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Thakral S, Purohit P, Mishra R, Gupta V, Setia P. The impact of RNA stability and degradation in different tissues to the determination of post-mortem interval: A systematic review. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111772. [PMID: 37450949 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem interval (PMI) in legal medicine is extremely important for both criminal and civil cases, and several sorts of techniques have been recommended. This systematic review solely focuses on approaches linked to RNA analysis, instead of including all proposed methods for determining the PMI. The term PMI will be used in this review to indicate the time between a person's death and the postmortem examination of the body. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines when conducting this systematic review. The majority of studies on various tissues at various time intervals at various temperatures are non-human, and just a small number are on humans. The results are then provided using various statistical approaches. To calculate the PMI, post-mortem RNA degradation was examined using several tissues. The result so obtained had an opposite polarity. While some studies show that RNA stability in various tissues remained constant for several days after death, the other group of studies showed evident RNA degradation over time post-mortem, which was significantly influenced by temperature and other agonal factors. These factors have an impact on the multi-parametric mathematical model of ante and post-mortem factors on RNA degradation, as well as its applicability and feasibility. The estimation of PMI using RNA degradation can prove to be highly objective and efficient after controlling for the various factors and challenges that pose the estimation of RNA in forensic samples difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Thakral
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Vaibhav Gupta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Setia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India.
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2
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Markert EK, Klein H, Viollet C, Rust W, Strobel B, Kauschke SG, Makovoz B, Neubauer H, Bakker RA, Blenkinsop TA. Transcriptional comparison of adult human primary Retinal Pigment Epithelium, human pluripotent stem cell-derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium, and ARPE19 cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:910040. [PMID: 36092714 PMCID: PMC9461284 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.910040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of pluripotent stem cells is great as they promise to usher in a new era of medicine where cells or organs may be prescribed to replace dysfunctional tissue. At the forefront are efforts in the eye to develop this technology as it lends itself to in vivo monitoring and sophisticated non-invasive imaging modalities. In the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the most promising replacement cell as it has a single layer, is relatively simple to transplant, and is associated with several eye diseases. However, after transplantation, the cells may transform and cause complications. This transformation may be partially due to incomplete maturation. With the goal of learning how to mature RPE, we compared induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE (iPSC-RPE) cells with adult human primary RPE (ahRPE) cells and the immortalized human ARPE-19 line. We cultured ARPE-19, iPSC-RPE, and ahRPE cells for one month, and evaluated morphology, RPE marker staining, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as quality control indicators. We then isolated RNA for bulk RNA-sequencing and DNA for genotyping. We genotyped ahRPE lines for the top age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) risk allele polymorphisms. Transcriptome data verified that both adult and iPSC-RPE exhibit similar RPE gene expression signatures, significantly higher than ARPE-19. In addition, in iPSC-RPE, genes relating to stem cell maintenance, retina development, and muscle contraction were significantly upregulated compared to ahRPE. We compared ahRPE to iPSC-RPE in a model of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and observed an increased sensitivity of iPSC-RPE to producing contractile aggregates in vitro which resembles incident reports upon transplantation. P38 inhibition was capable of inhibiting iPSC-RPE-derived aggregates. In summary, we find that the transcriptomic signature of iPSC-RPE conveys an immature RPE state which may be ameliorated by targeting "immature" gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke K. Markert
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Holger Klein
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Coralie Viollet
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Werner Rust
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Benjamin Strobel
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Stefan G. Kauschke
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Bar Makovoz
- Ophthalmology Cell Development and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heike Neubauer
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Remko A. Bakker
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Timothy A. Blenkinsop
- Ophthalmology Cell Development and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Fort PE, Rajendiran TM, Soni T, Byun J, Shan Y, Looker HC, Nelson RG, Kretzler M, Michailidis G, Roger JE, Gardner TW, Abcouwer SF, Pennathur S, Afshinnia F. Diminished retinal complex lipid synthesis and impaired fatty acid β-oxidation associated with human diabetic retinopathy. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e152109. [PMID: 34437304 PMCID: PMC8525591 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study systematically investigated circulating and retinal tissue lipid determinants of human diabetic retinopathy (DR) to identify underlying lipid alterations associated with severity of DR. METHODS Retinal tissues were retrieved from postmortem human eyes, including 19 individuals without diabetes, 20 with diabetes but without DR, and 20 with diabetes and DR, for lipidomic study. In a parallel study, serum samples from 28 American Indians with type 2 diabetes from the Gila River Indian Community, including 12 without DR, 7 with mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR), and 9 with moderate NPDR, were selected. A mass-spectrometry–based lipidomic platform was used to measure serum and tissue lipids. RESULTS In the postmortem retinas, we found a graded decrease of long-chain acylcarnitines and longer-chain fatty acid ester of hydroxyl fatty acids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, and ceramide(NS) in central retina from individuals with no diabetes to those with diabetes with DR. The American Indians’ sera also exhibited a graded decrease in circulating long-chain acylcarnitines and a graded increase in the intermediate-length saturated and monounsaturated triacylglycerols from no DR to moderate NPDR. CONCLUSION These findings suggest diminished synthesis of complex lipids and impaired mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids in retinal DR, with parallel changes in circulating lipids. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00340678. FUNDING This work was supported by NIH grants R24 DK082841, K08DK106523, R03DK121941, P30DK089503, P30DK081943, P30DK020572, P30 EY007003; The Thomas Beatson Foundation; and JDRF Center for Excellence (5-COE-2019-861-S-B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice E Fort
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | | | | | - Jaeman Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yang Shan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Helen C Looker
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - George Michailidis
- Department of Statistics and the Informatics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jerome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Thomas W Gardner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology.,Department of Internal Medicine-Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and
| | | | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology.,Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Farsad Afshinnia
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Stamer WD, Williams AM, Pflugfelder S, Coupland SE. Accessibility to and Quality of Human Eye Tissue for Research: A Cross-Sectional Survey of ARVO Members. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:4783-4792. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Andrew M. Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Stephen Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Hensman Moss DJ, Flower MD, Lo KK, Miller JRC, van Ommen GJB, ’t Hoen PAC, Stone TC, Guinee A, Langbehn DR, Jones L, Plagnol V, van Roon-Mom WMC, Holmans P, Tabrizi SJ. Huntington's disease blood and brain show a common gene expression pattern and share an immune signature with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44849. [PMID: 28322270 PMCID: PMC5359597 DOI: 10.1038/srep44849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is widespread transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington's disease (HD) brain, but analysis is inevitably limited by advanced disease and postmortem changes. However, mutant HTT is ubiquitously expressed and acts systemically, meaning blood, which is readily available and contains cells that are dysfunctional in HD, could act as a surrogate for brain tissue. We conducted an RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis using whole blood from two HD cohorts, and performed gene set enrichment analysis using public databases and weighted correlation network analysis modules from HD and control brain datasets. We identified dysregulated gene sets in blood that replicated in the independent cohorts, correlated with disease severity, corresponded to the most significantly dysregulated modules in the HD caudate, the most prominently affected brain region, and significantly overlapped with the transcriptional signature of HD myeloid cells. High-throughput sequencing technologies and use of gene sets likely surmounted the limitations of previously inconsistent HD blood expression studies. Our results suggest transcription is disrupted in peripheral cells in HD through mechanisms that parallel those in brain. Immune upregulation in HD overlapped with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism involving macrophage phagocytosis and microglial synaptic pruning, and raises the potential for shared therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina J. Hensman Moss
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Michael D. Flower
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Kitty K. Lo
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James R. C. Miller
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Gert-Jan B. van Ommen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postzone S-4-P, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. C. ’t Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postzone S-4-P, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy C. Stone
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Amelia Guinee
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, CB2 8PQ, Cambridge UK
| | - Douglas R. Langbehn
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lesley Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sarah J. Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
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Parekh M, Montanini L, Crafa P, Salvalaio G, Ruzza A, Aaspõllu A, Mora P, Orsoni J, Ponzin D, Ferrari S. A validated biorepository of retina and choroid tissues for gene expression studies. Biopreserv Biobank 2014; 12:255-8. [PMID: 25162462 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research studies on pathologies affecting the posterior segment of the eye are usually carried out either in animal models or cell lines of human origin that mimic the molecular patterns occurring in the human retina-pigment epithelium-choroid (RPC) complex in vivo. As this is not always the case, we were prompted to validate a biorepository of RPC tissues for research purposes. A PubMed literature search on "retina," "choroid," "bio-bank," or "biorepository" as keywords did not lead to any publication describing the collection and banking of samples from the RPC complex for research purposes. The possibility to obtain access to a validated collection of high quality human RPC tissues as starting material is likely to lead to more appropriate findings and treatments, which eventually may improve human ocular health. Here we show that when tissues are harvested (T <25 hours from donor death) and stored appropriately, RNAs are not degraded (RNA Integrity Number Values >8.0) and express specific genes and molecular/biochemical pathways occurring in the RPC complex. These quality controlled tissues/RNAs comprising the biorepository could therefore be used for gene expression studies by research scientists and clinicians interested in testing their hypotheses in a more appropriate setting, thus replacing studies performed on less relevant animal models and cells in vitro, and directly extrapolating the findings to human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Parekh
- 1 International Center for Ocular Physiopathology (ICOP) , The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
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