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Batıoğlu-Karaaltın A, Ugurlar M, Enver N, Erdur ZB, Yılmaz YZ, Bozkurt ER. Development of an Animal Model for Type II Sulcus (Sulcus Vergeture). J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00001-2. [PMID: 36682999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a reproducible experimental animal model for sulcus vergeture in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Experimental animal study. MATERIAL METHOD We evaluated three methods of inducing sulcus in twelve New Zealand white rabbits to produce a sulcus model. Experimental groups comprised: group 1 (n = 4) underwent submucosal injury following endolaryngeal epithelial incision; group 2 (n = 4) received submucosal injury via thyrotomy; group 3 (n = 4) received submucosal injury via thyrotomy, followed with horizontal mucosal lateralization suture. Right vocal folds of the rabbits underwent surgery to produce sulcus vocalis and left vocal folds were used for the comparison. In the sixth week after the procedure, the rabbits were sacrificed and the larynxes were harvested and analyzed histopathologically. RESULTS No animals in group 1 or 2 developed sulcus vocalis. Sulcus formation was observed in all rabbits in group 3, under endoscopic examination and microscopic sulcus formation was demonstrated for the first, second, and third rabbits. An epithelial depression area was seen at the glandular ductal opening zone for the fourth rabbit, but it could also be accepted as a sulcus formation. CONCLUSION We successfully developed a reproducible survival model for sulcus using a submucosal injury via thyrotomy, followed with a horizontal mucosal lateralization suture. This model provides the groundwork for future research into the applicability of new approaches for sulcus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Batıoğlu-Karaaltın
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Muge Ugurlar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necati Enver
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zulkuf Burak Erdur
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Zeki Yılmaz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Rustu Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Impact of Subharmonic and Aperiodic Laryngeal Dynamics on the Phonatory Process Analyzed in Ex Vivo Rabbit Models. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019; 9. [PMID: 33815832 PMCID: PMC8018220 DOI: 10.3390/app9091963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal voice is characterized by periodic oscillations of the vocal folds. On the other hand, disordered voice dynamics (e.g., subharmonic and aperiodic oscillations) are often associated with voice pathologies and dysphonia. Unfortunately, not all investigations may be conducted on human subjects; hence animal laryngeal studies have been performed for many years to better understand human phonation. The rabbit larynx has been shown to be a potential model of the human larynx. Despite this fact, only a few studies regarding the phonatory parameters of rabbit larynges have been performed. Further, to the best of our knowledge, no ex vivo study has systematically investigated phonatory parameters from high-speed, audio and subglottal pressure data with irregular oscillations. To remedy this, the present study analyzes experiments with sustained phonation in 11 ex vivo rabbit larynges for 51 conditions of disordered vocal fold dynamics. (1) The results of this study support previous findings on non-disordered data, that the stronger the glottal closure insufficiency is during phonation, the worse the phonatory characteristics are; (2) aperiodic oscillations showed worse phonatory results than subharmonic oscillations; (3) in the presence of both types of irregular vibrations, the voice quality (i.e., cepstral peak prominence) of the audio and subglottal signal greatly deteriorated compared to normal/periodic vibrations. In summary, our results suggest that the presence of both types of irregular vibration have a major impact on voice quality and should be considered along with glottal closure measures in medical diagnosis and treatment.
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Döllinger M, Kniesburges S, Berry DA, Birk V, Wendler O, Dürr S, Alexiou C, Schützenberger A. Investigation of phonatory characteristics using ex vivo rabbit larynges. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:142. [PMID: 30075689 PMCID: PMC6037535 DOI: 10.1121/1.5043384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of phonatory characteristics of rabbits has been widely neglected. However, preliminary studies established the rabbit larynx as a potential model of human phonation. This study reports quantitative data on phonation using ex vivo rabbit larynx models to achieve more insight into dependencies of three main components of the phonation process, including airflow, vocal fold dynamics, and the acoustic output. Sustained phonation was induced in 11 ex vivo rabbit larynges. For 414 phonatory conditions, vocal fold vibrations, acoustic, and aerodynamic parameters were analyzed as functions of longitudinal vocal fold pre-stress, applied air flow, and glottal closure insufficiency. Dimensions of the vocal folds were measured and histological data were analyzed. Glottal closure characteristics improved for increasing longitudinal pre-stress and applied airflow. For the subglottal pressure signal only the cepstral peak prominence showed dependency on glottal closure. In contrast, vibrational, acoustic, and aerodynamic parameters were found to be highly dependent on the degree of glottal closure: The more complete the glottal closure during phonation, the better the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics. Hence, complete or at least partial glottal closure appears to enhance acoustic signal quality. Finally, results validate the ex vivo rabbit larynx as an effective model for analyzing the phonatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Döllinger
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Stefan Kniesburges
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - David A Berry
- Laryngeal Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1000 Veteran Avenue, 31-24 Rehab Center, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA
| | - Veronika Birk
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Olaf Wendler
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Stephan Dürr
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Anne Schützenberger
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
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Mills RD, Dodd K, Ablavsky A, Devine E, Jiang JJ. Parameters From the Complete Phonatory Range of an Excised Rabbit Larynx. J Voice 2017; 31:517.e9-517.e17. [PMID: 28108153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to collect data throughout the complete phonatory range using rabbit larynges. STUDY DESIGN This is a methodological excised rabbit larynx study. METHODS Seven rabbit larynges were dissected and mounted on a modified excised laryngeal apparatus. Phonation was initiated at phonation threshold pressure (PTP) and airflow was increased by consistent increments until phonation instability pressure (PIP) was reached. At each airflow level, aerodynamic measurements, acoustic recordings, and high-speed videos were recorded. This procedure was repeated at multiple elongation conditions to further explore the parameters. Data were then compared across subjects and elongation conditions. RESULTS At PTP, subglottal pressure, fundamental frequency, and sound pressure level were found to increase significantly as elongation was increased. As elongation was increased at PIP, airflow was found to significantly decrease, whereas fundamental frequency was found to significantly increase. Vibratory amplitude decreased at both PTP and PIP as elongation increased. Also, as elongation increased, the range of all parameters was found to decrease significantly. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained, combined with the similarities of the histologic structure of the vocal fold lamina propria between rabbits and humans, validate the rabbit larynx as an effective and reliable model for tissue inflammation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal D Mills
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Keith Dodd
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alex Ablavsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Erin Devine
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jack J Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Riley JL, Riley WD, Carroll LM. Frequency Characteristics in Animal Species Typically Used in Laryngeal Research: An Exploratory Investigation. J Voice 2016; 30:767.e17-767.e24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mechanical Characterization of Vocal Fold Tissue: A Review Study. J Voice 2014; 28:657-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Latifi N, Miri AK, Mongeau L. Determination of the elastic properties of rabbit vocal fold tissue using uniaxial tensile testing and a tailored finite element model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 39:366-74. [PMID: 25173237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to quantify the effects of the specimen shape on the accuracy of mechanical properties determined from a shape-specific model generation strategy. Digital images of five rabbit vocal folds (VFs) in their initial undeformed conditions were used to build corresponding specific solid models. The displacement field of the VFs under uniaxial tensile test was then measured over the visible portion of the surface using digital image correlation. A three-dimensional finite element model was built, using ABAQUS, for each solid model, while imposing measured boundary conditions. An inverse-problem method was used, assuming a homogeneous isotropic linear elastic constitutive model. Unknown elastic properties were identified iteratively through an error minimization technique between simulated and measured force-time data. The longitudinal elastic moduli of the five rabbit VFs were calculated and compared to values from a simple analytical method and those obtained by approximating the cross-section as elliptical. The use of shape-specific models significantly reduced the standard deviation of the Young׳s moduli of the tested specimens. However, a non-parametric statistical analysis test, i.e., the Friedman test, yielded no statistically significant differences between the shape-specific method and the elliptic cylindrical finite element model. Considering the required procedures to reconstruct the shape-specific finite element model for each tissue specimen, it might be expedient to use the simpler method when large numbers of tissue specimens are to be compared regarding their Young׳s moduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Latifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada QC H3A 0C3.
| | - Amir K Miri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada QC H3A 0C3.
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada QC H3A 0C3.
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Maytag AL, Robitaille MJ, Rieves AL, Madsen J, Smith BL, Jiang JJ. Use of the rabbit larynx in an excised larynx setup. J Voice 2012; 27:24-8. [PMID: 23159025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To modify the excised larynx bench apparatus to accommodate experiments with rabbit larynges. STUDY DESIGN Methodological study using ex vivo rabbit larynges. METHODS Rabbit larynges (n=5) were dissected and mounted on a custom-made phonatory apparatus. The arytenoids were adducted by rods, and humidified air was passed through the larynx to elicit vocal fold vibration. Acoustic, aerodynamic, electroglottographic (EGG), and videokymographic data were collected for each larynx. The same data were collected for five canine larynges for the purpose of comparison, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each parameter in both models. RESULTS Reliable phonation was achieved in each larynx. Acoustic fundamental frequency (F(0)), percent jitter, percent shimmer, signal-to-noise ratio, pressure and flow at phonation onset and offset; and F(0), closed quotient, speed quotient, jitter, shimmer, and contact quotient, as recorded by EGG; and mucosal wave amplitude and phase difference are reported for rabbit larynges. Coefficients of variation for each parameter are similar in magnitude between the two models. CONCLUSION We developed a method for recording reliable acoustic, aerodynamic, videokymographic, and EGG data from rabbit larynges. When data obtained from leporine larynges were compared with data from canine larynges, the intralarynx variability of rabbit larynges was found to be similar to that of canine larynges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Maytag
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Huttner B, Sutor A, Luegmair G, Rupitsch SJ, Lerch R, Döllinger M. Optical 3-D Metric Measurements of Local Vocal Fold Deformation Characteristics in an In Vitro Setup. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:2758-66. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2011.2130525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Svensson B, Nagubothu SR, Cedervall J, Chan RW, Le Blanc K, Kimura M, Ährlund-Richter L, Tolf A, Hertegård S. Injection of human mesenchymal stem cells improves healing of vocal folds after scar excision--a xenograft analysis. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:2185-90. [PMID: 21898432 DOI: 10.1002/lary.22143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using a xenograft model the aim was to analyze if injection of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) into the rabbit vocal fold (VF), after excision of an established scar, can improve the functional healing of the VF. STUDY DESIGN Prospective design with an experimental xenograft model. METHODS The VFs of 12 New Zealand rabbits were injured by a bilateral localized resection. After 9 weeks the scar after the resection was excised and hMSC were injected into the VFs. After another 10 weeks 10 VFs were dissected and stained for histology. Lamina propria thickness and relative content of collagen type I were measured. Viscoelasticity of 14 VFs at phonatory frequencies was quantified by a simple-shear rheometer. The hMSC survival was determined using a human DNA specific reference probe, that is, FISH analysis. RESULTS The viscoelastic measurements, that is, dynamic viscosity and elastic shear modulus for the hMSC-treated VFs, were found to be similar to those of normal controls and were significantly lower than those of untreated controls (P < .05). A significant reduction in lamina propria thickness was also shown for the hMSC treated VFs compared with the untreated VFs (P < .05). This histologic finding corresponded with the viscoelastic results. No hMSC survived 10 weeks after the injection. CONCLUSIONS Human mesenchymal stem cells injected into the rabbit VF following the excision of a chronic scar, were found to enhance the functional healing of the VF with reduced lamina propria thickness and restored viscoelastic shear properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Svensson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Östersund Hospital, Östersund, Sweden, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Riede T, York A, Furst S, Müller R, Seelecke S. Elasticity and stress relaxation of a very small vocal fold. J Biomech 2011; 44:1936-40. [PMID: 21550608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Across mammals many vocal sounds are produced by airflow induced vocal fold oscillation. We tested the hypothesis that stress-strain and stress-relaxation behavior of rat vocal folds can be used to predict the fundamental frequency range of the species' vocal repertoire. In a first approximation vocal fold oscillation has been modeled by the string model but it is not known whether this concept equally applies to large and small species. The shorter the vocal fold, the more the ideal string law may underestimate normal mode frequencies. To accommodate the very small size of the tissue specimen, a custom-built miniaturized tensile test apparatus was developed. Tissue properties of 6 male rat vocal folds were measured. Rat vocal folds demonstrated the typical linear stress-strain behavior in the low strain region and an exponential stress response at strains larger than about 40%. Approximating the rat's vocal fold oscillation with the string model suggests that fundamental frequencies up to about 6 kHz can be produced, which agrees with frequencies reported for audible rat vocalization. Individual differences and time-dependent changes in the tissue properties parallel findings in other species, and are interpreted as universal features of the laryngeal sound source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Riede
- Department of Biology and National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Kelleher JE, Siegmund T, Chan RW, Henslee EA. Optical measurements of vocal fold tensile properties: implications for phonatory mechanics. J Biomech 2011; 44:1729-34. [PMID: 21497355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In voice research, in vitro tensile stretch experiments of vocal fold tissues are commonly employed to determine the tissue biomechanical properties. In the standard stretch-release protocol, tissue deformation is computed from displacements applied to sutures inserted through the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages, with the cartilages assumed to be rigid. Here, a non-contact optical method was employed to determine the actual tissue deformation of vocal fold lamina propria specimens from three excised human larynges in uniaxial tensile tests. Specimen deformation was found to consist not only of deformation of the tissue itself, but also deformation of the cartilages, as well as suture alignment and tightening. Stress-stretch curves of a representative load cycle were characterized by an incompressible Ogden model. The initial longitudinal elastic modulus was found to be considerably higher if determined based on optical displacement measurements than typical values reported in the literature. The present findings could change the understanding of the mechanics underlying vocal fold vibration. Given the high longitudinal elastic modulus the lamina propria appeared to demonstrate a substantial level of anisotropy. Consequently, transverse shear could play a significant role in vocal fold vibration, and fundamental frequencies of phonation should be predicted by beam theories accounting for such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Kelleher
- Mechanical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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