation indices (Aix@ 75). Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were optimized to identify risk factors. In 2017, RTR had inferior vascular health marked by impaired FMD and PWV. Detectable CMV DNA (P = .02) was associated with impaired FMD, whilst CMV glycoprotein B (gB) antibody attenuated this effect (P = .03) (adjusted R2 = .42). In healthy adults, the optimal model for predicting FMD (R2 =.22) incorporated high P-selectin (P = .03) and low ICAM-1 (P = .03) levels with no significant impact of CMV. Elevated sIFNAR2 (P = .04) and gB antibody (P = .06) levels predicted increasing Aix@ 75 (poor vascular health) in healthy adults (R2 = .4), whilst optimal models for RTR (R2 = .37) linked low sIFNAR2 and CMV IE-1 antibody levels with lower Aix@ 75 (better vascular health). CMV IE-1 antibody was also protective in relation to PWV in healthy adults (R2 = .55). Overall, measures of active CMV replication were more predictive of impaired FMD in RTR than standard biomarkers, but increased CMV gB antibodies may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Lee
- School of Biomedical Science and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia
| | - HuiJun Chih
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Emily Brook
- School of Biomedical Science and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Shelley Waters
- School of Biomedical Science and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Prue Howson
- Renal Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ashley Irish
- Renal Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- School of Biomedical Science and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Congenital Infection and Congenital Cataract in Tanzania: A Case Control Study. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cataract is the commonest cause of childhood blindness in sub Saharan Africa (SSA). The significance of congenital rubella and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the etiology is not known. Objectives: We aimed to investigate prevalence of both viruses in cases of congenital cataract and controls. Methods: Lens tissue was collected (from cases), blood and saliva from cases and controls. Using ELISA, we tested blood samples for rubella and cytomegalovirus IgM. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also used for detection of the viruses. Results: Cytomegalovirus was detected using qPCR in 72.9% saliva specimens of cases compared to 38.5% of controls (P = 0.0001). Cytomegalovirus IgM was also detected in 10.8% blood specimens of cases and only 1.5% control (P = 0.01). Rubella IgM was detected in 13.8% blood specimens of cases and only 3.1% controls (P = 0.01). In lens aspirates of cases, 12.7% were HCMV positive and 11.1% were rubella positive by qPCR. Cases had lower birth weights (mean = 2.8 kg) than controls (mean = 3.2 kg), independent of viral status (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Although most of the children in the study presented too late to be sure that infection was congenital, our study strongly suggests that HCMV and rubella infection appear important causes of congenital cataract in Tanzania hence virology testing of infantile cataract cases may be useful in assessing effectiveness of immunization programs as they are established throughout SSA.
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Zhu W, Liu S. The role of human cytomegalovirus in atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:339-353. [PMID: 32253424 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular disease with increasing morbidity and mortality year by year in modern society. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis. HCMV infection may accelerate graft atherosclerosis and the development of transplant vasculopathy in organ transplantation. However, our current understanding of HCMV-associated atherosclerosis remains limited and is mainly based on clinical observations. The underlying mechanism of the involvement of HCMV infection in atherogenesis remains unclear. Here, we summarized current knowledge regarding the multiple influences of HCMV on a diverse range of infected cells, including vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes, macrophages, and T cells. In addition, we described potential HCMV-induced molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, lipid metabolism, and miRNA regulation, which are involved in the development of HCMV-associated atherogenesis. Gaining an improved understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCMV-related cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- Clinical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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8
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Lebedeva AM, Shpektor AV, Vasilieva EY, Margolis LB. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 83:1437-1447. [PMID: 30878019 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis underlies the development of many cardiovascular diseases that continue to hold a leading place among the causes of death in developed countries. The role of activated immune cells in atherosclerosis progression has been convincingly demonstrated, but the mechanism of their action remains poorly investigated. Since atherosclerosis is associated with chronic inflammatory response, involvement of viral and bacterial infections in atherogenesis has been examined. A special place among the infectious agents is held by human herpesviruses as the most common persistent viruses in human population coupled to chronic inflammation during atherosclerosis. We found that activation of cytomegalovirus (CMV, human herpesvirus 5) infection is associated with the emergence of acute coronary syndrome, which is in a good agreement with the data on productive CMV infection published elsewhere. In this review, we discuss the data obtained by us and other researchers regarding the role of cytomegalovirus infection and related potential mechanisms resulting in the expansion of atherosclerotic plaques during ischemic heart disease and stroke, including virus transfer to immune and endothelial cells via extracellular vesicles. In particular, the data presented in the review demonstrate that virus spreading in the vascular wall triggers immune system activation in atherosclerotic plaques and causes endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, productive CMV infection in patients with acute myocardial infarction correlates with the extent of endothelial dysfunction. The mechanisms described by us and other researchers may explain the role of CMV infection in atherosclerosis and development of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lebedeva
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127473, Russia.
| | - A V Shpektor
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | - E Yu Vasilieva
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | - L B Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Rasa S, Nora-Krukle Z, Henning N, Eliassen E, Shikova E, Harrer T, Scheibenbogen C, Murovska M, Prusty BK. Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). J Transl Med 2018; 16:268. [PMID: 30285773 PMCID: PMC6167797 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and main text Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and controversial clinical condition without having established causative factors. Increasing numbers of cases during past decade have created awareness among patients as well as healthcare professionals. Chronic viral infection as a cause of ME/CFS has long been debated. However, lack of large studies involving well-designed patient groups and validated experimental set ups have hindered our knowledge about this disease. Moreover, recent developments regarding molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of various infectious agents cast doubts over validity of several of the past studies. Conclusions This review aims to compile all the studies done so far to investigate various viral agents that could be associated with ME/CFS. Furthermore, we suggest strategies to better design future studies on the role of viral infections in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Rasa
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zaiga Nora-Krukle
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nina Henning
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Eliassen
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evelina Shikova
- Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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Human cytomegalovirus infection-induced autophagy was associated with the biological behavioral changes of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:938-946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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11
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Afifi MA, Jiman-Fatani AA, Al-Rabia MW, Al-Hussainy NH, El Saadany S, Mayah W. More Than an Association: Latent Toxoplasmosis Might Provoke a Local Oxidative Stress That Triggers the Development of Bipolar Disorder. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2018; 6:139-144. [PMID: 30221140 PMCID: PMC6130242 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_22_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii, a common parasitic infection, has a special affinity to the brain. It has a lifelong existence without an apparent clinical disease. While the etiology of bipolar disorder (BD) remains unclear, epidemiological studies suggest a role for infections. Central nervous system is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress (OS) because of its high metabolic rate and its low levels of antioxidant defenses. OS is a contributor to the initiation and progression of many neurological illnesses. OS injury is a constantly and compelling finding associated with BD and toxoplasmosis. Aim: This cross-sectional study has investigated a possible role of toxoplasma-induced OS in the development of BD. Methods: Healthy controls and BD patients were examined for anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and two protein (3-nitrotyrosine) and DNA (8-hydroxy-2’ deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) OS markers. Results: Toxoplasma positivity was higher (40%) among BD patients compared to controls (12%). Significantly higher levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG were detected in BD patients compared to controls. Nitrotyrosine (796.7 ± 106.28) and especially 8-OHdG (20.31 ± 8.38) were significantly higher among toxo-positive BD compared to toxo-negative BD (675.97 ± 144.19 and 7.44 ± 2.86) and healthy controls (464.02 ± 134.6 and 4.17 ± 1.43). Conclusion: These findings might indicate a role for Toxoplasma infection in the development of BD, possibly through creating a highly oxidative brain environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Afifi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asif A Jiman-Fatani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed W Al-Rabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeel H Al-Hussainy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El Saadany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Mayah
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Infectious Agents in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases through Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112459. [PMID: 29156574 PMCID: PMC5713425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that vascular oxidative stress is a critical feature of atherosclerotic process, potentially triggered by several infectious agents that are considered as risk co-factors for the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). C. pneumoniae has been shown to upregulate multiple enzymatic systems capable of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as NADPH oxidase (NOX) and cyclooxygenase in vascular endothelial cells, NOX and cytochrome c oxidase in macrophages as well as nitric oxide synthase and lipoxygenase in platelets contributing to both early and late stages of atherosclerosis. P. gingivalis seems to be markedly involved in the atherosclerotic process as compared to A. actinomycetemcomitans contributing to LDL oxidation and foam cell formation. Particularly interesting is the evidence describing the NLRP3 inflammasome activation as a new molecular mechanism underlying P. gingivalis-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Amongst viral agents, immunodeficiency virus-1 and hepatitis C virus seem to have a major role in promoting ROS production, contributing, hence, to the early stages of atherosclerosis including endothelial dysfunction and LDL oxidation. In conclusion, oxidative mechanisms activated by several infectious agents during the atherosclerotic process underlying CVDs are very complex and not well-known, remaining, thus, an attractive target for future research.
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13
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Waters S, Brook E, Lee S, Estiasari R, Ariyanto I, Price P. HIV patients, healthy aging and transplant recipients can reveal the hidden footprints of CMV. Clin Immunol 2017; 187:107-112. [PMID: 29108855 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a β-herpesvirus. Latent infections are common in all populations. However age-associated increases in levels of CMV-reactive antibody are testament to repeated reactivations and periods of viral replication. CMV has been associated with several diseases of aging, including vasculopathy and neurocognitive impairment. These conditions occur at a younger age in persons with particularly high burdens of CMV - transplant recipients and people living with HIV. Here we define the "clinical footprints" as immunopathologies triggered by CMV that develop over many years. A high burden of CMV also drives accumulation of multifunctional terminally-differentiated αβ T-cells, a novel population of Vδ2- γδ T-cells, and a population of CD56lo NK cells lacking a key regulatory molecule. An understanding of these "immunological footprints" of CMV may reveal how they collectively promote the "clinical footprints" of the virus. This is explored here in transplant recipients, HIV patients and healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Waters
- School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Emily Brook
- School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Silvia Lee
- School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Australia
| | - Riwanti Estiasari
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ibnu Ariyanto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Patricia Price
- School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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14
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Contribution of Oxidative Stress to Non-AIDS Events in HIV-Infected Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:e36-e44. [PMID: 28107228 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recognition of potentially modifiable mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of non-AIDS events (NAEs) might help improve outcomes of HIV-infected individuals. HIV infection has been associated with increased oxidative stress. We assessed the association between F2-isoprostanes and serious NAEs, and whether they improve the predictive performance of inflammation and coagulation biomarkers. METHODS Prospective multicenter cohort. Individuals who had an incident serious NAE and 2 sex- and age-matched participants with no events were selected. Measurement of F2-isoprostanes, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, D-dimer, sCD14, sCD40, sCD163, and neopterin levels was performed in successive plasma samples collected from cohort inclusion. RESULTS Biomarkers were measured in 78 participants developing serious NAEs or death, and 151 subjects with no events. Adjusted levels of F2-isoprostanes, and also of highly sensitive C-reactive protein, sCD14, and D-dimer were higher in individuals who developed serious NAEs, including or not non-AIDS deaths. The same results were observed when only samples collected since the time of achieving virological suppression were analyzed. The additive incorporation of each biomarker, ending with F2-isoprostanes, in an adjusted model was associated with a graded and significant increase in the quality of model fitting, and 94% sensitivity, 33% specificity, and 0.77 accuracy to predict serious NAEs including non-AIDS-related death. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress is associated with a higher risk of serious NAEs, including non-AIDS deaths. This effect is independent and additive to biomarkers of inflammation, monocyte activation, and coagulation. Our results suggest that oxidative stress should be included among mechanisms to deal with to improve prognosis of HIV-infected individuals.
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15
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults who take stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at risk for early onset of age-related diseases. This is likely due to a complex interaction between traditional risk factors, HIV infection itself, and other factors, such as underlying immune dysfunction and persistent inflammation. HIV disrupts the balance between the host and coinfecting microbes, worsening control of these potential pathogens. For example, HIV-infected adults are more likely than the general population to have subclinical bursts of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication at mucosal sites. Production of antigens can activate the immune system and stimulate HIV replication, and it could contribute to the pathogenesis of adverse outcomes of aging, like cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive impairment. Further investigation of the relationships between CMV, immune dysfunction, and unsuccessful aging during chronic HIV infection is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
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16
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More than an association: Latent toxoplasmosis might provoke a local oxidative stress that triggers the development of bipolar disorder. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Li L, Liu M, Kang L, Li Y, Dai Z, Wang B, Liu S, Chen L, Tan Y, Wu G. HHEX: A Crosstalker between HCMV Infection and Proliferation of VSMCs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:169. [PMID: 27965937 PMCID: PMC5127840 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the role of Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection on homebox (HOX) gene expression and the effects of overexpression of HOX genes on proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Methods: Viral infection was verified by observation of cytopathic effects through inverted microscopy, viral particles by electron microscopy and HCMV IE gene amplification by RT-PCR. cDNA profiling technology was used to screen expression of HOX genes after HCMV infection in VSMCs. Abnormal expression of Haematopoietically-expressed homeobox (HHEX) was selected to construct over-expressed vector and transfected into VSMCs. The effects of over expression of HHEX on cell proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs were assayed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis and proliferation-associated genes were also assayed by RT-PCR. Results: Multiple HOX gene expression levels had obvious changes after HCMV infection, among which expression of HHEX gene increased obviously at 24, 48, and 72 h after infection. Over expression of HHEX can promote VSMCs proliferation by promoting G0/G1 phase cells into S phase and inhibit VSMCs apoptosis. HHEX inhibited the expression of apoptosis-associated caspase 2 and caspase3 and promoted the expression of cell cycle-related genes such as CDK2 and CDK6, CyclinB2 and CyclinD2. Conclusion: HHEX over expression induced by HCMV infection closely associated with vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Li
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Meitong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Leitao Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Guojun Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University Changsha, China
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18
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Sadeghi M, Lahdou I, Opelz G, Mehrabi A, Zeier M, Schnitzler P, Daniel V. IL-23 plasma level is strongly associated with CMV status and reactivation of CMV in renal transplant recipients. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:35. [PMID: 27716059 PMCID: PMC5048605 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients with ESRD. Donor CMV seropositivity is associated with higher graft loss. Dendritic cells, macrophages and Th17 lymphocytes are defined as producers of IL-23. IL-23 is thought to be involved in the promotion of Th17 cell polarization. Latent CMV-induced Th17 might be involved in the pathogenesis of CMV infection in patients with ESRD. We aimed to evaluate associations of Th17-dependent cytokines with ESRD, CMV status and post-transplant outcome in kidney transplantation. Results IL-21 plasma levels were similar in patients and healthy controls (p = 0.47), whereas IL-9 (p = 0.02) and IL-23 (p < 0.0001) levels were significantly higher in ESRD patients. CMV-seronegative (p = 0.002) and –seropositive (p < 0.001) patients had significantly higher IL-23 plasma levels than controls. CMV-seropositive patients showed excessively higher IL-23 (p < 0.001) plasma levels than CMV-seronegative patients. Patients with post-transplant CMV reactivation had higher IL-23 plasma levels than patients without CMV reactivation (p = 0.025). Conclusions Our results indicate that latent CMV induces IL-23. IL-23 might be an inflammatory mediator of latent CMV infection in patients with ESRD and predisposes patients for post-transplant CMV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Imad Lahdou
- Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Opelz
- Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Daniel
- Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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The role of oxidative and inflammatory stress and persistent viral infections in immunosenescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Turner JE. Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime "dose" of exercise? Biogerontology 2016; 17:581-602. [PMID: 27023222 PMCID: PMC4889625 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The age-associated decline in immune function, referred to as immunosenescence, is well characterised within the adaptive immune system, and in particular, among T cells. Hallmarks of immunosenescence measured in the T cell pool, include low numbers and proportions of naïve cells, high numbers and proportions of late-stage differentiated effector memory cells, poor proliferative responses to mitogens, and a CD4:CD8 ratio <1.0. These changes are largely driven by infection with Cytomegalovirus, which has been directly linked with increased inflammatory activity, poor responses to vaccination, frailty, accelerated cognitive decline, and early mortality. It has been suggested however, that exercise might exert an anti-immunosenescence effect, perhaps delaying the onset of immunological ageing or even rejuvenating aged immune profiles. This theory has been developed on the basis of evidence that exercise is a powerful stimulus of immune function. For example, in vivo antibody responses to novel antigens can be improved with just minutes of exercise undertaken at the time of vaccination. Further, lymphocyte immune-surveillance, whereby cells search tissues for antigens derived from viruses, bacteria, or malignant transformation, is thought to be facilitated by the transient lymphocytosis and subsequent lymphocytopenia induced by exercise bouts. Moreover, some forms of exercise are anti-inflammatory, and if repeated regularly over the lifespan, there is a lower morbidity and mortality from diseases with an immunological and inflammatory aetiology. The aim of this article is to discuss recent theories for how exercise might influence T cell immunosenescence, exploring themes in the context of hotly debated issues in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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21
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Infectious disease burden and cognitive function in young to middle-aged adults. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:161-168. [PMID: 26598104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has suggested an association between exposure to infectious disease and neurocognitive function in humans. While most of these studies have explored individual viral, bacterial, and even parasitic sources of infection, few have considered the potential neurocognitive burden associated with multiple infections. In this study, we utilized publically available data from a large dataset produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that included measures of neurocognitive function, sociodemographic variables, and serum antibody data for several infectious diseases. Specifically, immunoglobulin G antibodies for toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, and herpes 1 and 2 were available in 5662 subjects. We calculated an overall index of infectious-disease burden to determine if an aggregate measure of exposure to infectious disease would be associated with neurocognitive function in adults aged 20-59 years. The index predicted processing speed and learning and memory but not reaction time after controlling for age, sex, race-ethnicity, immigration status, education, and the poverty-to-income ratio. Interactions between the infectious-disease index and some sociodemographic variables were also associated with neurocognitive function. In summary, an index aggregating exposure to several infectious diseases was associated with neurocognitive function in young- to middle-aged adults.
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22
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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23
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Muller GC, Gottlieb MGV, Luz Correa B, Gomes Filho I, Moresco RN, Bauer ME. The inverted CD4:CD8 ratio is associated with gender-related changes in oxidative stress during aging. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:149-54. [PMID: 26051633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aging has been associated with increased generation of free radicals as well as immunosenescence. Previous studies have identified older individuals with inverted T CD4:CD8 cell ratio and increased immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Here, we investigated markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defences in older individuals with inverted CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio. Sixty-one subjects were identified with inverted CD4:CD8 ratio. Older individuals with a CD4:CD8 ratio <1 had increased levels of plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), but reduced levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as compared to subjects with normal CD4:CD8 ratio. The CMV IgG serology was negatively correlated with CD4:CD8 ratio. These markers were more evident among elderly men than women. Our data suggest a close relationship between chronic CMV infection and oxidative profile in older individuals in the midst of its influence on the peripheral T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Cerutti Muller
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Health School, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Sao Leopoldo, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruna Luz Correa
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Irênio Gomes Filho
- Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology (IGG), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Noal Moresco
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Moisés Evandro Bauer
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Abstract
Stroke is as common as brain tumor in children. The etiology of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) appears to be multifactorial, resulting from the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. The risk factors for AIS in children are markedly different from the atherosclerotic risk factors in adults. Trauma and infections have been identified as associations in previous studies and are exposures of particular interest because of their increased prevalence in the children. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the research studies that have addressed the role of infections and trauma in pediatric AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moraitis
- Rheumatology/Infectious Diseases and Immunity Unit UCL Institute of Child Health and Rheumatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK,
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