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Training Periodization, Methods, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Highly Trained and Elite Distance Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:820-833. [PMID: 35418513 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Highly trained/elite distance runners typically follow a pyramidal TID approach, characterized by a decreasing training volume from zone 1 (at or below speed at first ventilatory/lactate threshold [LT]) to zone 2 (between speeds associated with either both ventilatory thresholds or 2 and 4 mmol·L-1 LTs [vLT1 and vLT2, respectively]) and zone 3 (speed above vVT2/vLT2). Continuous-tempo runs or interval training sessions at vLT2 in zone 2 (ie, medium and long aerobic intervals) and those in zone 3 (ie, anaerobic or short-interval training) were both used at least once per week each in elite runners, and they were used to increase the number of either vLT2 or z3 sessions to adopt either a pyramidal or a polarized approach, respectively. More pyramidal- and polarized-oriented approaches were used by marathoners and 1500-m runners, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Highly trained and elite middle- and long-distance runners are encouraged to adopt a traditional periodization pattern with a hard day-easy day basis, consisting in a shift from a pyramidal TID used during the preparatory and precompetitive periods toward a polarized TID during the competitive period.
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Luttikholt H, Jones AM. Effect of protocol on peak power output in continuous incremental cycle exercise tests. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:757-768. [PMID: 34993576 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peak power output ([Formula: see text]peak) in an incremental exercise test (EXT) is considered an important predictor of performance for cyclists. However, [Formula: see text]peak is protocol dependent. The purpose of this study was to model the effect of EXT design on [Formula: see text]peak. METHODS An adapted version of a previously developed mathematical model was used. For the purpose of validity testing, we compared predicted [Formula: see text]peak differences (predicted Δ[Formula: see text]peak) with actual Δ[Formula: see text]peak found in sports science literature. RESULTS The model quantified Δ[Formula: see text]peak between 36 EXT designs with stage durations in the range 1-5 min and increments in the range 10-50 W. Predicted Δ[Formula: see text]peak and actual Δ[Formula: see text]peak across a wide range of performance levels of cyclists were in good agreement. Depending on the specific combination of increment and stage duration, [Formula: see text]peak may be widely different or equivalent. A minimum difference in increment (5 W) or in stage duration (1 min) already results in significantly different [Formula: see text]peak. In EXTs having the same ratio between increment and stage duration, [Formula: see text]peak in the EXT with the shortest stage duration or the greatest increment is significantly higher. Tests combining 15 W, 25 W or 40 W increments with 2, 3 and 4 min stage durations, respectively, are 'special' in that their [Formula: see text]peak approximates the power output associated with maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). CONCLUSIONS The modeling results allow comparison of [Formula: see text]peak between widely different EXT designs. Absolute performance level does not affect Δ[Formula: see text]peak. [Formula: see text]peak15/2, [Formula: see text]peak25/3 and [Formula: see text]peak40/4 constitute a practical physiologic reference for performance diagnostics and exercise intensity prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew M Jones
- University of Exeter, Sport and Health Sciences, Exeter, EX12LU, UK
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Five-Minute Power-Based Test to Predict Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Road Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:9-15. [PMID: 34225254 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the ability of a multivariate model to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) using performance data from a 5-minute maximal test (5MT). METHODS Forty-six road cyclists (age 38 [9] y, height 177 [9] cm, weight 71.4 [8.6] kg, VO2max 61.13 [9.05] mL/kg/min) completed a graded exercise test to assess VO2max and power output. After a 72-hour rest, they performed a test that included a 5-minute maximal bout. Performance variables in each test were modeled in 2 independent equations, using Bayesian general linear regressions to predict VO2max. Stepwise selection was then used to identify the minimal subset of parameters with the best predictive power for each model. RESULTS Five-minute relative power output was the best explanatory variable to predict VO2max in the model from the graded exercise test (R2 95% credibility interval, .81-.88) and when using data from the 5MT (R2 95% credibility interval, .61-.77). Accordingly, VO2max could be predicted with a 5MT using the equation VO2max = 16.6 + (8.87 × 5-min relative power output). CONCLUSIONS Road cycling VO2max can be predicted in cyclists through a single-variable equation that includes relative power obtained during a 5MT. Coaches, cyclists, and scientists may benefit from the reduction of laboratory assessments performed on athletes due to this finding.
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Prinz B, Zöger M, Tschan H, Nimmerichter A. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Endurance Trained Youth and Adult Cyclists. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:398-403. [PMID: 34267578 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported faster pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise in untrained youth compared with adults. Whether or not these differences are identical for trained groups have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to compare ˙VO2 kinetics of youth and adult cyclists at moderate and heavy-intensity exercise. Thirteen adult (age: 23.2 ± 4.8 years; ˙VO2peak 68.4 ± 6.8 mL·min-1.kg-1) and thirteen youth cyclists (age: 14.3 ± 1.5 years; ˙VO2peak 61.7 ± 4.3 mL·min-1.kg-1) completed a series of 6-min square wave exercises at moderate and heavy-intensity exercise at 90 rev·min-1. A two-way repeated-measure ANOVA was conducted to identify differences between groups and intensities. The time constant, time delay and the mean response time were not significantly different between youth and adult cyclists (p > 0.05). We found significant differences between intensities, with a faster time constant during moderate than heavy-intensity exercise in youth (24.1 ± 7.0 s vs. 31.8 ± 5.6 s; p = 0.004) and adults (22.7 ± 5.6 s vs. 28.6 ± 5.7 s; p < 0.001). The present data suggest that the effect of training history in adult cyclists compensate for the superior primary response of the oxygen uptake kinetics typically seen in youth compared to adults. Furthermore, the ˙VO2 response is dependent of work rate intensity in trained youth and adult cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Prinz
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.,Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Zöger
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Harald Tschan
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Nimmerichter
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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The Oxygen Uptake Plateau-A Critical Review of the Frequently Misunderstood Phenomenon. Sports Med 2021; 51:1815-1834. [PMID: 33914281 PMCID: PMC8363556 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A flattening of the oxygen uptake–work rate relationship at severe exercise indicates the achievement of maximum oxygen uptake \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\left({\text{VO}}_{2\max } \right)$$\end{document}VO2max. Unfortunately, a distinct plateau \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\left( {{{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}} \right)$$\end{document}VO2pl at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2maxis not found in all participants. The aim of this investigation was to critically review the influence of research methods and physiological factors on the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl incidence. It is shown that many studies used inappropriate definitions or methodical approaches to check for the occurrence of a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl. In contrast to the widespread assumptions it is unclear whether there is higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl incidence in (uphill) running compared to cycling exercise or in discontinuous compared to continuous incremental exercise tests. Furthermore, most studies that evaluated the validity of supramaximal verification phases, reported verification bout durations, which are too short to ensure that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2max have been achieved by all participants. As a result, there is little evidence for a higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl incidence and a corresponding advantage for the diagnoses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2max when incremental tests are supplemented by supramaximal verification bouts. Preliminary evidence suggests that the occurrence of a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl in continuous incremental tests is determined by physiological factors like anaerobic capacity, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2}$$\end{document}VO2-kinetics and accumulation of metabolites in the submaximal intensity domain. Subsequent studies should take more attention to the use of valid \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl definitions, which require a cut-off at ~ 50% of the submaximal \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2}$$\end{document}VO2 increase and rather large sampling intervals. Furthermore, if verification bouts are used to verify the achievement of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}VO2peak/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2max, it should be ensured that they can be sustained for sufficient durations.
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Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Sprint Interval Training on Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1145-1161. [PMID: 32034701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two forms of interval training commonly discussed in the literature are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). HIIT consists of repeated bouts of exercise that occur at a power output or velocity between the second ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). SIT is performed at a power output or velocity above those associated with VO2max. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to systematically review published randomized and pair-matched trials to determine which mode of interval training, HIIT versus SIT, leads to a greater improvement in TT performance in active and trained individuals. The second objective of this review is to perform a subgroup analysis to determine if there is a distinction between HIIT programs that differ in work-bout duration. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus (1800-present) and Medline with Full Text (1946-present) were used to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected for the review if they met the following criteria: (1) individuals (males and females) who were considered at least moderately trained (~ 3-h per week of activity) as specified by the authors of the included studies; (2) between the ages of 18 and 45 years; (3) randomized or pair-matched trials that included a HIIT and a SIT group; (4) provided detailed information about the interval training program; (5) were at least 2 weeks in duration; (6) included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance. RESULTS A total of 6 articles met the inclusion criteria for the subjective and objective analysis. The pooled analysis was based on a random-effects model. There was no difference in the change in TT performance when comparing all HIIT versus SIT (0.9%; 90% CI - 1.2-1.9%, p = 0.18). However, subgroup analysis based on duration of work interval indicated a 2% greater improvement in TT performance following long-HIIT (≥ 4 min) when compared to SIT. There was no difference in change in VO2max/peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) between groups. There was a moderate effect (ES = 0.70) in favor of HIIT over SIT in maximal aerobic power (MAP) or maximal aerobic velocity (MAV). CONCLUSION The results of the meta-analysis indicate that long-HIIT may be the optimal form of interval training to augment TT performance. Additional research that directly compares HIIT exercise differing in work-bout duration would strengthen these results and provide further insight into the mechanisms behind the observed benefits of long-HIIT.
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Marko D, Bahenský P, Snarr RL, Malátová R. V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak Comparison of a Treadmill Vs. Cycling Protocol in Elite Teenage Competitive Runners, Cyclists, and Swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2875-2882. [PMID: 33651733 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Marko, D, Bahenský, P, Snarr, RL, and Malátová, R. V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak Comparison of a treadmill vs. cycling protocol in elite teenage competitive runners, cyclists, and swimmers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill and cycle ergometer in elite-level, youth competitive athletes. Thirty-one athletes (11 distance runners, 11 mountain-bike cyclists, and 9 long-distance swimmers) were randomly selected to complete either a running or cycling GXT on the first day, followed by the alternative 72 hours apart. The initial work rate for each GXT was set at 50% of the individuals' previously established V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak to elicit fatigue within 8-12 minutes. For the treadmill protocol, speed was increased by 1 km·h-1 each minute, with a constant 5% grade, until volitional fatigue. Cycle ergometer work rate was increased by 30 W every minute until volitional fatigue or the inability to maintain proper cadence (i.e., 100 ± 5 rev·min-1). Throughout both testing sessions, V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, heart rate [HR] peak, breathing frequency (BF), tidal volume (VT), and minute ventilation (VE) were assessed and used to compare within-sport differences. Runners displayed a higher V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (∼7%; d = 0.92), HRpeak (4%; d = 0.77), VE (6%; d = 0.66), and BF (12%; d = 0.62) on the treadmill vs. cycle. However, the cycling group demonstrated a greater V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (∼8%; d = 0.92), VT (∼14%; d = 0.99), and VE (∼9%; d = 0.78) on the cycle, despite no change in HRpeak. For swimmers, the treadmill GXT elicited higher values in V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (∼5%; d = 0.75), BF (∼11.5%; d = 0.78), and HRpeak (3%; d = 0.69). Collectively, these findings indicate that exercise mode may greatly affect physiological outcome variables and should be considered before exercise prescription and athletic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marko
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
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Costa VAB, Midgley AW, Carroll S, Astorino TA, de Paula T, Farinatti P, Cunha FA. Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247057. [PMID: 33596256 PMCID: PMC7888616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'verification phase' has emerged as a supplementary procedure to traditional maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) criteria to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). OBJECTIVE To compare the highest VO2 responses observed in different verification phase procedures with their preceding CPET for confirmation that VO2max was likely attained. METHODS MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane (accessed through Wiley) were searched for relevant studies that involved apparently healthy adults, VO2max determination by indirect calorimetry, and a CPET on a cycle ergometer or treadmill that incorporated an appended verification phase. RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze the pooled effect of the CPET and verification phase on the highest mean VO2. Meta-analysis effect size calculations incorporated random-effects assumptions due to the diversity of experimental protocols employed. I2 was calculated to determine the heterogeneity of VO2 responses, and a funnel plot was used to check the risk of bias, within the mean VO2 responses from the primary studies. Subgroup analyses were used to test the moderator effects of sex, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise modality, CPET protocol, and verification phase protocol. RESULTS Eighty studies were included in the systematic review (total sample of 1,680 participants; 473 women; age 19-68 yr.; VO2max 3.3 ± 1.4 L/min or 46.9 ± 12.1 mL·kg-1·min-1). The highest mean VO2 values attained in the CPET and verification phase were similar in the 54 studies that were meta-analyzed (mean difference = 0.03 [95% CI = -0.01 to 0.06] L/min, P = 0.15). Furthermore, the difference between the CPET and verification phase was not affected by any of the potential moderators such as verification phase intensity (P = 0.11), type of recovery utilized (P = 0.36), VO2max verification criterion adoption (P = 0.29), same or alternate day verification procedure (P = 0.21), verification-phase duration (P = 0.35), or even according to sex, cardiorespiratory fitness level, exercise modality, and CPET protocol (P = 0.18 to P = 0.71). The funnel plot indicated that there was no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The verification phase seems a robust procedure to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a ramp or continuous step-incremented CPET. However, given the high concordance between the highest mean VO2 achieved in the CPET and verification phase, findings from the current study would question its necessity in all testing circumstances. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID CRD42019123540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. B. Costa
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adrian W. Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England
| | - Sean Carroll
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, England
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Tainah de Paula
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinics of Hypertension and Associated Metabolic Diseases, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cunha
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplementation on endurance training adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2273-2287. [PMID: 32757065 PMCID: PMC7502056 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the influence of post-exercise protein feeding upon the adaptive response to endurance exercise training. Methods In a randomised parallel group design, 25 healthy men and women completed 6 weeks of endurance exercise training by running on a treadmill for 30–60 min at 70–75% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 4 times/week. Participants ingested 1.6 g per kilogram of body mass (g kg BM−1) of carbohydrate (CHO) or an isocaloric carbohydrate–protein solution (CHO-P; 0.8 g carbohydrate kg BM−1 + 0.8 g protein kg BM−1) immediately and 1 h post-exercise. Expired gas, blood and muscle biopsy samples were taken at baseline and follow-up. Results Exercise training improved VO2max in both groups (p ≤ 0.001), but this increment was not different between groups either in absolute terms or relative to body mass (0.2 ± 0.2 L min−1 and 3.0 ± 2 mL kg−1 min−1, respectively). No change occurred in plasma albumin concentration from baseline to follow-up with CHO-P (4.18 ± 0.18 to 4.23 ± 0.17 g dL−1) or CHO (4.17 ± 0.17 to 4.12 ± 0.22 g dL−1; interaction: p > 0.05). Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene expression was up-regulated in CHO-P (+ 46%; p = 0.025) relative to CHO (+ 4%) following exercise training. Conclusion Post-exercise protein supplementation up-regulated the expression of mTOR in skeletal muscle over 6 weeks of endurance exercise training. However, the magnitude of improvement in VO2max was similar between groups.
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Vassallo C, Gray A, Cummins C, Murphy A, Waldron M. Exercise tolerance during flat over-ground intermittent running: modelling the expenditure and reconstitution kinetics of work done above critical power. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:219-230. [PMID: 31776696 PMCID: PMC6969867 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We compared a new locomotor-specific model to track the expenditure and reconstitution of work done above critical power (W´) and balance of W´ (W´BAL) by modelling flat over-ground power during exhaustive intermittent running. Method Nine male participants completed a ramp test, 3-min all-out test and the 30–15 intermittent fitness test (30–15 IFT), and performed a severe-intensity constant work-rate trial (SCWR) at the maximum oxygen uptake velocity (vV̇O2max). Four intermittent trials followed: 60-s at vV̇O2max + 50% Δ1 (Δ1 = vV̇O2max − critical velocity [VCrit]) interspersed by 30-s in light (SL; 40% vV̇O2max), moderate (SM; 90% gas-exchange threshold velocity [VGET]), heavy (SH; VGET + 50% Δ2 [Δ2 = VCrit − VGET]), or severe (SS; vV̇O2max − 50% Δ1) domains. Data from Global Positioning Systems were derived to model over-ground power. The difference between critical and recovery power (DCP), time constant for reconstitution of W´ (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau_{{W^{\prime}}}$$\end{document}τW′), time to limit of tolerance (TLIM), and W´BAL from the integral (W´BALint), differential (W´BALdiff), and locomotor-specific (OG-W´BAL) methods were compared. Results The relationship between \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau_{{W^{{\prime}}}}$$\end{document}τW′ for SL, SM, and SH trials were 119 ± 32-s, 190 ± 45-s, and 336 ± 77-s, respectively. Actual TLIM in the 30–15 IFT (968 ± 117-s) compared closely to TLIM predicted by OG-W´BAL (929 ± 94-s, P > 0.100) and W´BALdiff (938 ± 84-s, P > 0.100) but not to W´BALint (848 ± 91-s, P = 0.001). Conclusion The OG-W´BAL accurately tracked W´ kinetics during intermittent running to exhaustion on flat surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vassallo
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, UK
| | - Adrian Gray
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Cloe Cummins
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,National Rugby League, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aron Murphy
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. .,College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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Fusi F, Carletti L, Sauer D, Simão Junior RF, Perez A. Respostas cardiopulmonares agudas ao exercício com kettlebell. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Merry KL, Glaister M, Howatson G, Van Someren K. The exercise intensity at maximal oxygen uptake (i⩒O2max): Methodological issues and repeatability. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:989-95. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1183715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Costa DC, de Santi GL, Crescêncio JC, Seabra LP, Carvalho EEV, Papa V, Marques F, Gallo L, Schmidt A. Use of the Wasserman equation in optimization of the duration of the power ramp in a cardiopulmonary exercise test: a study of Brazilian men. Braz J Med Biol Res 2015; 48:1136-44. [PMID: 26397972 PMCID: PMC4661031 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the agreement between measurements of unloaded oxygen uptake and peak oxygen uptake based on equations proposed by Wasserman and on real measurements directly obtained with the ergospirometry system. We performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), which was applied to two groups of sedentary male subjects: one apparently healthy group (HG, n=12) and the other had stable coronary artery disease (n=16). The mean age in the HG was 47±4 years and that in the coronary artery disease group (CG) was 57±8 years. Both groups performed CPET on a cycle ergometer with a ramp-type protocol at an intensity that was calculated according to the Wasserman equation. In the HG, there was no significant difference between measurements predicted by the formula and real measurements obtained in CPET in the unloaded condition. However, at peak effort, a significant difference was observed between oxygen uptake (V˙O2)peak(predicted)and V˙O2peak(real)(nonparametric Wilcoxon test). In the CG, there was a significant difference of 116.26 mL/min between the predicted values by the formula and the real values obtained in the unloaded condition. A significant difference in peak effort was found, where V˙O2peak(real)was 40% lower than V˙O2peak(predicted)(nonparametric Wilcoxon test). There was no agreement between the real and predicted measurements as analyzed by Lin's coefficient or the Bland and Altman model. The Wasserman formula does not appear to be appropriate for prediction of functional capacity of volunteers. Therefore, this formula cannot precisely predict the increase in power in incremental CPET on a cycle ergometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - G. L. de Santi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J. C. Crescêncio
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - L. P. Seabra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - E. E. V. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - V. Papa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - F. Marques
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - L. Gallo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A. Schmidt
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de
Clínica Médica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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de Jesus K, Sousa A, de Jesus K, Ribeiro J, Machado L, Rodríguez F, Keskinen K, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. The effects of intensity on V̇O2 kinetics during incremental free swimming. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:918-23. [PMID: 26300011 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Swimming and training are carried out with wide variability in distances and intensities. However, oxygen uptake kinetics for the intensities seen in swimming has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the oxygen uptake kinetics throughout low-moderate to severe intensities during incremental swimming exercise. We hypothesized that the oxygen uptake kinetic parameters would be affected by swimming intensity. Twenty male trained swimmers completed an incremental protocol of seven 200-m crawl swims to exhaustion (0.05 m·s(-1) increments and 30-s intervals). Oxygen uptake was continuously measured by a portable gas analyzer connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve system. Oxygen uptake kinetics was assessed using a double exponential regression model that yielded both fast and slow components of the response of oxygen uptake to exercise. From low-moderate to severe swimming intensities changes occurred for the first and second oxygen uptake amplitudes (P ≤ 0.04), time constants (P = 0.01), and time delays (P ≤ 0.02). At the heavy and severe intensities, a notable oxygen uptake slow component (>255 mL·min(-1)) occurred in all swimmers. Oxygen uptake kinetics whilst swimming at different intensities offers relevant information regarding cardiorespiratory and metabolic stress that might be useful for appropriate performance diagnosis and training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly de Jesus
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sousa
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karla de Jesus
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Machado
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ferran Rodríguez
- c National Institute for Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kari Keskinen
- d Finnish Society of Sport Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Turnes T, Salvador AF, Lisbôa FD, de Aguiar RA, Cruz RSDO, Caputo F. A fast-start pacing strategy speeds pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and improves supramaximal running performance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111621. [PMID: 25360744 PMCID: PMC4216092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of the present study was to investigate the effects of a fast-start pacing strategy on running performance and pulmonary oxygen uptake () kinetics at the upper boundary of the severe-intensity domain. Eleven active male participants (28±10 years, 70±5 kg, 176±6 cm, 57±4 mL/kg/min) visited the laboratory for a series of tests that were performed until exhaustion: 1) an incremental test; 2) three laboratory test sessions performed at 95, 100 and 110% of the maximal aerobic speed; 3) two to four constant speed tests for the determination of the highest constant speed (HS) that still allowed achieving maximal oxygen uptake; and 4) an exercise based on the HS using a higher initial speed followed by a subsequent decrease. To predict equalized performance values for the constant pace, the relationship between time and distance/speed through log-log modelling was used. When a fast-start was utilized, subjects were able to cover a greater distance in a performance of similar duration in comparison with a constant-pace performance (constant pace: 670 m±22%; fast-start: 683 m±22%; P = 0.029); subjects also demonstrated a higher exercise tolerance at a similar average speed when compared with constant-pace performance (constant pace: 114 s±30%; fast-start: 125 s±26%; P = 0.037). Moreover, the mean response time was reduced after a fast start (constant pace: 22.2 s±28%; fast-start: 19.3 s±29%; P = 0.025). In conclusion, middle-distance running performances with a duration of 2–3 min are improved and response time is faster when a fast-start is adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Turnes
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Amadeo Félix Salvador
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Felipe Domingos Lisbôa
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Alves de Aguiar
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rogério Santos de Oliveira Cruz
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Nimmerichter A, Holdhaus J, Mehnen L, Vidotto C, Loidl M, Barker AR. Effects of negative air ions on oxygen uptake kinetics, recovery and performance in exercise: a randomized, double-blinded study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:1503-1512. [PMID: 24149934 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Limited research has suggested that acute exposure to negatively charged ions may enhance cardio-respiratory function, aerobic metabolism and recovery following exercise. To test the physiological effects of negatively charged air ions, 14 trained males (age: 32 ± 7 years; VO2max: 57 ± 7 mL min(-1) kg(-1)) were exposed for 20 min to either a high-concentration of air ions (ION: 220 ± 30 × 10(3) ions cm(-3)) or normal room conditions (PLA: 0.1 ± 0.06 × 10(3) ions cm(-3)) in an ionization chamber in a double-blinded, randomized order, prior to performing: (1) a bout of severe-intensity cycling exercise for determining the time constant of the phase II VO2 response (τ) and the magnitude of the VO2 slow component (SC); and (2) a 30-s Wingate test that was preceded by three 30-s Wingate tests to measure plasma [adrenaline] (ADR), [nor-adrenaline] (N-ADR) and blood [lactate] (B(Lac)) over 20 min during recovery in the ionization chamber. There was no difference between ION and PLA for the phase II VO2 τ (32 ± 14 s vs. 32 ± 14 s; P = 0.7) or VO2 SC (404 ± 214 mL vs 482 ± 217 mL; P = 0.17). No differences between ION and PLA were observed at any time-point for ADR, N-ADR and B(Lac) as well as on peak and mean power output during the Wingate tests (all P > 0.05). A high-concentration of negatively charged air ions had no effect on aerobic metabolism during severe-intensity exercise or on performance or the recovery of the adrenergic and metabolic responses after repeated-sprint exercise in trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Nimmerichter
- Institute for Sports Medicine and Science, Olympic Center, IMSB Austria, Johann Steinboeck Str. 5, 2344, Maria Enzersdorf, Austria,
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Abstract
Purpose:The aim of this systematic literature review was to outline the various preexperimental maximal cycle-test protocols, terminology, and performance indicators currently used to classify subject groups in sportscience research and to construct a classification system for cycling-related research.Methods:A database of 130 subject-group descriptions contains information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology of the subject groups, biometrical and physiological data, cycling experience, and parameters. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 1-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni (P < .05), and trend lines were calculated on height, body mass, relative and absolute maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and peak power output (PPO).Results:During preexperimental testing, an initial workload of 100 W and a workload increase of 25 W are most frequently used. Three-minute stages provide the most reliable and valid measures of endurance performance. After obtaining data on a subject group, researchers apply various terms to define the group. To solve this complexity, the authors introduced the neutral term performance levels 1 to 5, representing untrained, recreationally trained, trained, well-trained, and professional subject groups, respectively. The most cited parameter in literature to define subject groups is relative VO2max, and therefore no overlap between different performance levels may occur for this principal parameter. Another significant cycling parameter is the absolute PPO. The description of additional physiological information and current and past cycling data is advised.Conclusion:This review clearly shows the need to standardize the procedure for classifying subject groups. Recommendations are formulated concerning preexperimental testing, terminology, and performance indicators.
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Reis JF, Alves FB, Bruno PM, Vleck V, Millet GP. Effects of aerobic fitness on oxygen uptake kinetics in heavy intensity swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1689-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Keyser RE, Rus V, Mikdashi JA, Handwerger BS. Exploratory study on oxygen consumption on-kinetics during treadmill walking in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:1402-9. [PMID: 20801259 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether oxygen consumption (V o(2)) on-kinetics differed between groups of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and sedentary but otherwise healthy controls. DESIGN Exploratory case-control study. SETTING Medical school exercise physiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Convenience samples of women with SLE (n=12) and sedentary but otherwise healthy controls (n=10). INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES V o(2) on-kinetics indices including time to steady state, rate constant, mean response time (MRT), transition constant, and oxygen deficit measured during bouts of treadmill walking at intensities of 3 and 5 metabolic equivalents (METs). RESULTS Time to steady state and oxygen deficit were increased and rate constant was decreased in the women with SLE compared with controls. At the 5-MET energy demand, the transition constant was lower and MRT was longer in the women with SLE than in controls. For a similar relative energy expenditure that was slightly lower than the anaerobic threshold, the transition constant was higher in controls than in women with SLE. CONCLUSION V o(2) on-kinetics was prolonged in women with SLE. The prolongation was concomitant with an increase in oxygen deficit and may underlie performance fatigability in women with SLE.
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Azevedo PHSMD, Oliveira JCD, Simões HG, Baldissera V, Perez SEDA. Cinética do consumo de oxigênio e tempo limite na vvo2max: comparação entre homens e mulheres. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922010000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foi investigada a influência do gênero no tempo limite (Tlim) e na cinética do VO2 durante corrida na velocidade associada ao VO2max (vVO2max) em nove homens e nove mulheres, todos adultos, jovens e sedentários, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos. Homens e mulheres realizaram dois testes em esteira rolante, sendo um teste incremental para determinar VO2max (42,66 ± 4,50 vs. 32,92 ± 6,03mL.kg-1.min-1) e vVO2max (13.2 ± 1.5 vs. 10,3 ± 2,0km.h-1), respectivamente. Um segundo teste com carga constante na vVO2max até a exaustão. O Tlim e a cinética do VO2 foram determinados. Não houve diferença significante entre homens e mulheres para constante de tempo (τ) (35,76 ± 21,03 vs. 36,5 ± 6,21s, respectivamente; P = 0,29); Tlim (308 ± 84,3 vs. 282,11 ± 57,19s, respectivamente; P = 0,68), tempo para atingir o VO2max (TAVO2max) (164,48 ± 96,73 vs. 167,88 ± 28,59s, respectivamente; P = 0,29), tempo para atingir o VO2max em percentual do Tlim (%Tlim) (50,24 ± 16,93 vs. 62,63 ± 16,60%, respectivamente; P = 0,19), tempo mantido no VO2max (TMVO2max) (144,08 ± 42,55 vs. 114,23 ± 76,96s, respectivamente; P = 0,13). Estes resultados sugerem que a cinética do VO2 e o Tlim são similares entre homens e mulheres sedentários na vVO2max.
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Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:287-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Midgley AW, Carroll S. Emergence of the verification phase procedure for confirming ‘true’V̇O2max. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19:313-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS) are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that decline in concentration with age. Decreased DHEA levels are associated with age-related disease and oxidative stress but might be increased in younger adults by exercise. Studies are presented assessing the response of DHEA and DHEAS to varied-intensity exercise in older age. DHEA increased significantly in young adults (14.5 +/- 6.1 ng/ml rising to 21.1 +/- 7.5 ng/ml; p < .01), whereas DHEAS decreased significantly (2.56 +/- 1.11 microg/ml falling to 1.90 +/- 0.8 microg/ml; p < .05), after submaximal exercise. DHEA and DHEAS levels were significantly lower in older adults than in younger adults (p < .01), and there was no observed response of either hormone to exercise in older adults. Lipoprotein protein carbonylation is presented as a measure of oxidative status and significantly decreased in younger adults postexercise. Participants with higher DHEA postexercise had lower LDL protein carbonyl concentrations (Pearson's coefficient -.409, p < .05).
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The highest intensity and the shortest duration permitting attainment of maximal oxygen uptake during cycling: effects of different methods and aerobic fitness level. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:47-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Midgley AW, Bentley DJ, Luttikholt H, McNaughton LR, Millet GP. Challenging a Dogma of Exercise Physiology. Sports Med 2008; 38:441-7. [DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838060-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Marwood S, Bowtell JL. Effects of glutamine and hyperoxia on pulmonary oxygen uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 99:149-61. [PMID: 17115180 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether glutamine ingestion, which has been shown to enhance the exercise-induced increase in the tricarboxylic acid intermediate (TCAi) pool size, resulted in augmentation of the rate of increase in oxidative metabolism at the onset of exercise. In addition, the potential interaction with oxygen availability was investigated by completing exercise in both normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Eight male cyclists cycled for 6 min at 70% VO2max following consumption of a drink (5 ml kg body mass(-1)) containing a placebo or 0.125 g kg body mass(-1) of glutamine in normoxic (CON and GLN respectively) and hyperoxic (HYP and HPG respectively) conditions. Breath-by-breath pulmonary oxygen uptake and continuous, non-invasive muscle deoxygenation (via near infrared spectroscopy: NIRS) data were collected throughout exercise. The time constant of the phase II component of pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics was unchanged between trials (CON: 21.5 +/- 3.0 vs. GLN: 18.2 +/- 1.3 vs. HYP: 18.9 +/- 2.0 vs. HPG: 18.6 +/- 1.2 s). There was also no alteration of the kinetics of relative muscle deoxygenation as measured via NIRS (CON: 5.9 +/- 0.7 vs. GLN: 7.3 +/- 0.8 vs. HYP: 6.5 +/- 0.9 vs. HPG: 5.2 +/- 0.4 s). Conversely, the mean response time of pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics was faster (CON: 33.4 +/- 1.2 vs. GLN: 29.8 +/- 2.3 vs. HYP: 33.2 +/- 2.6 vs. HPG: 31.6 +/- 2.6 s) and the time at which muscle deoxygenation increased above pre-exercise values was earlier (CON: 9.6 +/- 0.9 vs. GLN: 8.7 +/- 1.1 vs. HYP: 8.5 +/- 0.8 vs. HPG: 8.4 +/- 0.7 s) following glutamine ingestion. In normoxic conditions, plasma lactate concentration was lower following glutamine ingestion compared to placebo. Whilst the results of the present study provide some support for the present hypothesis, the lack of any alteration in the time constant of pulmonary oxygen uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics suggest that the normal exercise induced expansion of the TCAi pool size is not limiting to oxidative metabolism at the onset of cycle exercise at 70% VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Marwood
- Academy of Sport, Physical Activity and Well-being, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA, UK.
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