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Miramontes E, Kempisty B, Petitte J, Dasarathy S, Kulus M, Wieczorkiewicz M, Mozdziak P. Myogenic Response to Increasing Concentrations of Ammonia Differs between Mammalian, Avian, and Fish Species: Cell Differentiation and Genetic Study. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080840. [PMID: 32722004 PMCID: PMC7464490 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is very toxic to the body and has detrimental effects on many different organ systems. Using cultured myoblast cells, we examined ammonia's effect on myostatin expression, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, and myotube diameters. The objective of this study was to examine how murine, avian, and fish cells respond to increasing levels of ammonia up to 50 mM. The murine myoblast cell line (C2C12), primary chick, and primary tilapia myoblast cells were cultured and then exposed to 10, 25, and 50 mM ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, and an untreated control for 24 h. High levels of ammonia were detrimental to the C2C12 cells, causing increased Myostatin (MSTN) expression and decreased myotube diameters between 10 and 25 mM (p < 0.002). Ammonia at 10 mM continued the positive myogenic response in the chick, with lower MSTN expression than the C2C12 cells and larger myotube diameters, but the myotube diameter at 50 mM ammonium acetate was significantly smaller than those at 10 and 25 mM (p < 0.001). However, chick myotubes at 50 mM were still significantly larger than the sodium acetate-treated and untreated control (p < 0.001). The tilapia cells showed no significant difference in MSTN expression or myotube diameter in response to increasing the concentrations of ammonia. Overall, these results confirm that increasing concentrations of ammonia are detrimental to mammalian skeletal muscle, while chick cells responded positively at lower levels but began to exhibit a negative response at higher levels, as the tilapia experienced no detrimental effects. The differences in ammonia metabolism strategies between fish, avian, and mammalian species could potentially contribute to the differences between species in response to high levels of ammonia. Understanding how ammonia affects skeletal muscle is important for the treatment of muscle wasting observed in liver failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Miramontes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (E.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Masaryk University, Obilni trh 526/11, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jurija Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - James Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (E.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jurija Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Maria Wieczorkiewicz
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jurija Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (E.M.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Bodega G, Suárez I, Rubio M, Villalba RM, Fernández B. Hyperammonemia induces transient GFAP immunoreactivity changes in goldfish spinal cord (Carassius auratus L.). Neurosci Res 1992; 13:217-25. [PMID: 1319021 DOI: 10.1016/0168-0102(92)90061-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have demonstrated that high ammonia concentration in tank water induces changes in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of ependymal cells and radial astrocytes in the goldfish spinal cord. Hyperammonemia was induced by elevating the ammonia concentration in the tank water to 0.88 mM using ammonium chloride; ammonia in control water was less than 0.1 mM. Immunohistochemical methods were used for GFAP and vimentin, and levels were measured at 4, 8, 16, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. GFAP quantification was made by means of a digital analysis system. The GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly lower at 30 and 60 days of treatment and at 90 days it had returned to control levels. However, no changes in vimentin immunoreactivity were appreciated in any case. GFAP loss was general and was not selective in any specific spinal cord region. To explain this transient generalized loss of GFAP and its posterior recuperation, a possible relation between glutamine synthetase distribution and GFAP changes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bodega
- Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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