Individual and synergistic cytokine effects controlling the expansion of cord blood CD34(+) cells and megakaryocyte progenitors in culture

Advances in ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for clinical applications

As caretakers of the hematopoietic system, hematopoietic stem cells assure a lifelong supply of differentiated populations that are responsible for critical bodily functions, including oxygen transport, immunological protection and coagulation. Due to the far-reaching influence of the hematopoietic system, hematological disorders typically have a significant impact on the lives of individuals, even becoming fatal. Hematopoietic cell transplantation was the first effective therapeutic avenue to treat such hematological diseases. Since then, key use and manipulation of hematopoietic stem cells for treatments has been aspired to fully take advantage of such an important cell population. Limited knowledge on hematopoietic stem cell behavior has motivated in-depth research into their biology. Efforts were able to uncover their native environment and characteristics during development and adult stages. Several signaling pathways at a cellular level have been mapped, providing insight into their machinery. Important dynamics of hematopoietic stem cell maintenance were begun to be understood with improved comprehension of their metabolism and progressive aging. These advances have provided a solid platform for the development of innovative strategies for the manipulation of hematopoietic stem cells. Specifically, expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell pool has triggered immense interest, gaining momentum. A wide range of approaches have sprouted, leading to a variety of expansion systems, from simpler small molecule-based strategies to complex biomimetic scaffolds. The recent approval of Omisirge, the first expanded hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell product, whose expansion platform is one of the earliest, is predictive of further successes that might arise soon. In order to guarantee the quality of these ex vivo manipulated cells, robust assays that measure cell function or potency need to be developed. Whether targeting hematopoietic engraftment, immunological differentiation potential or malignancy clearance, hematopoietic stem cells and their derivatives need efficient scaling of their therapeutic potency. In this review, we comprehensively view hematopoietic stem cells as therapeutic assets, going from fundamental to translational.

A Review of Evaluating Hematopoietic Stem Cells Derived from Umbilical Cord Blood's Expansion and Homing

Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been taken into account as a therapeutic approach in patients with hematologic malignancies. Unfortunately, there are limitations concerning HSC transplantation (HSCT), including (a) low contents of UCB-HSCs in a single unit of UCB and (b) defects in UCB-HSC homing to their niche. Therefore, delays are observed in hematopoietic and immunologic recovery and homing. Among numerous strategies proposed, ex vivo expansion of UCB-HSCs to enhance UCB-HSC dose without any differentiation into mature cells is known as an efficient procedure that is able to alter clinical treatments through adjusting transplantation-related results and making them available. Accordingly, culture type, cytokine combinations, O2 level, co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), as well as gene manipulation of UCB-HSCs can have effects on their expansion and growth. Besides, defects in homing can be resolved by exposing UCB-HSCs to compounds aimed at improving homing. Fucosylation of HSCs before expansion, CXCR4-SDF-1 axis partnership and homing gene involvement are among strategies that all depend on efficiency, reasonable costs, and confirmation of clinical trials. In general, the present study reviewed factors improving the expansion and homing of UCB-HSCs aimed at advancing hematopoietic recovery and expansion in clinical applications and future directions.

Good Manufacturing Practice-Grade of Megakaryocytes Produced by a Novel Ex Vivo Culturing Platform

Ex vivo (EV)‐derived megakaryocytes (MKs) have shown great promise as a substitute for platelets in transfusion medicine to alleviate a severe shortage of donor‐platelets. Challenges remain that include poor efficiency, a limited scale of production, and undefined short‐term storage conditions of EV‐derived MKs. This study aims to develop a high‐efficiency system for large‐scale production of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)‐grade MKs and determine the short‐term storage condition for the MKs. A roller‐bottle culture system was introduced to produce GMP‐grade MKs from small‐molecule/cytokine cocktail expanded hematopoietic stem cells. Various buffer systems and temperatures for the short‐term storage of MKs were assessed by cell viability, biomarker expression, and DNA ploidy levels. MKs stored for 24 hours were transplanted into sublethally irradiated nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice to confirm their platelet‐releasing and tissue‐homing ability in vivo. A yield of ~ 2.5 × 10⁴ CD41a⁺/CD42b⁺ MKs with purity of ~ 80% was achieved from one original cord blood CD34⁺ cell. Compared with the static culture, the roller‐bottle culture system significantly enhanced megakaryopoiesis, as shown by the cell size, DNA ploidy, and megakaryopoiesis‐related gene expression. The optimal storage condition for the MKs was defined as normal saline with 10% human serum albumin at 22℃. Stored MKs were capable of rapidly producing functional platelets and largely distributing in the lungs of NOD/SCID mice. The novel development of efficient production and storage system for GMP‐grade MKs represents a significant step toward application of these MKs in the clinic.

Tailored Cytokine Optimization for ex vivo Culture Platforms Targeting the Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been established as an alternative source for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) for cell and gene therapies. Limited cell yields of UCB units have been tackled with the development of cytokine-based ex vivo expansion platforms. To improve the effectiveness of these platforms, namely targeting clinical approval, in this study, we optimized the cytokine cocktails in two clinically relevant expansion platforms for HSPC, a liquid suspension culture system (CS_HSPC) and a co-culture system with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSC) (CS_HSPC/MSC). Using a methodology based on experimental design, three different cytokines [stem cell factor (SCF), fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L), and thrombopoietin (TPO)] were studied in both systems during a 7-day culture under serum-free conditions. Proliferation and colony-forming unit assays, as well as immunophenotypic analysis were performed. Five experimental outputs [fold increase (FI) of total nucleated cells (FI TNC), FI of CD34+ cells, FI of erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E), FI of colony-forming unit granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM), and FI of multilineage colony-forming unit (CFU-Mix)] were followed as target outputs of the optimization model. The novel optimized cocktails determined herein comprised concentrations of 64, 61, and 80 ng/mL (CS_HSPC) and 90, 82, and 77 ng/mL (CS_HSPC/MSC) for SCF, Flt-3L, and TPO, respectively. After cytokine optimization, CS_HSPC and CS_HSPC/MSC were directly compared as platforms. CS_HSPC/MSC outperformed the feeder-free system in 6 of 8 tested experimental measures, displaying superior capability toward increasing the number of hematopoietic cells while maintaining the expression of HSPC markers (i.e., CD34+ and CD34+CD90+) and multilineage differentiation potential. A tailored approach toward optimization has made it possible to individually maximize cytokine contribution in both studied platforms. Consequently, cocktail optimization has successfully led to an increase in the expansion platform performance, while allowing a rational side-by-side comparison among different platforms and enhancing our knowledge on the impact of cytokine supplementation on the HSPC expansion process.

TNFSF15 facilitates human umbilical cord blood haematopoietic stem cell expansion by activating Notch signal pathway

The lack of efficient ex vivo expansion methods restricts clinical use of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for the treatment of haematological malignancies and degenerative diseases. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) serves as an alternative haematopoietic stem cell source. However, currently what limits the use of UCB‐derived HSC is the very low numbers of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells available for transplantation in a single umbilical cord blood unit. Here, we report that TNFSF15, a member of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily, promotes the expansion of human umbilical cord blood (UCB)‐derived HSC. TNFSF15‐treated UCB‐HSC is capable of bone marrow engraftment as demonstrated with NOD/SCID or NOD/Shi‐SCID/IL2Rgnull (NOG) mice in both primary and secondary transplantation. The frequency of repopulating cells occurring in the injected tibiae is markedly higher than that in vehicle‐treated group. Additionally, signal proteins of the Notch pathway are highly up‐regulated in TNFSF15‐treated UCB‐HSC. These findings indicate that TNFSF15 is useful for in vitro expansion of UCB‐HSC for clinical applications. Furthermore, TNFSF15 may be a hopeful selection for further UCB‐HSC application or study.

Insights Into the Hematopoietic Regulatory Activities of Osteoblast by Secretomics

Osteoblasts are a key component of the endosteal hematopoietic stem cell niche and are recognized with strong hematopoietic supporting activity. Similarly, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC)-derived osteoblast (M-OST) conditioned media (OCM) enhance the growth of hematopoietic progenitors in culture and modulate their engraftment activity. This article aims to characterize the hematopoietic supporting activity of OCM by comparing the secretome of M-OST to that of their precursor. Over 300 proteins are quantified by mass spectroscopy in media conditioned with MSC or M-OST, with 47 being differentially expressed. Growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and proteins from the complement pathways are included. The functional contribution of selected proteins on the growth and differentiation of cord blood (CB) progenitors is tested. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine and Galectin 3 (Gal3) have little impact on the growth of CB cells in serum-free medium (SFM). In contrast, inhibition of the complement 3A receptor (C3a-R) present on CB progenitors significantly reduces the growth of CD34+ cells in OCM cultures but not in SFM. These results provide new insights into changes in factors released by MSC undergoing osteoblast differentiation, and on paracrine factors that are partially responsible for the hematopoietic supporting activity of osteoblasts.

Antioxidant Small Molecule Compound Chrysin Promotes the Self-Renewal of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

There is an increasing demand for the expansion of functional human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) for various clinical applications. Based on our primary screening of antioxidant small molecule compounds library, a small molecule compound C2968 (chrysin) was identificated to expand cord blood CD34⁺ cells in vitro. Then we further verified the optimum concentration and explored its effect on hHSCs phenotype and biological function. C2968 could significantly increase the proportion and absolute number of CD34⁺CD38⁻CD49f⁺ and CD34⁺CD38⁻CD45RA⁻CD90⁺ cells under 2.5 μM. Furthermore, the total number of colony-forming units and the frequency of LT-HSCs in C2968-treated group were significantly higher than control, indicating the multipotency and long-term activity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells were sustained. Additionally, C2968 treatment could maintain transplantable HSCs that preserve balanced multilineage potential and promote rapid engraftment after transplantation in immunodeficient (NOG) mice. Mechanistically, the activity of chrysin might be mediated through multiple mechanisms namely delaying HSC differentiation, inhibiting ROS-activated apoptosis, and modulating of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Overall, chrysin showed good ex vivo expansion effect on hHSCs, which could maintain the self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential of hHSCs. Through further research on its antioxidant mechanism, it may become a promising tool for further fundamental research and clinical umbilical cord blood transplantation of hHSCs.

Paracrine Factors Released by Osteoblasts Provide Strong Platelet Engraftment Properties

Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) and progenitors may one day overcome the slow platelet engraftment kinetics associated with umbilical cord blood transplantation. Serum-free medium conditioned with osteoblasts (i.e., osteoblast-conditioned medium [OCM]) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) was previously shown to increase cell growth and raise the levels of human platelets in mice transplanted with OCM-expanded progenitors. Herein, we characterized the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for these osteoblast-derived properties. Limiting dilution transplantation assays revealed that osteoblasts secrete soluble factors that synergize with exogenously added cytokines to promote the production of progenitors with short-term platelet engraftment activities, and to a lesser extent with long-term platelet engraftment activities. OCM also modulated the expression repertoire of cell-surface receptors implicated in the trafficking of HSC and progenitors to the bone marrow. Furthermore, OCM contains growth factors with prosurvival and proliferation activities that synergized with stem cell factor. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-2 was found to be present at higher levels in OCM than in control medium conditioned with MSC. Inhibition of the IGF-1 receptor, which conveys IGF-2' intracellular signaling, largely abolished the growth-promoting activity of OCM on immature CD34⁺ subsets and progenitors in OCM cultures. Finally, IGF-1R effects appear to be mediated in part by the coactivator β-catenin. In summary, these results provide new insights into the paracrine regulatory activities of osteoblasts on HSC, and how these can be used to modulate the engraftment properties of human HSC and progenitors expanded in culture. Stem Cells 2019;37:345-356.

Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Osteoblasts Promote the Expansion of Hematopoietic Progenitors Through Beta-Catenin and Notch Signaling Pathways

Coculture of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) with primary stromal cells from HSC niches supports the maintenance and expansion of HSC and progenitors ex vivo. However, a major drawback is the availability of primary human samples for research and clinical applications. We investigated the use of in vitro derived osteoblasts as a new source of feeder cells and characterized the molecular pathways that mediate their growth-promoting activities. First, we compared the growth and differentiation modulating activities of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC)-derived osteoblasts (M-OST) with those of their undifferentiated precursor on umbilical cord blood (UCB) progenitors. Feeder-free cultures were also included as baseline control. Cell growth and expansion of hematopoietic progenitors were significantly enhanced by both feeder cell types. However, progenitor cell growth was considerably greater with M-OST. Coculture also promoted the maintenance of immature CD34⁺ progenitor subsets and modulated in a positive fashion the expression of several homing-related cell surface receptors, in a feeder-specific fashion. Serial transplantation experiments revealed that M-OST coculture supported the maintenance of long-term lympho-myeloid reconstituting HSC that provided engraftment levels that were generally superior to those from MSC cocultures. Mechanistically, we found that coculture with M-OST was associated with enhanced beta-catenin (β-Cat) activity in UCB cells and that abrogation of β-Cat/T-cell factor activity blunted the growth-promoting activity of the M-OST coculture. Conversely, Notch inhibition reduced UCB cell expansion, but to a much lesser extent. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that M-OST are excellent feeder cells for HSC and progenitors, and it identifies key molecular pathways that are responsible for the growth-enhancing activities of osteoblasts on UCB progenitors.

Impact of osteoblast maturation on their paracrine growth enhancing activity on cord blood progenitors

BACKGROUND

Osteoblasts possess strong growth modulatory activity on haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. We sought to characterise the growth and differentiation modulatory activities of human osteoblasts at distinct stages of maturation on cord blood (CB) progenitors in the context of osteoblast conditioned medium (OCM).

METHODS

OCM was produced from MSC-derived osteoblasts (M-OST) at distinct stages of maturation. The growth modulatory activities of the OCM were tested on CB CD34⁺ cells using different functional assays.

RESULTS

OCMs raised the growth of CB cells and expansion of CD34⁺ cells independently of the maturation status of M-OST. However, productions of immature CB cells including committed and multipotent progenitors were superior with OCM produced with immature osteoblasts. Osteogenic differentiation was accompanied by the upregulation of IGFBP-2, by several members of the Angpt-L family of growth factor, and by the Notch ligands Dll-1 and Dll-4. However, the growth activity of OCM and the in vivo engraftment properties of OCM-expanded CB cells were retained after IGFBP-2 neutralisation. Similarly, OCM-mediated expansion of CB myeloid progenitors was largely independent of Notch signalling.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that immature osteoblasts possess greater regulatory activity over haematopoietic progenitors, and that this activity is not entirely dependent on Notch signalling.

Characterization of the growth modulatory activities of osteoblast conditioned media on cord blood progenitor cells

Engraftment outcomes are strongly correlated with the numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) infused. Expansion of umbilical cord blood (CB) HSPC has gained much interest lately since infusion of expanded HSPC can accelerate engraftment and improve clinical outcomes. Many novel protocols based on different expansion strategies of HSPC and their downstream derivatives are under development. Herein, we describe the production and properties of serum-free medium (SFM) conditioned with mesenchymal stromal cells derived-osteoblasts (OCM) for the expansion of umbilical CB cells and progenitors. After optimization of the conditioning length, we show that OCM increased the production of human CB total nucleated cells and CD34⁺ cells by 1.8-fold and 1.5-fold over standard SFM, respectively. Production of immature CD34⁺ subpopulations enriched in hematopoietic stem cells was also improved with a shorter conditioning period. Moreover, we show that the growth modulatory activities of OCM on progenitor expansion are regulated by both soluble factors and non-soluble cellular elements. Finally, the growth and differentiation modulatory activities of OCM were fully retained after high dose-ionizing irradiation and highly stable when OCM is stored frozen. In summary, our results suggest that OCM efficiently mimics some of the natural regulatory activities of osteoblasts on HSPC and highlight the marked expansion potentials of SFM conditioned with osteoblasts.

Safety and Efficacy of Megakaryocytes Induced from Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Murine and Nonhuman Primate Models

Because of a lack of platelet supply and a U.S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved platelet growth factor, megakaryocytes have emerged as an effective substitute for alleviating thrombocytopenia. Here, we report the development of an efficient two‐stage culture system that is free of stroma, animal components, and genetic manipulations for the production of functional megakaryocytes from hematopoietic stem cells. Safety and functional studies were performed in murine and nonhuman primate models. One human cryopreserved cord blood CD34⁺ cell could be induced ex vivo to produce up to 1.0 × 10⁴ megakaryocytes that included CD41a⁺ and CD42b⁺ cells at 82.4% ± 6.1% and 73.3% ± 8.5% (mean ± SD), respectively, yielding approximately 650‐fold higher cell numbers than reported previously. Induced human megakaryocytic cells were capable of engrafting and producing functional platelets in the murine xenotransplantation model. In the nonhuman primate model, transplantation of primate megakaryocytic progenitors increased platelet count nadir and enhanced hemostatic function with no adverse effects. In addition, primate platelets were released in vivo as early as 3 hours after transplantation with autologous or allogeneic mature megakaryocytes and lasted for more than 48 hours. These results strongly suggest that large‐scale induction of functional megakaryocytic cells is applicable for treating thrombocytopenic blood diseases in the clinic. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:897–909

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent enrichment of a megakaryocytic precursor with a high potential to produce proplatelets

The mechanisms regulating megakaryopoiesis and platelet production (thrombopoiesis) are still incompletely understood. Identification of a progenitor with enhanced thrombopoietic capacity would be useful to decipher these mechanisms and to improve our capacity to produce platelets in vitro. Differentiation of peripheral blood CD34(+) cells in the presence of bone marrow-human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhanced the production of proplatelet-bearing megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelet-like elements. This was accompanied by enrichment in a MK precursor population exhibiting an intermediate level of CD41 positivity while maintaining its expression of CD34. Following sorting and subculture with MSCs, this CD34(+)CD41(low) population was able to efficiently generate proplatelet-bearing MKs and platelet-like particles. Similarly, StemRegenin 1 (SR1), an antagonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor known to maintain CD34 expression of progenitor cells, led to an enriched CD34(+)CD41(low) fraction and to an increased capacity to generate proplatelet-producing MKs and platelet-like elements ultrastructurally and functionally similar to circulating platelets. The effect of MSCs, like that of SR1, appeared to be mediated by an AhR-dependent mechanism because both culture conditions resulted in repression of its downstream effector CYP1B1. This newly described isolation of a precursor exhibiting strong MK potential could be exploited to study normal and abnormal thrombopoiesis and for in vitro platelet production.

A three-dimensional hierarchical scaffold fabricated by a combined rapid prototyping technique and electrospinning process to expand hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from umbilical cord blood using extracellular matrix (ECM) protein-coated three-dimensional hierarchical scaffolds.

RESULTS

The expansion of HSPCs was evaluated through total nucleated cell (TNC) expansion, immuno-phenotypic analysis, and clonogenic ability. After 7 days of culture, three-dimensional cultures with fibronectin-coated scaffolds achieved the highest fold increase in TNCs (164 ± 6.9 fold) and the highest CD45(+)CD34(+) (35 %) and CD34(+)CD38(-) (32 %) ratios.

CONCLUSION

Three-dimensional hierarchical scaffolds were coated with ECM protein to simulate a biomimetic environment or niche, and had a significant effect on the expansion potential of HSPCs without changing their phenotype.

The use of covalently immobilized stem cell factor to selectively affect hematopoietic stem cell activity within a gelatin hydrogel

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare stem cell population found primarily in the bone marrow and responsible for the production of the body's full complement of blood and immune cells. Used clinically to treat a range of hematopoietic disorders, there is a significant need to identify approaches to selectively expand their numbers ex vivo. Here we describe a methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel for in vitro culture of primary murine HSCs. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a critical biomolecular component of native HSC niches in vivo and is used in large dosages in cell culture media for HSC expansion in vitro. We report a photochemistry based approach to covalently immobilize SCF within GelMA hydrogels via acrylate-functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) tethers. PEG-functionalized SCF retains the native bioactivity of SCF but can be stably incorporated and retained within the GelMA hydrogel over 7 days. Freshly-isolated murine HSCs cultured in GelMA hydrogels containing covalently-immobilized SCF showed reduced proliferation and improved selectivity for maintaining primitive HSCs. Comparatively, soluble SCF within the GelMA hydrogel network induced increased proliferation of differentiating hematopoietic cells. We used a microfluidic templating approach to create GelMA hydrogels containing gradients of immobilized SCF that locally direct HSC response. Together, we report a biomaterial platform to examine the effect of the local presentation of soluble vs. matrix-immobilized biomolecular signals on HSC expansion and lineage specification. This approach may be a critical component of a biomaterial-based artificial bone marrow to provide the correct sequence of niche signals to grow HSCs in the laboratory.

Medium conditioned with mesenchymal stromal cell-derived osteoblasts improves the expansion and engraftment properties of cord blood progenitors

Strategies to enhance the expansion of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are crucial to enable their widespread application to adults and to overcome important limitations, such as delayed engraftment. Osteoblasts regulate HSPCs under steady-state and also under stress conditions, when HSPCs undergo numerous cycles of expansion. We hypothesized that osteoblasts could provide better stimulation for the expansion of multipotent HSPCs and subsequent hematopoietic recovery than mesenchymal stromal cells. Hence, we assessed the growth and engraftment modulatory activities of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived osteoblasts (M-OSTs) on hematopoietic progenitors. Mesenchymal stromal cells and M-OSTs favored the maintenance of CD34(+) cells. The expansion of cord blood CD34(+) cells and myeloid progenitors was highest in cultures supplemented with unfiltered M-OST-conditioned medium (M-OST CM). In addition, increased expression of cell surface receptors important for the homing of progenitors to the bone marrow, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, was observed in CM-based cultures. Additionally, M-OST CM positively modulated the engraftment properties of expanded progenitors. Most notably, although human platelet levels remained steady in the first 2 weeks in mice transplanted with HSPCs expanded in standard medium, levels in mice transplanted with M-OST CM HSPCs rose continuously. Consistent with this, short-term human progenitor reconstitution was consistently greater in M-OST recipients. Finally, cytokine array-based profiling revealed increases in insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, chemokines, and myeloid stimulating cytokines in M-OST CM. In conclusion, this study suggests that M-OSTs represent a new underappreciated source of feeder cells for the expansion of HSPCs with enhanced thrombopoietic activity.

Infusion of megakaryocytic progenitor products generated from cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells: results of the phase 1 study

Background

Currently, a constant shortage in the supply of platelets has become an important medical and society challenge, especially in developing country, and the in vitro production of megakaryocytic progenitor cells (MPs) from cord blood could represent an effective platelet substitute. In the present study, our objective was to determine the safety and feasibility of ex vivo generated MPs in patients.

Methods and Findings

MPs were produced and characterized from cord blood mononuclear cells under a serum free medium with cytokines. We investigated the feasibility of expansion and infusion of cord blood-derived MPs in 24 patients with advanced hematological malignancyes. The primary end point was the safety and tolerability of the infusion of cord blood-derived MPs. No adverse effects were observed in patients who received ex vivo-generated cells at concentrations of up to a median value of 5.45×10⁶cells/kg of body weight. With one year follow-up, acute and chronic GVHD had not been observed among patients who received MPs infusion, even without ABO blood group and HLA typing matching.

Conclusions

These initial results in patients are very encouraging. They suggest that infusion of cord blood-derived MPs appears safe and feasible for treatment of thrombocytopenia.

Trial Registration

www.chictr.org ChiCTR-TCH-09000333.

Mild hyperthermia promotes and accelerates development and maturation of erythroid cells

Hyperthermia treatment has at times been associated with increased platelet levels in humans. The heat shock protein HSP70, which can be induced by hyperthermia in megakaryocytes and erythrocytes, was recently shown to protect GATA-1 from degradation and to be required for erythroid differentiation. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that mild hyperthermia (MH), such as fever (39°C), could impact the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors into erythrocytes and their subsequent maturation. Cell growth and erythroid differentiation increased dramatically in cord blood CD34(+) cell cultures incubated under MH. Erythroid maturation was also strongly promoted, which resulted in an increased proportion of hemoglobinized and enucleated erythroids. The rise in erythroid development was traced to a strong synergistic activity between MH and erythropoietin (EPO). The molecular basis for this potent synergy appears to originate from the capacity of MH to increase the basal activation of several signaling molecules downstream of the EPO receptor and the transcriptional activity of GATA-1. Moreover, the potent impact of MH on erythroid development was found be dependent on increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Thus, fever-like temperatures can promote the differentiation of progenitors along the erythroid lineage and accelerate their maturation through normal regulatory circuitry.

Fibronectin promotes proplatelet formation in the human megakaryocytic cell line UT-7/TPO

We investigated PPF (proplatelet formation) in the human megakaryocytic cell line UT-7/TPO in vitro and signal transduction pathways responsible for PPF. The megakaryocytic cell lines are useful for studying megakaryocyte biology, although PPF is induced only in the presence of phorbol ester. TPO (thrombopoietin) stimulates megakaryocyte proliferation and differentiation; however, no PPF occurred in the megakaryocytic cell lines, even after the addition of TPO. Therefore, factors other than TPO may play an important role in the process of PPF. As PPF occurs in the bone marrow in vivo, we noted extracellular matrix proteins and found that soluble FN (fibronectin) induced potent PPF in UT-7/TPO without phorbol ester. A Western blot analysis showed that the expression of integrins was not increased by FN treatment. Anti-β1 antibody and the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) peptide inhibited FN-induced PPF. This result indicates that the signal originated from integrin β1, which is essential to inducing PPF in UT-7/TPO. Results of the experiments using several inhibitors suggest that activation of the MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase]-ERK and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathways are necessary for PPF. The phosphorylation of ERK gradually increased for 2 h after the addition of soluble FN, which suggests that activation of ERK is essential for the initial induction of FN-induced PPF in UT-7/TPO. UT-7/TPO is a useful cell line that enables us to study the signals of PPF without effects of chemical compounds.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and neurotrophin 3 synergize together to promote the expansion of hematopoietic cells ex vivo

Co-culture of Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) CD34+ cells with irradiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) without contact increase the expansion of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPC). Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) are two factors whose expressions were significantly elevated in conditioned media derived from irradiated MSCs. To determine whether these factors are partly responsible for the growth promoting potential of MSCs, we investigated their impact on the growth and differentiation of UCB-CD34+ cells. Addition of either factor alone had little impact on cell growth, however both factors synergized together to increase the expansion of total nucleated cells, erythroids, megakaryocytes (Mk) and CD34+ cells. However, in contrast to MSCs they failed to significantly improve the expansion of hematopoietic progenitors. Consistent with the impact of these factors on hematopoietic cells, both synergized to activate ERK1/2 and AKT in primary human UCB cells. In conclusion, the study demonstrates for the first time that a neurotrophin factor can synergize with IGFBP-2 to promote hematopoietic cell expansion.

Single-cell level analysis of megakaryocyte growth and development

Several fundamental questions regarding cell growth and development can be answered by recording and analyzing the history of cells and their progeny. Herein, long-term and large-field live cell imaging was used to study the process of megakaryopoiesis at the single cell level (n = 9300) from human CD34+ cord blood (CB) in the presence of thrombopoietin (TPO) or the cytokine cocktail BS1 with or without nicotinamide (NIC). Comparative analyses revealed that the cocktail BS1 increased the mitotic and proplatelet rate of diploid and polyploid cells, respectively. Conversely, only NIC treatment increased the endomitotic rate of megakaryocytes (MKs) leading to the formation of CB-MKs with ploidy level frequently observed with BM-MKs. However, NIC failed to enhance platelet production. Rather, a 7- and 31-fold reduction in proplatelet formation was observed in tetraploid and octaploid CB-MKs, respectively, and ex vivo platelet production output was reduced by half due to a reduction in MK output in NIC cultures. Unexpectedly, a significant fraction of di- and polyploid CB-MKs were seen to undergo complete proplatelet regression. Though rare (< 0.6%), proplatelet reversal led to the formation of regular round cells that could at times resume normal development. The cell tracking data was then used to investigate the impact of "developmental fate" and ploidy on cell cycling time, and to identify potential developmental patterns. These analyses revealed that cell fate and ploidy level have major impacts on the cell cycling time of the cells, and that four recurrent cell lineage patterns could be identified for CD34+ cells undergoing MK differentiation.

Effects of extracellular matrix proteins on the growth of haematopoietic progenitor cells

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation and haematological recovery are currently limited by the amount of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) present in each unit. HPCs and haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) normally interact with cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins present within the endosteal and vascular niches. Hence, we investigated whether coating of culture surfaces with ECM proteins normally present in the marrow microenvironment could benefit the ex vivo expansion of HPCs. Towards this, collagen types I and IV (COL I and IV), laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN) were tested individually or as component of two ECM-mix complexes. Individually, ECM proteins had both common and unique properties on the growth and differentiation of UCB CD34+ cells; some ECM proteins favoured the differentiation of some lineages over that of others (e.g. FN for erythroids), some the expansion of HPCs (e.g. LN and megakaryocyte (MK) progenitor) while others had less effects. Next, two ECM-mix complexes were tested; the first one contained all four ECM proteins (4ECMp), while the second 'basement membrane-like structure' was without COL I (3ECMp). Removal of COL I led to strong reductions in cell growth and HPCs expansion. Interestingly, the 4ECMp-mix complex reproducibly increased CD34+ (1.3-fold) and CD41+ (1.2-fold) cell expansions at day 6 (P < 0.05) versus control, and induced greater myeloid progenitor expansion (P < 0.05) than 3ECMp. In conclusion, these results suggest that optimization of BM ECM protein complexes could provide a better environment for the ex vivo expansion of haematopoietic progenitors than individual ECM protein.

Effective in vitro expansion of CD40-activated human B lymphocytes in a defined bovine protein-free medium

CD40-CD154 interaction is used to culture human B lymphocytes, which are now viewed as effectors to potentially promote T lymphocyte response against malignant cells in cell-based therapy. Currently, the media used, based on bovine serum, are raising concerns for patient safety in such therapy. In this study, we have investigated whether human B lymphocytes could be cultured in the absence of bovine serum. Blood CD19(+) B lymphocytes were activated using interaction through CD40 in medium containing defined animals or human proteins and lipids, and were monitored during short-term periods (≤15 days). Conventional stem-cell medium and a medium containing human albumin instead of bovine albumin were tested. We observed that the response of B lymphocytes appeared influenced by lot-to-lot variability in low density lipoproteins (LDL). Nevertheless, B lymphocyte proliferation and secretion in serum-free and bovine protein-free media were quite similar to that of cells cultured in medium containing FBS. Our results show that CD40-activated B lymphocytes can be cultured for up to 15 days in a serum-free medium containing human albumin, LDL, α-tocopherol and chemically-defined lipids.

Irradiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells improve the ex vivo expansion of Hematopoietic Progenitors by partly mimicking the bone marrow endosteal environment

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) regulate the growth and differentiation of Hematopoietic Progenitor cells (HPCs) through the release of soluble factors or through their differentiation into osteoblasts. We recently demonstrated that expansion of megakaryocyte (MK) progenitors ex vivo had reached a plateau when CD34(+) cells were grown with two optimized cytokine cocktails developed for the growth of MK. Hence, we sought to determine whether co-culture of CD34(+) cells with Bone Marrow (BM) MSCs could further increase the expansion of myeloid and MK progenitors. First, we tested the impact of cell-cell contact and pre-irradiation treatment of the MSCs to identify the condition that best supports HPC expansion. This screen revealed that HPC expansions were generally greater in the non-contact conditions, and that pre-irradiation of the MSCs appeared to be of added benefits. Improved expansion of both myeloid and MK progenitors in co-culture with irradiated MSCs without contact was subsequently confirmed. Next, cytokine array profiling was carried out to investigate why irradiation promoted progenitor expansion. This revealed that the levels of as many as 33 factors were potentially altered. ELISA confirmed the significant up regulation of NT-3 and IGFBP-2. Since, these factors are known to be released by and important for osteogenic and endothelial cells, we investigated and confirmed that irradiation of MSCs induced their rapid differentiation into osteogenic-like cells, but not into endothelial-like cells. Supporting this finding, expansions of myeloid and MK progenitors were increased when CD34(+) cells were co-culture with MSCs-derived osteoblasts. Altogether, these results indicate that the improved expansion of HPCs obtained with irradiated MSCs is due in part to their differentiation into osteoblast-like cells, thereby recreating an endosteal-like environment that provides improved support for HPCs expansion.

Thrombopoietin and hematopoietic stem cells

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the cytokine that is chiefly responsible for megakaryocyte production but increasingly attention has turned to its role in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs are required to initiate the production of all mature hematopoietic cells, but this differentiation needs to be balanced against self-renewal and quiescence to maintain the stem cell pool throughout life. TPO has been shown to support HSC quiescence during adult hematopoiesis, with the loss of TPO signaling associated with bone marrow failure and thrombocytopenia. Recent studies have shown that constitutive activation mutations in Mpl contribute to myeloproliferative disease. In this review, we will discuss TPO signaling pathways, regulation of TPO levels and the role of TPO in normal hematopoiesis and during myeloproliferative disease.